DOCSLIB.ORG

Seasonal Wing Dimorphism and Life Cycle of the Mole Cricket Gryllotalpa Orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seasonal Wing Dimorphism and Life Cycle of the Mole Cricket Gryllotalpa Orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) Eur. J. Entomol. 103: 743–750, 2006 ISSN 1210-5759 Seasonal wing dimorphism and life cycle of the mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) CHIHIRO ENDO Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; e-mail [email protected] Key words. Gryllotalpidae, mole cricket, wing dimorphism, flightlessness, life cycle, voltinism, seasonal morph, Gryllotalpa orientalis Abstract. Control of seasonal wing dimorphism in the oriental mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis Brumeister (1839) from a wetland habitat in western Japan is described. The long-winged (LW) morph appeared from mid-June to September, whereas the short- winged (SW) morph appeared from September to mid-June. Individuals overwintered in either the adult or juvenile stage. The sea- sonal shift in wing morphology was linked to the overwintering stage. Individuals that hatched in May became SW adults in September–October and then overwintered, whereas those that hatched in June and July overwintered as juveniles and became LW adults in June of the following year. The life cycle of both morphs was univoltine. Reproductive benefits and constraints of each wing morph of G. orientalis are compared. INTRODUCTION cricket Scapteriscus abbreviatus Scudder is a flightless In many pterygote insects, wing polymorphism, i.e., the species, whereas the northern mole cricket Neocurtilla presence of macropterous (long-winged) individuals and hexadactyla Party shows geographic variation in flight- obligate flightless (wingless or with reduced wings) indi- less morph (Hayslip, 1943; Semlitsch, 1986; Capinera et viduals, has been classified as a type of dispersal poly- al., 2005); nonetheless, flightlessness in mole crickets has morphism (Harrison, 1980; Roff, 1986; Zera & Denno, received little attention. Light traps and sound traps that 1997). When the population density is low and competi- play back the conspecific male song (Walker, 1982) are tion for food and mates is not severe, individuals do not effective methods for collecting mole crickets; however, need to disperse and short-winged (SW) or wingless they only attract flying mole crickets. Thus, the basic life morphs would be favoured. In contrast, when the popula- cycle of mole crickets will only be elucidated by per- tion density is high and the competition is severe, the forming seasonal soil excavations. long-winged (LW) morph, which can disperse to a better Seasonal wing dimorphism in a local population of the habitat, would be favoured. oriental mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis (Orthoptera: Seasonal wing polymorphism has been found in organ- Gryllotalpidae) is presented. The seasonal emergence pat- isms with multivoltine life cycles, and the favoured tern and life cycle of each morph of this species is docu- morph differs between the first and second or later gen- mented and the reproductive benefits and constraints of erations (e.g., Harada, 1996; Van Dyck & Wiklund, 2002; each wing morph compared. Questions regarding whether Olvido et al., 2003). In seasonal polymorphism, the selec- the seasonal shift in wing morph is generally related to tion pressure varies seasonally, and the favoured morph is the voltinism and whether this pattern of alternating wing fixed for each season. When two or more morphs are pre- length with the life cycle occurs in other species of mole sent simultaneously, each morph simultaneously or alter- cricket are considered. nately confer advantage. Thus, it is important to deter- MATERIAL AND METHODS mine how wing polymorphism is maintained in the life Study species cycles to understand why it is maintained. Although wing polymorphism is found in many cricket The oriental mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis Brumeister species (Masaki & Walker, 1987), wing polymorphism in (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) is widely distributed across Japan, China, the Korean Peninsula, and Taiwan. Populations in Japan mole crickets has not previously been reported. Mole were long regarded as G. africana, but are now assigned to G. crickets are adapted to life underground; thus, direct orientalis (Townsend, 1983). Juveniles moult eight times during observation is difficult and details of their ecology remain development (Sakurai et al., 1960). As juveniles do not develop unknown in most species. Males call from burrows at wing buds before the seventh stage (instar), the wing morph of night to attract mates and conspecific females fly to the early instars cannot be determined in the field. Seventh instars burrows of males (Ulagaraj, 1975; Forrest, 1983). have small wing buds, whereas eighth instars have large wing Females fly to search effectively for mates and to move to buds. Adults have complete wings and the sexes can be distin- new habitats for oviposition or feeding. Males can also guished by the presence of a stridulating organ and pattern of fly and are attracted to the songs of conspecific males, as venation in the forewings. well as females (Walker, 1982). The short-winged mole 743 Fig. 1. Long winged (LW) morph and short winged (SW) morph. a – LW