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ALMOST Λ Everything You Need to Know About Raising

Michael J. Darre, Ph.D., P.A.S. Extension Specialist Dept. of Science University of Connecticut [email protected] SMALL POULTRY FLOCK OWNER CHECKLIST

Selecting the :  Type of poultry: type – Cornish Cross , or other  Purchase free stock (from NPIP source,Pullorum and AI free)  Plan for all-in - all-out flocks

Before the arrive:  Draft free coop or housing, cleaned and disinfected  Brooder stove or heat lamp (red bulb type, if needed) set to 95oF for first week.  Dry litter, (pine shavings preferred), 3-4 inches on clean floor.  Roosts (use clean tree branches) 2-6” above ground for  Feeders and Waterers, cleaned and disinfected  Fresh Feed, appropriate for age and type of bird When the birds arrive:  Check for symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, watery eyes, labored breathing, diarrhea, or pasty butt. Check for external parasites  Provide water for first couple of hours, then add feed. (if birds have been shipped overnight, then make a 5% water solution for first day)  Check waters, feeders, heat source, eliminate drafts, etc.  Wild bird and rodent proof coop, set bait stations, traps, etc., as needed.  Biosecurity - foot dips, clean shoes or boots, limit visitors and traffic, set up a quarantine area. General Management:  Check birds daily for signs of disease.  If disease is suspected get a reliable diagnosis and treat as necessary.  Cull very sick or injured birds, use proper disposal (burn or bury deep)  Establish a regular de-worming program  Keep litter clean and dry, replace wet litter. Do thorough clean out every six months including disinfection.  Proper disposal of such as composting. Choosing Meat

Unlike with layers, there are limited options… – Cornish X – Other varieties (Reds, Barred, Silvers.etc) – Dual purpose varieties (Buffs, Barred Rocks)

Colored Feathered Birds – becoming more popular Freedom ranger J.M. 178 Lowry Road, New Holland, PA 17557 (717)336-4878 Here is what Griepentrog wrote about the Freedom ranger: I spent about $229.11 buying the chicks and feed. I fed about 530 pounds of commercial feed plus about 90 pounds of whole oats. The following numbers aren’t precise, but should be pretty close: 620 pounds of feed produced 195 pounds of live birds (3.17 pounds of feed per pound of gain — about the expected ratio). 130 pounds of meat (about $1.76 per pound)

Red Broilers: The Label Rouge (France) birds grow to 2.25 kg in 12 weeks, while the fast-growing broilers (Cornish cross) reach the same weight in 6 weeks. The carcass is generally more elongated and has a smaller breast and larger legs than conventional carcasses. In addition, slower-growing breeds are more suitable to outdoor production than fast-growing broilers. Mt-Di Poultry and Hatchery Owner/ Operator: George Dibert Address: 131 Hen Lane Altoona, PA 16602 Phone: 814.942.7024 Email: [email protected]

U.S. Pullorum – Typhoid Clean Red Ranger U.S. AI Clean NPIP No. 23-519

Cornish Cross, Red Ranger, Rosambro Rosambro Broilers (medium-growth). The Rosambro is a new breed also offered by MT-DI Hatchery. Rosambro broilers are grown to an age between eight and ten weeks old. This bird has many of the same benefits as the Red Broiler with somewhat faster growth than the Red Broiler (but slower that the Cornish Cross). The Red Ranger Broiler is a very profitable broiler to raise because of its strong disease resistance. The Red Ranger broiler chickens have an excellent conformation of white and dark meat yields, a tender texture with the of a slow growing bird. The Red Ranger has a dark red feathering with a few of the tail being either white or black, yellow shanks, , and skin. Cornish Cross Broilers (fast growth). Cornish Cross (also called Cornish Rock) is an extremely fast growing that is processed between six and eight weeks. Moyer’s Broiler/Roaster chicks (sometimes nicknamed Cornish Giants) can be grown to a live weight of over 4 lbs. by 6 weeks of age Or, to a roaster weight of 8-10 lbs. Live weights of 4-5 lbs. can be achieved on close to 2 lbs. of feed per pound of meat. They have excellent conformation, plump, tender breast meat and good skin texture.

