The Literary Inquisition of Zhu Yuanzhang
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A Concise History of Chinese Literature
656 chapter sixteen this way the scholar-ofcials were completely deprived of their option to keep themselves detached from the regime. Te cultural control in the Song dynasty may be considered as rather tight, but at least on the surface, the personal dignity of the scholar-ofcials was still respected, so they were able to pursue, more or less, their ideal that the search for the “Way” was their ultimate purpose in life, whereas the Ming regime, from the very beginning of its establishment, tried to cast the personality of men of letters in a slavish mould. During the Ming dynasty, the Cheng-Zhu Lixue was honored, forc- ibly, as a government-sponsored theory, and their annotated editions of Confucian classics were held as the required texts for daily learning and as the basis of the civil service examinations. From the beginning of the Ming to the Chenghua reign, the standard format in the civil service examinations gradually took shape. Te eight-legged prose, with fxed number of characters in length and the requirement that one could only “compose in the voice of the ancients” rather than freely assume one’s own, further reinforced the shackles on the thinking of the literati with a lasting infuence. (See “Survey of Ofcial Appoint- ment” in History of the Ming) Tereupon the free and lively literary practice, introduced in the last years of the Yuan, came to a sudden stop at the beginning of the Ming. Te more than a hundred years aferward (1368–1487), through the last years of the Chenghua reign, made a rather lengthy period of decline in the history of literature. -
Tea-Picking Women in Imperial China
Beyond the Paradigm: Tea-Picking Women in Imperial China Lu, Weijing. Journal of Women's History, Volume 15, Number 4, Winter 2004, pp. 19-46 (Article) Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2004.0015 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jowh/summary/v015/15.4lu.html Access provided by Scarsdale High School (3 Apr 2013 11:11 GMT) 2004 WEIJING LU 19 BEYOND THE PARADIGM Tea-picking Women in Imperial China Weijing Lu This article explores the tension between women’s labor and tea-pick- ing through the Confucian norm of “womanly work.” Using local gaz- etteer and poetry as major sources, it examines the economic roles and the lives of women tea-pickers over the course of China’s imperial his- tory. It argues that women’s work in imperial China took on different meanings as ecological settings, economic resources, and social class shifted. The very commodity—tea—that these women produced also shaped portrayals of their labor, turning them into romantic objects and targets of gossip. But women tea-pickers also appeared as good women with moral dignity, suggesting the fundamental importance of industry and diligence as female virtues in imperial China. n imperial China, “men plow and women weave” (nangeng nüzhi) stood I as a canonical gender division of labor. Under this model, a man’s work place was in the fields: he cultivated the land and tended the crops, grow- ing food; a woman labored at home, where she sat at her spindle and loom, making cloth. -
The Birth of Chinese Feminism Columbia & Ko, Eds
& liu e-yin zHen (1886–1920?) was a theo- ko Hrist who figured centrally in the birth , karl of Chinese feminism. Unlike her contem- , poraries, she was concerned less with China’s eds fate as a nation and more with the relation- . , ship among patriarchy, imperialism, capi- talism, and gender subjugation as global historical problems. This volume, the first translation and study of He-Yin’s work in English, critically reconstructs early twenti- eth-century Chinese feminist thought in a transnational context by juxtaposing He-Yin The Bir Zhen’s writing against works by two better- known male interlocutors of her time. The editors begin with a detailed analysis of He-Yin Zhen’s life and thought. They then present annotated translations of six of her major essays, as well as two foundational “The Birth of Chinese Feminism not only sheds light T on the unique vision of a remarkable turn-of- tracts by her male contemporaries, Jin h of Chinese the century radical thinker but also, in so Tianhe (1874–1947) and Liang Qichao doing, provides a fresh lens through which to (1873–1929), to which He-Yin’s work examine one of the most fascinating and com- responds and with which it engages. Jin, a poet and educator, and Liang, a philosopher e plex junctures in modern Chinese history.” Theory in Transnational ssential Texts Amy— Dooling, author of Women’s Literary and journalist, understood feminism as a Feminism in Twentieth-Century China paternalistic cause that liberals like them- selves should defend. He-Yin presents an “This magnificent volume opens up a past and alternative conception that draws upon anar- conjures a future. -
Enduring Legacy-Sample 3.Pdf
NOTE: Following the wishes of the rights holders, certain primary source documents do not appear in this sample. They are available only in the printed textbook and accompanying CD-ROM. Minor corrections may have been made to the material shown in this sample. It should not be quoted without comparison with the finalized version of this book. This sample includes: Table of Contents, Foreword, Introduction, Introductory Essay, and Lessons 10 Please see Table of Contents for a listing of this book’s complete content. CHENG &TSUI COMPANY www.cheng-tsui.com Tel: 617-988-2401 Fax:617-426-3669 Sample The Enduring Legacy of Ancient China Sample Copyright © 2006 by Primary Source, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, scanning, or any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Acknowledgments for borrowed material begin on p. X. 10 09 08 07 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 Published by Cheng & Tsui Company, Inc. 25 West Street Boston, MA 02111-1213 USA Fax (617) 426-3669 www.cheng-tsui.com “Bringing Asia to the World” ™ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sample ISBN 13 978-0-88727-508-1 ISBN 0-88727-508-7 Printed in the U.S.A. Primary Source dedicates Th e Enduring Legacy of Ancient China to Drs. Anne and John Watt in recognition of the enduring legacy of their work in strengthening teaching about China so that American citizens can better understand Chinese history and culture. -