male, b –LW female, c –SW male, d – SW female. A black arrow indicates abdomen and a white arrow indicates tips of hindwing. Study site was placed under the light to capture the attracted insects. The The study site was a wetland area in the Hyogo Prefectural light trap was set for about 10 h from after sunset to dawn. Homeland for the Oriental White Stork (35°35´N, 134°51´E), Sound traps were constructed according to Walker (1982). A Toyo-oka, western Japan. This wetland area was located in a speaker (Panasonic, RP-SP30K) was connected to a portable CD valley and was surrounded by woodlands consisting of tem- player (FISHER, Z-ACDP1[S]). The speaker was sealed in perate deciduous forest and broadleaf evergreen forest. Many waterproof wrapping and placed in a plastic bucket (45 cm in paddy fields were located outside the wetland. The area receives diameter, 20 cm deep) filled with water. The CD player was snow from December to February. placed in a plastic case outside the bucket. A series of male calls from the same population recorded in May 2002 at Toyo-oka Sampling methods was used as the sound source. The sound was played for five h Mole crickets were sampled regularly for approximately four beginning after sunset, which corresponds to the natural calling days each month from March to November in 2002 and 2003 time of males. The plastic buckets trap only flying insects and from March to October in 2004. On each sampling day, sev- because insects could not climb the outer walls. Trapped mole eral 50 × 50 cm quadrats were placed in the wetland and the soil crickets were collected the following morning. In total, the light within each quadrat excavated to a depth of approximately 20 trap was active for 18 nights in 2003 and 19 nights in 2004, and cm to collect all mole crickets. The mean area excavated each the sound traps were active for 19 nights in 2003 and 28 nights month was 3.32 (± 2.41 SD) m2. Areas were selected for exca- in 2004. vation based on the presence of signs of tunnelling or feeding by For mole crickets collected from soil excavations and traps, mole crickets. For areas that were too small to fit the standard the pronotum width and forewing and hindwing length were quadrat, the area was measured after excavation. Mole crickets measured to the nearest 0.01 mm using calipers. Pronotum oviposit a clutch of eggs in an egg chamber. When an egg width is an index of body size. According to Walker and Siv- chamber was found during soil excavation, the number of eggs inski (1986), the ratio of hindwing (HW) to forewing (FW) was counted. length is used to discriminate among wing morphs. Several To collect flying adults, a light trap and sound traps were females collected each month were dissected to determine deployed for three to four nights each month from June to whether the ovaries were mature and whether there was sperm October 2003 and from April to October 2004. One light trap in the spermatheca. The wet mass of sperm in the spermatheca was set beside the wetland and four to five sound traps were set was measured using an electric balance (Sartorius BP210D). at intervals of about 50 m along the Kamatani River. The light Presence of corpus luteum in the ovaries was regarded as evi- trap consisted of an ultraviolet fluorescent light (15 W, 300–400 dence of oviposition. The remaining crickets were released in nm wavelength) reflected on to white cloth (100 × 200 cm) at a the wetland after measurement. height of 100 cm. A funnel (100 cm in diameter) connected to a plastic bucket (25 cm in diameter, 40 cm deep) containing water 744 Fig. 2. Relationship between HW/FW ratio and pronotum width of males and females in 2003 (a, b) and 2004 (c, d) (black circle: SW, white circle: LW). Data analysis < 0.0001; Fig. 2). In 2002, the sample size was too small Adult wing ratio (HW/FW) was compared in each sex using to perform the analysis. analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with wing morph as the Wing morph and life cycle factor and pronotum size as the covariate. Juvenile wing ratio was compared between individuals in spring and autumn using Seasonal changes in the size distribution of mole ANCOVA with season as the factor and pronotum size as the crickets in 2002 and 2003 are shown in Fig. 3; this same covariate for seventh and eighth instars. One-way ANOVA was trend was observed in 2004. Egg chambers with eggs used to compare the number of eggs found in egg chambers were discovered mainly from April to June and in small among months. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to detect dif- numbers in July, but few egg chambers were found in ferences between wing morphs in the number of eggs per egg June 2003.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • House-Invading Crickets
