MAGEEP Education Network
Water System Adaptation To Hydrological Changes
Module 5 Water Quality and Infrastructure Response to Rapid Urbanization: Adaptation Case Study in China
Y . Jeffrey Yang, Ph. D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Audrey Levine, Ph.D. Condli Project and case studies Case Studies to illustrate Region-specific applications specific climate stressors and adaptation Hands-on exercises considerations Adaptation Principles: Definition and Research and data needs application to different Decision-support scenarios Policy considerations: (Modules 1-6) Examples of current Assignment 1 policy frameworks. Methods, models, and Course outcomes (Module 7) Opportunities and challenges for tools relevant to individual and combined systematizing climate Knowledge about adaptation. effects from climate stressors climate stressors Research and data needs Adaptation principles for decision support Research and data needs Governance Assignment 2 Assignment 3 (Modules 9-14) Strengths and limitations (Module 8) of models Module 5 Learning Objectives: Research directions • Illustrate rapid urbanization as a major planning factor for source water protection and water supply • Understand the effects on water supply exacerbated by climate-related hydrological changes • Show innovative adaptation measures available to address the challenges in multiple dimensions 2 MAGEEP Education Network Rapid Urbanization and Environmental Pressure in China Compounding Effects of Rapid Urbanization and Climate-related Hydrological Changes • Land use change compounding climate impacts on watershed hydrology (Module 4) • In China, rapid urbanization and land use change toward impervious surface with widespread pollution • Water stress from urbanization as the dominant factor affecting water infrastructure adaptation • Often unconventional and innovative adaptation measures taken for effectiveness 3 MAGEEP Education Network China: A Living Example of Rapid Changes and Environmental Pressure Rapid growth and urbanization come with environmental consequence for adaptation / ,...... 9000 , :,, . -+-China Co11str11ctio11 boom t,.-, ,, ..,._Untted 8000 I \ ', States -0-Europe \ ' , 7000 \ .... - • - India \ Smart growth 6000 ... \ (service, hiTech) >- \ (itt~~titte.& 5000 C: \ Jl:fflj:I'. - iji~-fi .s \ .ri 4000 ~ . i8if4l't) cS 0 3000 Smart growth (low-carbon, smart 2000 urban growth) (ffl;~~ti~.&Rl 1000 ....- ·-· ....- • - • - • · • - • · • · • - · - fflj:\'. - «t~. u-tm -• - • - • - • - • · • · • · • - • ... . ~ i~.tm.&ll:) 0 .. ·-•·• - .....- 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 • Total carbon emission from China increased rapidly to >8,000x109 ton/yr, largely due to construction and urbanization in the 2000s • Urbanization took place in unprecedented rate all over the country • Industrial production and urbanization led to increased runoff and water pollution • Climate-related hydrological changes exacerbate the environmental impacts 4 MAGEEP Education Network Case Study in Qiantangjiang River Basin • Tidal-related salt water intrusion along the river • Source water pollution from nutrients and algae blooms for the Jiaxing drinking water plant MAGEEP Education Network 5 Case Study in Qiantangjiang River Basin 1:.1 j u l ,. ... ~ [J .. :ij 50km II N • Case study objective: Water supply for ;;, XiAnJiang "f subwatershed Hangzhou and water treatment in Jiaxing water 'f II I , Qingdaohu v~ plant Nanjiang- IJ ChangshangongI] - Quzhou (NCQ) ~ • Climate drivers: Salt water intrusion along QTJ [) subwatershed Jiande fl River, and source water pollution for Jiaxing El II plant Fuchunjiang IJ Lanxi reservoir (I ~ ... a Iii ~;: IJ Ii • Three distinct watersheds: at!; :! II I) i~ Tonglu BB II g .