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
WHC Nomination Documentation File Name: 1004.pdf UNESCO Region: ASIA AND THE PACIFIC __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties DA TE OF INSCRIPTION: 2nd December 2000 STATE PARTY: CHINA CRITERIA: C (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (vi) DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Criterion (i):The harmonious integration of remarkable architectural groups in a natural environment chosen to meet the criteria of geomancy (Fengshui) makes the Ming and Qing Imperial Tombs masterpieces of human creative genius. Criteria (ii), (iii) and (iv):The imperial mausolea are outstanding testimony to a cultural and architectural tradition that for over five hundred years dominated this part of the world; by reason of their integration into the natural environment, they make up a unique ensemble of cultural landscapes. Criterion (vi):The Ming and Qing Tombs are dazzling illustrations of the beliefs, world view, and geomantic theories of Fengshui prevalent in feudal China. They have served as burial edifices for illustrious personages and as the theatre for major events that have marked the history of China. The Committee took note, with appreciation, of the State Party's intention to nominate the Mingshaoling Mausoleum at Nanjing (Jiangsu Province) and the Changping complex in the future as an extention to the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS The Ming and Qing imperial tombs are natural sites modified by human influence, carefully chosen according to the principles of geomancy (Fengshui) to house numerous buildings of traditional architectural design and decoration. They illustrate the continuity over five centuries of a world view and concept of power specific to feudal China. -
A Concise History of Chinese Literature
CHAPTER SIXTEEN POETRY AND PROSE OF THE MING DYNASTY Te history of approximately two hundred and eighty years of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) corresponded roughly, within the range of the world, to the period of the Renaissance in Europe, an age of the transition from the medieval age to the “modern times.” For a long time, it was quite controversial whether some budding capitalism already emerged during the Middle and Late Ming times. Regardless of whether it was ever possible for the European format of capitalist production to appear spontaneously on the Chinese soil, the series of changes in the economy, ideology, and culture in the society that took place during the Ming, some of which may even be traced back to the Yuan dynasty, were quite remarkable. At the end of the Yuan, the economy of the handicraf industry and commerce in the coastal cities of southeastern China was already quite dynamic; afer the recession at the beginning of the Ming, it was restored and expanded further by the Middle and Late Ming times. Scholars have noticed in their research that at some textile mills the phenomenon of wage labor, on the scale of several tens of laborers, already began to occur. In the feld of ideology, the theory of Wang Yangming,1 from the Middle Ming, used its philosophical proposition, “human mind equals reason,” to call for revisions to the Lixue theory of Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi; with its underlying recognition of the individual’s right to learn truth and that of individual dignity and its opposition to idolatry, it was in vogue among scholar-ofcials for a time. -
Week 21: Social Policy and the Founding of Ming Section 1: a Comparison Between the Ming and the 20Th Century China 1. a Histori
Week 21: Social Policy and the Founding of Ming Section 1: A Comparison between the Ming and the 20th Century China 1. A Historical and Political Assessment of Ming Founding In Chinese history there have only been two unifications of the empire that began with conquests coming out of the South. One was in the 1350's and '60s lead by Zhu Yuanzhang. It resulted in the founding of the Ming Dynasty, formally declared 1368 and lasting till 1644. The second was in 1927 when the Guomin Dang under Chiang Kai-shek, or Jiang Jieshi, lead the northern expedition and brought the northern warlords into line. And there have been only two dynastic foundings in Chinese history where I think it's safe to say social policy was at the heart of the founding. One of those was in 1949 with Mao Zedong and the founding of the People's Republic of China. And the other was in 1368 the Zhu Yuanzhang and the founding of the Ming Dynasty. Now a number of scholars and Mao Zedong himself, in fact, have noted that there was a good deal in common between Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming founder, the Hongwu Emperor, known sometimes as Ming Taizu, the grand progenitor of the Ming, and Mao Zedong. Not necessarily always in a positive light. Both rose to power via military conquest. Both came from agricultural families, from farming families. Both had Utopian visions of how society ought to be. Both tended to believe that they alone knew how things should be done and organized. -
Zheng He and the Confucius Institute
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of aduateGr Studies 3-2018 The Admiral's Carrot and Stick: Zheng He and the Confucius Institute Peter Weisser Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd Part of the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Weisser, Peter, "The Admiral's Carrot and Stick: Zheng He and the Confucius Institute" (2018). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 625. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/625 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of aduateGr Studies at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ADMIRAL’S CARROT AND STICK: ZHENG HE AND THE CONFUCIUS INSTITIUTE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Science by Peter Eli Weisser March 2018 THE ADMIRAL’S CARROT AND STICK: ZHENG HE AND THE CONFUCIUS INSTITIUTE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Peter Eli Weisser March 2018 Approved by: Jeremy Murray, Committee Chair, History Jose Munoz, Committee Member ©2018 Peter Eli Weisser ABSTRACT As the People’s Republic of China begins to accumulate influence on the international stage through strategic usage of soft power, the history and application of soft power throughout the history of China will be important to future scholars of the politics of Beijing. -