    ■ ,VVXHG LQ IXUWKHUDQFH RI WKH &RRSHUDWLYH ([WHQVLRQ :RUN$FWV RI 0D\ DQG -XQH LQ FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH 'LUHFWRU&RRSHUDWLYH([WHQVLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI0LVVRXUL&ROXPELD02 HOME AND ■ ■ ■ DQHTXDORSSRUWXQLW\$'$LQVWLWXWLRQ H[WHQVLRQPLVVRXULHGX CONSUMER LIFE House-Invading Crickets rickets belong to the insect near buildings. Once inside, they order Orthoptera, which feed on and cause damage to items Calso includes grasshoppers such as cotton, linen, wool, silk and and katydids. The chirping sounds fur. Materials soiled by perspiration for which they are famous are made or food are more likely to be by the adult males rubbing their damaged. These crickets also eat wings together to attract females. dead or dying insects, including Like their grasshopper and katydid their own species. At times, field 0 1 relatives, crickets have long hind crickets may also cause damage to Approximate size in inches legs fitted for jumping. In addition, field crops. Figure 1. Field cricket. adult females have long, swordlike House cricket. The house ovipositors at the tip of their cricket (Acheta domesticus) is light abdomens for laying eggs in the yellowish-brown and has three soil. darker brown bands across the head Crickets will accidentally invade (Figure 2). The adult stage varies in homes, but only rarely will they length from 0.75 to 1 inch. During reproduce there. The usual point warm weather, house crickets can of entry is through open or poorly live outdoors and are especially 0 1 fitted doors, and cracks in doors, fond of garbage dumps. Approximate size in inches windows, foundations or siding. Like the field cricket, house Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Diverse Reproductive Barriers in Hybridising Crickets Suggests Extensive Variation in the Evolution and Maintenance of Isolation
    Evol Ecol (2013) 27:993–1015 DOI 10.1007/s10682-012-9610-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Diverse reproductive barriers in hybridising crickets suggests extensive variation in the evolution and maintenance of isolation Thor Veen • Joseph Faulks • Frances Tyler • Jodie Lloyd • Tom Tregenza Received: 5 July 2012 / Accepted: 21 September 2012 / Published online: 10 November 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 Abstract Reproductive barriers reduce gene flow between populations and maintain species identities. A diversity of barriers exist, acting before, during and after mating. To understand speciation and coexistence, these barriers need to be quantified and their potential interactions revealed. We use the hybridising field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus and G. campestris as a model to understand the full compliment and relative strength of reproductive barriers. We find that males of both species prefer conspecific females, but the effect is probably too weak to represent a barrier. In contrast, prezygotic barriers caused by females being more attracted to conspecific male song and preferentially mounting and mating with conspecifics are strong and asymmetric. Postzygotic barriers vary in direction; reductions in fecundity and egg viability create selection against hybridisation, but hybrids live longer than pure-bred individuals. Hybrid females show a strong preference for G. bimaculatus songs, which together with a complete lack of hybridisation by G. campestris females, suggests that asymmetric gene flow is likely. For comparison, we review repro- ductive barriers that have been identified between other Gryllids and conclude that multiple barriers are common. Different species pairs are separated by qualitatively different Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10682-012-9610-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) Using Three Ribosomal Loci, with Implications for the Evolution of Acoustic Communication
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 (2006) 510–530 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) using three ribosomal loci, with implications for the evolution of acoustic communication M.C. Jost a,*, K.L. Shaw b a Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, USA b Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Received 9 May 2005; revised 27 September 2005; accepted 4 October 2005 Available online 16 November 2005 Abstract Representatives of the Orthopteran suborder Ensifera (crickets, katydids, and related insects) are well known for acoustic signals pro- duced in the contexts of courtship and mate recognition. We present a phylogenetic estimate of Ensifera for a sample of 51 taxonomically diverse exemplars, using sequences from 18S, 28S, and 16S rRNA. The results support a monophyletic Ensifera, monophyly of most ensiferan families, and the superfamily Gryllacridoidea which would include Stenopelmatidae, Anostostomatidae, Gryllacrididae, and Lezina. Schizodactylidae was recovered as the sister lineage to Grylloidea, and both Rhaphidophoridae and Tettigoniidae were found to be more closely related to Grylloidea than has been suggested by prior studies. The ambidextrously stridulating haglid Cyphoderris was found to be basal (or sister) to a clade that contains both Grylloidea and Tettigoniidae. Tree comparison tests with the concatenated molecular data found our phylogeny to be significantly better at explaining our data than three recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological characters. A high degree of conflict exists between the molecular and morphological data, possibly indicating that much homoplasy is present in Ensifera, particularly in acoustic structures. In contrast to prior evolutionary hypotheses based on most parsi- monious ancestral state reconstructions, we propose that tegminal stridulation and tibial tympana are ancestral to Ensifera and were lost multiple times, especially within the Gryllidae.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico State University-Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Program Research Scholars Publications 2007-2020