~ EJ Pl ,,f XiAnJiang subwatershed: pristine, natural and "i [J t1 protected watershed (i) 0 0 oa }'i; g :! IJ(J Fuchunjiang - NCQ subwatershed: urbanization LULC, large river <.O IJ QiantongjiangI) \ :a ~ subwatershed:r flow contribution 9l} Iii Fuchunjiang – Qiantangjiang subwatershed: heavily F:t ii urbanized with industrial, tidal and sea-level rise ' effects g 11 = ~al~= B • QTJ river is known for its astronomical tide B B g Jiaxing i leading to salt water intrusion. Sea level rise IJ l] increases the impacts • Source water pollution from nutrients and algae ti blooms for the Jiaxing drinking water plant 8 : ~ - ~ aii - Hangzhou Bay to ocean 0 ti MAGEEP Education Network 6 Qiantangjiang River Tide and Salt Water Intrusion Tidal wave wall 10.17rn 9.3rn Grassed y 662m 1.2.5 PilVcd road Concrete Road, D- 20crn levee key Concrete wall • Astronomical tide in which salt water Pier, L- - 6rn moves upstream passing the City of Hangzhou • Fuchunjiang reservoir in the middle of the river has the dam preventing further salt water intrusion, but receives industrial pollution upstream • Erosion and inland flooding in lower river stretch (Hangzhou and vicinities) are major concerns for water infrastructure protection • Climate-related sea lever rise and storm surge worsen the condition 7 MAGEEP Education Network Upper Qiantangjiang River with Anthropogenic Pollutions A complex hydrologic setting with multiple factors Nanjiang- Changshangong- over source water quality: XiAnJiang Quzhou （NCQ） subwatershed subwatershed • Fuchunjiang reservoir in the middle of the river 1 Qiandaohu provides source water to regions’ water plants Jiande • XiAnJiang subwatershed is a protected area Lanxi 2 with pristine Qiandaohu lake Fuchunjiang reservoir • NCQ subwatershed hosts industrial activities, 3 leading polluted water to the reservoir Tonglu • Tidal-related salt water intrusion in lower river Fuchunjiang - stretch below the dam is major concern Qiantongjiang 4 subwatershed • Nutrient pollution, erosion and inland flooding Jiaxing DWT plant Hangzhou are also concerns for the low river stretch 5 6 Hangzhou Gulf Sampling at locations along the river confirmed the above observations 8 MAGEEP Education Network !ID !I lll £illl ... .. ,..co, •n -- - Qiandaohu Lake - · River confluence - ll::ll at Meicheng \ " - Case Study in - Qiantangjiang River Basin rm cu.r.Nt".Df' .- , ~ '"" 1' "' ' -;r-· s c; -' :;_ "t) ~- Jg I ;:!I · e., .. s !!11 - _ .'II long-distance m • ..::: ~ rm .E ,r. Jm .i: • Potential adaptation options: ti5' ,., m . ·-r .... 1f water transfer Jii' h ml u ~;~ a .,- .• Im !!ID ' . ~ - Salt water intrusion: Operate m:i , --- m Fuchunjiang reservoir as ~' ' PU. L • Fuchunjiang reservoir accordingly · Im • .u«J " drinking water source ~ I • \ - . ,, · ~" ,; G ) m!ll . mm Water conveyance: Long-distance l;W o . l!!I """ • _Jr A _ ., .. Hangzhou_.,. g transfer of water from /oo, l ~ ~ e - I C \ / rn• XI~' ; • .. <::Y.,,. - Qiandaohu Lake to Hangzhou .,. ...., / J ., ..,. . mm ml - t:U,f im ). :-- ·• I , . m -- Fuchunjiang reservoir protection: .,..,.,. .. .. : ~. ~-::- . - ~ • • Watershed management and Sha mt !ll:lsifi ."'- J ox mi ,,.. -. pollution mitigaton in Janjiang l mm n g - m rm _,.,r , ; J • ·- . Local water treatment plants not r J ~ . ---~- GI::I J! r I, ,.,.,.. - ... "&a.:l using Qiantongjiang River as the - _ m:i .. # o,,,,g,;,.,nPo,t Jiaxing , ""= source, takes location-specific , .. ~ _ i'lt!JI ,,, ml adaptation measures (e.g., Jiaxing water plant) .. l mm • Ningbo lllD ?i1lm mm 9 Hangzhou Bay to ocean Case Study in Qiantangjiang River Basin • Tidal-related salt water intrusion along the river • Source water pollution from nutrients and algae blooms for the Jiaxing drinking water plant MAGEEP Education Network 10 Water Supply Adaptation in Rapid Urbanization High nutrients at Jiaxing Source water pollution in the lower QTJ River stretch: • High nutrient contents in surface water • Untreated discharge to watersheds a Algae blooms in Wuxi daunting challenge • Rapid urbanization and hydrologic changes compromising source water protection • Agricultural runoffs The streams, ponds, and small lakes all serve as the main source water for drinking water plants Discharge of untreated water MAGEEP Education Network 11 Water Supply Adaptation in Rapid Urbanization • Climate and land use factors • High temperature enhancing algae blooms in nutrient-rich water bodies • High-intensity precipitation and urbanization with imperious surface leading to increasing runoff and other hydrological changes • All increase nutrient flux into water bodies • Adaptation considerations • Source water protection in long-term planning • Smart urban development to