Moyer’s K-22 Red Broilers (Cockerels Only) is a hearty meat bird that has resistant genetics providing good textured, flavorful meat for the discriminating consumer. They are perfect for the producer. The K-22 is a slower growing bird than the cornish giant with the males growing to a live weight of 5 pounds at around 8 weeks. Stromberg's Chicks and Birds 100 York Street P.O. Box 400 Pine River, Mn 56474 Phone: (218) 587-2222 Toll Free: (800) 720-1134 Fax: (218) 587-4230

Red Broiler from Stromberg’s

The Noll family is working to make medium-growing genetics more widely available in . Henry Noll offers a Silver Cross that grows to five pounds live weight in nine weeks. Noll’s Poultry Farm Kleinfeltersville, PA 17039 717-949-3560 717-949-3722 FAX

Joe Cebe, Sr. offers a Cebe Red and Cebe Black meat variety that grows to 5 pounds live weight in 9 to 10 weeks. Cebe P.O. Box 1404 Ramona, CA 92065 760-789-8221

Matt John of Shady Lane Poultry Farm, Inc. is currently developing a new hatchery and plans to introduce several alternative broiler lines during the next several years. Shady Lane Poultry Farm, Inc. 520 Agawam Road Winchester, KY 40391 859-737-2636 Privett Hatchery PO Box 176 Portales, NM 88130 Privett Hatchery has a slow-growing white broiler Tel: 575-356-6425 that can be treated just like a dual-purpose chicken. Toll Free: 1-877-PRIVETT [email protected]

Breeds of Red or Gray Broilers specific for range rearing:

Yankee Chicks, Inc/Hall Brothers Hatchery P.O. Box 1026 Norwich, CT 06360 860-608-1389 860-889-6351 FAX Contact: Jerry Srednicki

Or Gormavian Farms Gary Proctor – 860-716-9064

Other birds can be ordered from Morris Burr 860-455-9964

A more complete listing of throughout the U.S. can be found at www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/npip/ and at www.poultryconnection.com/hatchery.html.

examples of hatchery Web sites www.belthatchery.com—559-264-2090 www.esteshatchery.com—800-345-1420 www.mcmurrayhatchery.com—800-456-3280 www.moyerschicks.com—215-536-3155 www.mthealthy.com/index.html—800-451-5603 www.privetthatchery.com—877-774-8388 www.townlinehatchery.com/chicks.html—616-772-6514 Basic Needs Fresh Feed Fresh Water Fresh Air Light Darkness Thermal Environment Protection Space

Feeding your birds Poultry Nutrition

What are the needs of the bird??

7 major classes • • • • • Minerals • Water • The chick requires: 13 vitamins

13-16 inorganic elements (minerals)

13 Amino Acids

1 Essential

Source of Energy

With the exception of water, these are provided by the ingredients that make-up the diet. Ingredients are classified as:

• Cereal Grains

• Animal

• Vegetables Proteins

• Vegetable

• Animal Fats

• Micro Minerals

• Macro Minerals

• Premixes

Some Feedstuffs that supply Amino Acids to the Diet

Animal Proteins

Vegetable Proteins

Microbiological Ingredients

Synthetic AA

Purified AA or Proteins Examples: Corn, which is low in lysine meal, which is low in methionine

By themselves neither corn nor soybean meal can provide enough essential amino acids to maximize performance.

But when the two are combined, they provide adequate amounts of the essential amino acids and are said to complement each other. What about Carb’s and Fat?

Supply Energy* - Needed for heat and movement Carb”s Cereal Grains – Corn, Oats, Barley, Rice, etc. Starches Gums Etc.