    New Mexico State University-Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Program Research Scholars Publications 2007-2020 2007 Zamborsky, D.J., T.R. Paskadi, M.K., Nishiguchi, 2007. Population genetic structure of a sympatric squid-Vibrio symbiosis in the Mediterranean Sea using nested clade analysis. The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. http://www.sicb.org/meetings/2007/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=236 2008 Burnett, M., C.Q. Hoang, A. Sandoval, and J. Curtiss. 2008. Analyzing the role of CtBP in Drosophila eye development. Developmental Biology (Orlando), 2008; 319 (2). Pp. 495 ISSN: 00121606. Delgado, A., S. Zaman, A. Muthaiyan, V. Nagarajan, M. O. Elasri, B. J. Wilkinson, and J. E. Gustafson. 2008. The Fusidic acid Stimulon of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62(6):1207-1214. http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/6/1207.full.pdf+html Lamichhane-Khadk, R., J.T. Riordan, A. Delgado, A. Muthaiyan, T.D. Reynolds, B.J. Wilkinson, and J.E. Gustafson. 2008. Genetic changes that correlate with the pine-oil disinfectant-reduced susceptibility mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Applied Microbiology. Dec;105(6):1973-81. [PMID: 19120644] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120644 Ross, C. L., J. H. Benedix Jr., C. Garcia, K. Lambeth, R. Perry, V. Selwyn, and D.J. Howard. 2008. Scale-independent criteria and scale-dependent agents determining the structure of a ground cricket mosaic hybrid zone (Allonemobius socius – Allonemobius fasciatus). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 94(2):777–796. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01018.x/abstract Soto, W., J.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects in Turf
    Insects in Turf Pest Manager Training Albany Technical College February 26, 2019 Dr. James N. McCrimmon Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Where do Insects fit in? Organization of 5 Kingdoms living organisms: – Animalia – Kingdom Phylum – Phylum – Arthropoda – Class – Nematoda – Order Class – Family – Insecta – Genus Order – Species – 7/32 are turf pests • Class ▫ Insecta Chitinous exoskeleton Three-part body (head, thorax, and abdomen) Three pairs of jointed legs Antennae Compound eyes Two antennae Introduction to Insect Biology We are fully immersed with insects – Over 1,000,000 insect species worldwide Introduction to Insect Biology An estimated 40 million insects for every acre of land Live in all habitats except, ocean Introduction to Insect Biology Diversity/richness greatest in tropical climates If global temperatures continue to rise, their population will grow and spread Introduction to Insect Biology Not all insects are pests; many are beneficial, for example, with the pollination of plants. Other beneficial roles of insects include… – Pest predation – Recycling/decomposition – Population control Introduction to Insect Biology A few groups (Orders) account for most of the population. – Coleoptera (beetles) 35% – Hymenoptera (bees, ants and wasps) 25% – Diptera (flies) 12.5% – Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) 12.5% – Hemiperta (true bug) 10% – Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) 2% – Others 3% Insect Identification Destructive Turfgrass Insects 7 Insecta Orders Insecta Orthoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera
    [Show full text]
  • Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus Vicinus Shortwinged Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus Abbreviatus
    Tawny Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus vicinus Shortwinged Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus abbreviatus Biology & Lifecycle: Adults and larger nymphs chew on stems of seedlings and smaller plants at the soil surface. The tawny mole cricket has one generation each year and overwinters as adults, which lay eggs in April through early June. Nymphs grow slowly through the summer months and start becoming adults in September. The shortwinged mole cricket is almost restricted to coastal areas. Most eggs are laid in late spring through early summer. Females of both species lay clutches of eggs in underground egg chambers. Environmental Factors: Tawny and shortwinged mole crickets are present year-around, with adults and large nymphs overwintering but inactivated by cold temperatures and drought (they burrow deeper underground). Irrigation during drought allows them to be active. Flooding forces them to migrate to higher ground. Adult: Adults are large, about 1¼ inches, with wings longer than body (tawny mole cricket (Figure 3)) or very much shorter than body (shortwinged mole cricket (Figure 1)). Both adults and nymphs have enlarged and toothed forelegs for digging; expanded femurs (base of the hind legs) for jumping, although only nymphs jump. All species have soft bodies, with the middle body section protected by a hardened cover (pronotum). Immature: Nymphs range from less than 1/8 inch at hatching to about 1 inch several months later, resembling the adults but without trace of wings in the first 4 instars and with small wing buds in later instars. The number of molts varies from 6 to 9 (Figure 5). Host range: Both species attack seedlings of eggplant, sweet pepper, tobacco, tomato and cabbage.
