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k a> & k ? f I I T T I i k k & f i T i& & ' I SMITHSONIAN SCIENTIFIC SERIES Editor-in-chief CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT, D.Sc. Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution \S XS. - Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES. Inc. NEWYORIC > INSECTS THEIR WAYS AND MEANS OF LIVING/ By Robert Evans Snodgrass United States Bureau of Entomology Z&\C=&i VOLUME FIVE OF THE SMITHSONIAN SCIENTIFIC SERIES 1930 Copyright 1930, by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SERIES, Inc. [Printed in the United States of America] All rights reserved Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention of the Pan-American Republics and the United States, August II, 1910 CONTENTS Preface i I. The Grasshopper i II. The Grasshopper's Cousins .... 26 III. Roaches and Other Ancient Insects . 77 IV. Ways and Means of Living .... 99 V. Termites 1 25 VI. Plant Lice 152 VII. The Periodical Cicada 182 VIII. Insect Metamorphosis 226 IX. The Caterpillar and the Moth . 262 X. Mosquitoes and Flies 314 Index 355 ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF PLATES The Carolina Locust Frontispiece Miscellaneous insects 28 The Green Apple Aphis 154 3- The Rosy Apple Aphis 160 4- The Apple-grain Aphis 170 Periodical Cicada J. Nymph of the 184 6. Newly emerged Cicada 192 7- Cicada laying eggs 198 8. Egg nests and eggs of the Periodical Cicada . 212 9- Two species of large moths 228 10. The Cecropia Moth and the Polyphemus Moth 230 11. The Ribbed-cocoon Maker 252 12. The Peach-borer Moth 254 '3- The Red-humped Caterpillar 260 14. The Tent Caterpillar 262 LIST OF TEXT FIGURES 1. Young grasshoppers 2 2. End structures of a grasshopper's body 3 3- Grasshopper laying eggs 4 4- Egg-pods of a grasshopper 5 5- Eggs of a grasshopper . 6 6. Young grasshopper emerging from the egg 8 7- Eggs of a katydid 10 8. A young grasshopper 12 9- The growth stages of a grasshopper 13 10. A parasitic fly 20 11. Blister beetles 22 12. A triungulin larva of a blister beetle 23 "3- Second-stage larva of a blister beetle 24 14. Examples of Arthropoda 27 15- A "singing" grasshopper 29 16. Another "singing" grasshopper 31 •7- The feet of Orthoptera 33 18. Sound-making organs of a meadow grasshopper ... 34 19. Sound-making organs and ears of a conehead katydid 35 20. Auditory organ of a katydid 37 2i. A bush katydid 38 22. The oblong-winged katydid 40 23. The angular-winged katydid 42 24. The true katydid 44 25. The katydid in various attitudes 45 26. Sound-making organs of the katydid 48 27. A conehead katydid 50 28. The robust katydid 51 29. The common meadow katydid 52 30. The handsome meadow katydid 53 31. The slender meadow katydid 53 32. The Coulee cricket 55 23. Wings of a tree cricket 56 34. A mole cricket 57 35. The striped ground cricket 59 36. The common black cricket 61 37. The snowy tree cricket 64 38. Antennal marks of the tree crickets 66 39. The narrow-winged tree cricket 67 40. A broad-winged tree cricket 68 41. Back glands of a tree cricket 68 42. The jumping bush cricket 70 43. The common walking-stick insect 71 44. A gigantic walking-stick insect 72 45. A leaf insect 73 46. The praying mantis 74 47. A shield-bearing mantis 75 48. Egg case of a mantis 75 49. Common household roaches 78 50. Egg cases of roaches 79 51. Young of the Croton bug 81 52. The house centipede 83 53. Wings of a cockroach 84 54. A Paleozoic forest 86 55. Fossil roaches 90 56. Early fossil insects 91 57. Machilis 93 58. Dragonflies 94 59. A young dragonfly 96 60. A mayfly 97 61. A young mayfly 98 62. The relation of the germ cells and body cells .... 