The Ming Dynasty Its Origins and Evolving Institutions
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES MICHIGAN PAPERS IN CHINESE STUDIES NO. 34 THE MING DYNASTY ITS ORIGINS AND EVOLVING INSTITUTIONS by Charles O. Hucker Ann Arbor Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan 1978 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Copyright © 1978 by Charles O. Hucker Published by Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hucker, Charles O. The Ming dynasty, its origins and evolving institutions. (Michigan papers in Chinese studies; no. 34) Includes bibliographical references. 1. China—History—Ming dynasty, 1368-1644. I. Title. II. Series. DS753.H829 951f.O26 78-17354 ISBN 0-89264-034-0 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-89264-034-8 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-472-03812-1 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12758-0 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90153-1 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CONTENTS Preface vii I. Introduction 1 n. The Transition from Yuan to Ming 3 Deterioration of Mongol Control 3 Rebellions of the 1350s and 1360s 8 The Rise of Chu Yuan-chang 15 Expulsion of the Mongols 23 III. Organizing the New Dynasty 26 Continuing Military Operations 28 Creation of the Ming Government 33 T!ai-tsufs Administrative Policies 44 Personnel 45 Domestic Administration 54 Foreign Relations and Defense 62 The Quality of Tfai-tsufs Reign 66 IV. -
Chinese Primacy in East Asian History: Deconstructing the Tribute System in China’S Early Ming Dynasty
The London School of Economics and Political Science Chinese Primacy in East Asian History: Deconstructing the Tribute System in China’s Early Ming Dynasty Feng ZHANG A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, April 2009 1 UMI Number: U615686 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615686 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TrttSCS f <tu>3 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. -
Artistic Dialogues Between Tibet and China
Rice University Exchanges: Artistic Dialogues Between Tibet and China Zelda Ziebell HART 372: Chinese Art and Visual Culture Dr. Shih-shan Susan Huang 2 January 2019 Abstract: In a dynamic exhibition, Exchanges: Artistic Dialogues Between Tibet and China explores hybridized Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Chinese styles from the Tang to the Qing Dynasty. China and Tibet have engaged in an iconographic dialogue, facilitated through Buddhism, for a period of over a thousand years, and a survey of this convergence of styles will present museum visitors with a visual timeline of a complex, transcultural relationship. The exhibition is organized by three sections: Secular Portraiture and Encounters, Esoteric Buddhism and Chinese Emperors, and Vajrayāna Buddhist Figures. For my exhibition, Exchanges: Artistic Dialogues Between Tibet and China, I intend to display artworks that depict key moments in the visual relationship between Tibet and China and exemplify hybridized Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Chinese styles. From Tibetan envoys in the Tang Dynasty, to Emperor Qianlong, who was depicted in Lama’s robes, China and Tibet have converged in a cultural and artistic dialogue, often mediated through the shared practice of Buddhism (Kapstein 3). In Chinese dynastic history, Tibetan Buddhism offered the “allure of esoteric tantric ritual” that fueled relations between Chinese priests and Tibetan patrons, legitimized expansive dynastic rule, and introduced esoteric Buddhist iconography that resulted in the creation of Sino-Tibetan, or Tibeto-Chinese objects (Kapstein 3; Debreczeny 277). Though Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Chinese are art-historical terms, there are few exhibitions that display the convergence of these iconographic traditions. In 2009, The Museum of Fine Arts Boston opened Tibet/China Confluences. -
Downloaded010006 from Brill.Com09/25/2021 09:53:09AM Via Free Access Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Course of History 89
Journal of Chinese Humanities � (�0�5) 88-��9 brill.com/joch Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Course of History Since Middle Antiquity Li Zhi’an Translated by Kathryn Henderson Abstract Two periods in Chinese history can be characterized as constituting a North/South polarization: the period commonly known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420AD-589AD), and the Southern Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties (1115AD-1368AD). Both of these periods exhibited sharp contrasts between the North and South that can be seen in their respective political and economic institutions. The North/South parity in both of these periods had a great impact on the course of Chinese history. Both before and after the much studied Tang-Song transformation, Chinese history evolved as a conjoining of previously separate North/South institutions. Once the country achieved unification under the Sui Dynasty and early part of the Tang, the trend was to carry on the Northern institutions in the form of political and economic adminis- tration. Later in the Tang Dynasty the Northern institutions and practices gave way to the increasing implementation of the Southern institutions across the country. During the Song Dynasty, the Song court initially inherited this “Southernization” trend while the minority kingdoms of Liao, Xia, Jin, and Yuan primarily inherited the Northern practices. After coexisting for a time, the Yuan Dynasty and early Ming saw the eventual dominance of the Southern institutions, while in middle to late Ming the Northern practices reasserted themselves and became the norm. An analysis of these two periods of North/South disparity will demonstrate how these differences came about and how this constant divergence-convergence influenced Chinese history.