    [Show full text]
  • Visit the National Academies Press Online, the Authoritative Source For
    http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-50290-X, 348 pages, 6 x 9, (2001) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html COMPENSATING FOR WETLAND LOSSES UNDER THE CLEAN WATER ACT Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chasing Sympatric Speciation
    C HASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION - P rezygotic isolation barriers in barriers isolation rezygotic CHASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND GENETIC BASIS OF PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION BARRIERS IN DIVERGING POPULATIONS OF Spodoptera SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA frugiperda frugiperda S ABINE H ÄNNIGER SABINE HÄNNIGER CHASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND GENETIC BASIS OF PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION BARRIERS IN DIVERGING POPULATIONS OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA ‘Every scientific statement is provisional. […]. How can anyone trust scientists? If new evidence comes along, they change their minds.’ Terry Pratchett et al., The Science of Discworld: Judgement Day, 2005 S. Hänniger, 2015. Chasing sympatric speciation - The relative importance and genetic basis of prezygotic isolation barriers in diverging populations of Spodoptera frugiperda PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands ISBN: 978 94 91407 21 5 Cover design: Sabine Hänniger Lay-out: Sabine Hänniger, with assistance of Jan Bruin CHASING SYMPATRIC SPECIATION THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE AND GENETIC BASIS OF PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION BARRIERS IN DIVERGING POPULATIONS OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op dinsdag 06 oktober 2015, te 10.00 uur door SABINE HÄNNIGER geboren te Heiligenstadt, Duitsland Promotores prof. dr. S.B.J. Menken 1 prof. dr. D.G. Heckel 2 Co-promotor dr. A.T. Groot 1,2 Overige leden prof. dr. A.M. de Roos 1 prof. dr. P.H. van Tienderen 1 prof. dr. P.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolutionary Genetics of Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Cricket Allonemobius Socius
    Heredity (2007) 99, 218–223 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE The evolutionary genetics of sexual size dimorphism in the cricket Allonemobius socius KM Fedorka1, WE Winterhalter1 and TA Mousseau2 1Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA and 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA In recent years, investigations into the evolution of sexual phenotypic change in the next generation. We found that the size dimorphism have moved from a simple single trait, sexes differed significantly in their selection gradients as well single sex perspective, to the more robust view of multi- as several of their genetic parameters. Our predictions of variate selection acting on both males and females. How- next-generation change indicated that the within-sex genetic ever, more accurate predictions regarding selection correlations, as well as the between-sex genetic correlations, response may be possible if some knowledge of the should play a significant role in sexually dimorphic evolution underlying sex-specific genetic architecture exists. In the in this system. Specifically, the female size response was striped ground cricket, Allonemobius socius, females are the increased by approximately 178% when the between-sex larger sex. Furthermore, body size appears to be closely genetic correlations were considered. Thus, our predictions associated with fitness in both males and females. Here, we reinforce the notion that genetic architecture can produce investigate the role that genetic architecture may play in counterintuitive responses to selection, and suggest that affecting this pattern. Employing a quantitative genetic even a complete knowledge of the selection pressures approach, we estimated the sex-specific selection gradients acting on a trait may misrepresent the trajectory of trait and the (co)variance matrix for body size and wing evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • New Canadian and Ontario Orthopteroid Records, and an Updated Checklist of the Orthoptera of Ontario