100 63. External structure of an insect 102 64. Leg of a young grasshopper 103 65. Legs of a honeybee 10^ 66. Head and mouth parts of a grasshopper 106 67. Internal organs of a grasshopper 108 68. Alimentary canal of a grasshopper 109 69. Heart of an insect 112 70. Respiratory system of a caterpillar 115 71. The brain of a grasshopper 118 72. Nervous system of a grasshopper 120 73. Reproductive organs of an insect 122 74. Ovipositor of a katydid 123 75. Termites 126 76. Termite work in a piece of wood 128 77. Worker and soldier castes and young of a termite . 130 78. Heads of termite soldiers 132 79. Winged caste of a termite 133 80. Short-winged reproductive caste of a termite .... 135 81. A wingless termite queen 138 82. Termite king and queen 141 83. Wing of an ordinary termite 145 84. Wings of a Mastotermes 146 85. Section of an underground termite nest 147 86. Four types of termite nests 149 87. Large termite nest 150 88. Group of aphids feeding 153 89. How an aphis feeds 154 90. Section of the beak of an aphis 156 91. Aphis eggs 157 92. Aphis eggs just before hatching 158 93. Young aphis emerging from the egg 159 94. Young aphids on apple buds 161 95. Young of three species of apple aphids 162 96. Apple leaves infested by green apple aphis 163 97. The green apple aphis 165 98. The rosy apple aphis on apple 168 99. The rosy apple aphis on plantain 169 100. Male and female of the rosy apple aphis 170 101. Some common aphids of the garden 171 102. A ladybird beetle 173 103. The aphis-lion 174 104. The golden-eye, Chrysopa 176 105. Larva of a syrphus fly feeding on aphids 176 106. Adult syrphus flies . 177 107. A parasitized aphis 178 108. An aphis parasite, Aphidius 178 109. A female Aphidius inserting an egg in a living aphis . 178 no. Parasitized aphids on parasite cocoons 179 ill. A parasitized lady-beetle larva 181 112. A common cicada 183 186 [13- Young nymph of the periodical cicada l8 14 Older nymph of the periodical cicada 7 l88 15. Underground cells of the periodical cicada 16. Fore leg of a cicada nymph 9 r 2 17. Cicada turrets 9 '9" 18. Transformation of the cicada 2°° 19. Two forms of the periodical cicada 2°° 20. Male of the periodical cicada 2°2 21. The head and beak of a cicada 2o 22. The sucking organ of a cicada 4 2°" 23. Section of a cicada's body 2 24. Sound-making organs of a cicada °9 220 25. Egg and newly-hatched nymph of the cicada .... 26. Young cicada nymph 224 22 27. Moths of the fall webworm 7 28. The celery caterpillar and butterfly 229 29. The Luna moth 23° 30. Life of a cutworm 23 J ' 31. A maybeetle and its grub 233 32. Life stages of a lady-beetle 235 23- Life stages of a wasp 23^ 34. A dragonfly nymph 23 8 35. Various habitats of plant-feeding caterpillars .... 241 36. External structure of a caterpillar 242 37. Adult and larval forms of beetles 244 38. Diagram of insect metamorphosis 246 39. Springtails 247 40. A bristletail, Thermobia 248 41. The relation of a pupa to other insect forms .... 254 42. Muscle attachment on the body wall 256 43. Young tent caterpillars 263 44. Eggs and newly-hatched tent caterpillars 265 45. First tent of young tent caterpillars 267 46. Young tent caterpillars on a sheet of silk 268 47. Mature tent caterpillars feeding 271 48. Mature tent caterpillars 273 49. Twigs denuded by tent caterpillars 278 50. A tent caterpillar jumping from a tree 280 51. Cocoon of a tent caterpillar 282 52. Head of a tent caterpillar 284 53. Jaws of a tent caterpillar 284 54. Internal organs of a caterpillar 285 55. The spinning organs of a caterpillar 287 56. The alimentary canal of a tent caterpillar 288 57. Crystals formed in the Malpighian tubules 289 58. The fat-body of a caterpillar 291 59. Transformation of the tent caterpillar 294 160. Contents of the pupal blood 303 161. Moths of the tent caterpillar 307 162. Head of a tent caterpillar moth 308 163. Head of a peach borer moth 308 164. Transformation of the alimentary canal 310 165. Reproductive organs of a female moth 312 166. Young tent caterpillars in the egg 313 167. A robber fly . 