reduce combined impacts of climate and land use changes • Use of innovative engineering solutions such as wetland system to increase treatment plant resilience MAGEEP Education Network 12 Wetland Treatment System in Jiaxing Water Treatment Plant Innovative Adaptation in Treatment Engineering Source water . Surface water in streams of high levels of nutrients, TOC and other man-made pollutants . Adaptation using constructed wetlands for water Wetland pretreatment and also for scenic values as a local park inflow . Total nitrogen and phosphorus reduced by a half before water reaching to the water treatment plant . The plant using a sequence of aeration, coagulation, Wetlands ozonation, GAC filtration, flocculation, and sand filtration, produces stable water production for the communities Diversion weir Water plant Ponds MAGEEP Education Network 13 QTJ River Watershed Case Study: Adaptation Opportunities Issue Adaptation Option Mechanism Feasibility Salt water 1. Manage salt-lock dams and 1. Optimize salt-diversion dam 1. Good intrusion and reservoirs for projected SLR and reservoir operations 2. Good inland urban 2. Monitor and manage streams 2. Prevent stream pollution for 3. Fair flooding in lower river stretch source water quality 4. Very good 3. Enhance storm water 3. Systematically upgrade management systems stormwater systems 4. Use of green infrastructures Long-term high- 1. Water transfer from 1. Build new cannel from the 1. Very good quality water Qiantaohu Lake lake to treatment plants; 2. Good supply for 2. Use existing Fuchunjian 2. Shorter transfer distance, but Hangzhou reservoir greater watershed protection in Nanjiang subwatershed Operational 1. Enhance water pre-treatment 1. Develop systematic 1. Very good resilience through the wetland system monitoring datasets for 2. Very good during the 2. Increase treatment capacity optimal system operation 3. Possible interim period for multiple pollutants 2. Unit process optimization 4. Very good to against 3. Improve water disinfection (e.g., using WTP-ccam) source water efficiency and reduce 3. Remove TOC and its reactivity quality disinfection by-products in source water deterioration formation 4. Different disinfection methods MAGEEP Education Network 14 Summary • Rapid urbanization as the dominant stressor on water supply, and climate impacts are also important factors • Rapid urbanization and economic activities leading to high levels of nutrients in surface water – the source water for water supply • Climate and Qiantangjiang River tide inducing salt water intrusion along the river • A series of data needs for analysis of potential adaptation opportunities • Research questions MAGEEP Education Network 15 Research Questions . How does the impervious surface in urban development affect precipitation runoff and nutrient influx into streams? (Hint, review Module #2 and preview of module #12) . What are major approaches to promote urbanization while protecting surface water quality? . Describe the functions of green infrastructure and wetland systems for surface water management in urban development . List known locations with significant salt water intrusion problem along the coastal rivers/streams in your country MAGEEP Education Network 16 Looking ahead to the next module….. • Case study: Systems approach to adapt water systems in multiple threats from storm surge and sea level rise • Scoping of project topics Project and case studies Case Studies to illustrate Region-specific applications specific water system stressors and adaptation Hands-on exercises considerations Adaptation Principles: Definition and Research and data needs application to different Decision-support scenarios Policy considerations: (Modules 1-6) Examples of current Assignment 1 policy frameworks. Methods, models, and Course outcomes (Module 7) Opportunities and challenges for tools relevant to individual and combined systematizing water Knowledge about water system adaptation. effects from water system stressors system stressors Research and data needs Adaptation principles for decision support Research and data needs Governance Assignment 2 Assignment 3 (Modules 9-14) Strengths and limitations (Module 8) of models Research directions