    Checklist of Ontario Orthoptera (cont.) JESO Volume 145, 2014 NEW CANADIAN AND ONTARIO ORTHOPTEROID RECORDS, AND AN UPDATED CHECKLIST OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ONTARIO S. M. PAIERO1* AND S. A. MARSHALL1 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 email, [email protected] Abstract J. ent. Soc. Ont. 145: 61–76 The following seven orthopteroid taxa are recorded from Canada for the first time: Anaxipha species 1, Cyrtoxipha gundlachi Saussure, Chloroscirtus forcipatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), Neoconocephalus exiliscanorus (Davis), Camptonotus carolinensis (Gerstaeker), Scapteriscus borellii Linnaeus, and Melanoplus punctulatus griseus (Thomas). One further species, Neoconocephalus retusus (Scudder) is recorded from Ontario for the first time. An updated checklist of the orthopteroids of Ontario is provided, along with notes on changes in nomenclature. Published December 2014 Introduction Vickery and Kevan (1985) and Vickery and Scudder (1987) reviewed and listed the orthopteroid species known from Canada and Alaska, including 141 species from Ontario. A further 15 species have been recorded from Ontario since then (Skevington et al. 2001, Marshall et al. 2004, Paiero et al. 2010) and we here add another eight species or subspecies, of which seven are also new Canadian records. Notes on several significant provincial range extensions also are given, including two species originally recorded from Ontario on bugguide.net. Voucher specimens examined here are deposited in the University of Guelph Insect Collection (DEBU), unless otherwise noted. New Canadian records Anaxipha species 1 (Figs 1, 2) (Gryllidae: Trigidoniinae) This species, similar in appearance to the Florida endemic Anaxipha calusa * Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Steinernema Neocurtillis N. Sp
    JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY VOLUME 24 DECEMBER 1992 NUMBER 4 Journal of Nematology 24(4):463--477. 1992. © The Society of Nematologists 1992. Steinernema neocurtillis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and a Key to Species of the Genus Steinernema 1 KHUONG B. NGUYEN AND GROVER C. SMART, JR. 2 Abstract: Steinernema neocurtillis n. sp. isolated from the mole cricketNeocurtilla hexadactyla Perty can be distinguished from other members of the genus by characteristics of the first-generation male and the third-stage infective juvenile (IJ). In the male, the distance from the anterior end to the excretory pore (DAE) is less than the body width at the excretory pore; D% (DAE divided by length of esophagus x 100) is low at 19. The gubernaculum l~figth is greater than three-fourths the spicule length. Range of the ratio gubernaculum length divided by spicule length is 0.82-0.93 in the first- generation male and 0.92-1.00 in the second-generation male. In the IJ, the distance fl-om the anterior end to the excretory pore is extremely short (18 p~m), causing the D% and E% (DAE divided by tail length x 100) to be low (D% = 23 and E% = 12). Average body length of the IJ is 885 ~m. Key words: entomopathogenic nematode, mole cricket parasite, morphology, nematode, new spe- cies, Neocurtilla hexadactyla, Steinernema neocurtillis n. sp., taxonomy. A survey of the nematode parasites and We describe the nematode herein as associates of the mole crickets Scapteriscus Steinernema neocurtillis n. sp., named after boreUii Giglio-Tos, S. vicinus Scudder, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Pathogens Occurring on <I>Orthopterida</I> in Thailand
    Persoonia 44, 2020: 140–160 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.06 Fungal pathogens occurring on Orthopterida in Thailand D. Thanakitpipattana1, K. Tasanathai1, S. Mongkolsamrit1, A. Khonsanit1, S. Lamlertthon2, J.J. Luangsa-ard1 Key words Abstract Two new fungal genera and six species occurring on insects in the orders Orthoptera and Phasmatodea (superorder Orthopterida) were discovered that are distributed across three families in the Hypocreales. Sixty-seven Clavicipitaceae sequences generated in this study were used in a multi-locus phylogenetic study comprising SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1 Cordycipitaceae and RPB2 together with the nuclear intergenic region (IGR). These new taxa are introduced as Metarhizium grylli­ entomopathogenic fungi dicola, M. phasmatodeae, Neotorrubiella chinghridicola, Ophiocordyceps kobayasii, O. krachonicola and Petchia new taxa siamensis. Petchia siamensis shows resemblance to Cordyceps mantidicola by infecting egg cases (ootheca) of Ophiocordycipitaceae praying mantis (Mantidae) and having obovoid perithecial heads but differs in the size of its perithecia and ascospore taxonomy shape. Two new species in the Metarhizium cluster belonging to the M. anisopliae complex are described that differ from known species with respect to phialide size, conidia and host. Neotorrubiella chinghridicola resembles Tor­ rubiella in the absence of a stipe and can be distinguished by the production of whole ascospores, which are not commonly found in Torrubiella (except in Torrubiella hemipterigena, which produces multiseptate, whole ascospores). Ophiocordyceps krachonicola is pathogenic to mole crickets and shows resemblance to O. nigrella, O. ravenelii and O. barnesii in having darkly pigmented stromata. Ophiocordyceps kobayasii occurs on small crickets, and is the phylogenetic sister species of taxa in the ‘sphecocephala’ clade.
    [Show full text]