316 168. Wings of insects 317 169. The black horsefly 320 170. Mouth parts of a horsefly 322 171. Structure of a fly maggot 325 172. Rat-tailed maggots 326 173. Larva and pupa of a horsefly 328 174. Life stages of a mosquito 330 175. Structure of a mosquito larva 332 176. Mouth parts of a mosquito 334 177. A male mosquito 335 178. Mosquito larvae 337 179. Mosquito pupae 339 180. The female malaria mosquito 340 181. Feeding positions of mosquito laivae 341 1 82. Life stages of the house fly 344 183. Head and mouth parts of the house fly 346 184. Head of the stable fly 347 185. A tsetse fly 349 186. Head and mouth parts of the tsetse fly 351 INSECTS THEIR WAYS AND MEANS OF LIVING PREFACE In the early days of zoology there were naturalists who spent much time out of doors observing the ways of the birds, the insects, and the other creatures of the fields and woods. These men were not steeped in technical learning. Nature was a source of inspiration and a delight to them; her manifestations were to be taken for granted and not questioned too closely. A mind able to accept appear- ances for truth can express itself in the words of everyday language— for language was invented long ago when people did not bother themselves much with facts—and some of those early writers, inspired direct from nature, have left us a delightful literature based on their observa- tions and reflections on the things of nature.
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  • Mole Crickets: in THIS ISSUE

    Mole Crickets: in THIS ISSUE

    A PRACTICAL RESEARCH DIGEST FOR TURF MANAGERS TurfGrass TRENDS Volume 6, Issue 1 January 1997 Managing Mole Crickets: IN THIS ISSUE Developing a Strategy for Success Managing Mole Crickets: Developing a Strategy for by Rick Brandenburg Success North Carolina State University Mole Crickets: The Problem Mole Crickets: The Problem The Challenge of Management Mole crickets have firmly established themselves as a major turfgrass pest, not Mole Cricket Life Cycle only in the Southeastern United States, but throughout the world. Concerns A Mole Cricket Management Plan over the potential damage from this pest range from Spain and Italy in Europe to South Africa and Southeast Asia. While different species are responsible for Five Steps to Effective Mole these infestations, they all-regardless of where they occur-are capable of Cricket Management. ... 7 causing severe damage and are difficult to control. Back to Basics - Insecticide The consistent themes of serious damage and expensive control measures have Primer, Part Two: Chemical moved this pest to the number one status for many turfgrass managers in Classes of Turfgrass affected areas. In the United States, the problem extends from eastern Texas Insecticides 9 across Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida and north up the coast through South Carolina and North Carolina. Small pockets of infesta- Genetic Resistance to Mole tion have been reported in other southern states further to the west. Crickets in Turf Bermudagrass 17 Planning Ahead to Minimize reprinted America. Insecticide Impacts on Golf are of Courses 18 article Society this Entomological the accompanying of illustrations permission by All TurfGrass TRENDS «1775 T Street NW • Washington, DC 20009-7124 Phone: 202-483-TURF • Fax: 202-483-5797 • Internet: [email protected] The predominant species throughout reside mostly in the soil, we do not the southeastern United States have know what they are doing, and it is been the tawny mole cricket more difficult to manage control of the TurfGrass (Scapteriscus vicinus) and the southern pest.