*Chickens need about 1,300 to 1,500kcal/lb of energy daily!! 1 calorie is the energy required to raise 1gm of water 1oC, From 14.5 to 15.5oC. 1 kcal is 1000 calories. Fats and Oils or other Vegetable Oils Animal Fats

Not really an essential nutrient, other than Linoleic acid (18:2 fatty acid).

Animal fats – solid, relatively inexpensive. Problems with digestion by young birds.

Vegetable oils - liquid, expensive

Pellet quality, dustiness of feed Energy important because it governs feed intake high energy ---> low feed intake low energy ---> high feed intake

Sources of energy - everything in the diet other than minerals.

Metabolizable energy (ME) = Energy intake as feed minus energy appearing in urine and feces. Feed Energy

Digestible E.

Fecal E. Metabolizable E.

Urinary + Gaseous E. Net E.

Heat E. Production E. + Maintenance E What about them Vitamins? With the exception of , Poultry Require all the vitamins! Vitamins act a catalysts for many reactions, and re required in small quantities. They can occur as vitamins per se or as precursors (provitamins).

Fat Soluable - A, D*, E, K

*Poultry cannot use just any form of D, must be D3, cholcalciferol!

Water Soluable: Thiamine (B1) Folic Acid (B2) ** Pyridoxine (B6) Biotin Cyanocobalamin (B12) Pantothenic Acid ** very high requirement by poultry, unlike 4 footed , Very little is synthesized by the chick. Generous safety factor 2-10x requirement. Storage loss -> time, temperature, humidity

Time for Minerals

Macro Minerals Calcium Chlorine Phosphorous Magnesium Potassium Sulfur Sodium

Micro Minerals Copper Chromium Fluorine Manganese Iodine Molybdenium Broiler Starter Feeds The objective of the starter/brooding period (0 to 10 days of age) is to establish good appetite and achieve maximum early growth. The target is to achieve a seven-day body weight of 170 g or above. Broiler Starter should be given for ten days. The Starter represents a small proportion of the total feed cost and decisions on Starter formulation should be based on performance and profitability rather than cost.

The digestible levels in the feed are important aspects and must be considered when purchasing feed. (See Table 1) In wheat-feeding areas the use of some maize may be beneficial.

Total fat levels should be kept low (<5%) and saturated fats should be avoided, especially in combination with wheat. Broiler Grower Feeds Broiler Grower feed will normally be fed for 14 to 16 days.

The transition from Starter feed to Grower feed will involve a change of texture from crumbs to pellets.

There is a continuing need for a good quality Grower feed to maximize performance.

Broiler Finisher Feeds Broiler Finisher feeds account for the major cost of feeding and economic principles should be applied to the design of these feeds.

Changes in body composition can be rapid during this period and excessive fat deposition and loss of breast meat yield need to be carefully considered. Table 1. Nutrient Specifications for As-Hatched Broilers Grown to 4.4-5.5 lb liveweight. From Ross 308 mgmt guide 2007 Table 2, Examples of Broiler Diets. Management Alfalfa is good, but the soils of New England are acid and require a lot of lime and soil treatment. Ladino clover has been found to be a productive plant of high palatability for poultry.

Types of legumes and grasses for Pasture Forage:

White and red clover or Ladino clover, Orchard grass, Kentucky blue grass, Perennial rye grass and, Alfalfa

University research shows that chickens get only 10-15% of dry matter for their diet from the pasture itself, and turkeys up to 30%, so supplementation with other feeds is important, such as corn, or wheat and soybean meal, and vitamins and minerals.

http://www.free-rangepoultry.com/

Here are some mixtures from 1947, when pasture was at a peak. Keep pasture mowed to increase new growth of fresh plant.

Example Pasture Mixtures: (per acre) 1. 12 lbs of Kentucky Bluegrass 3. 8 lbs Kentucky Bluegrass 6 lbs of perennial rye grass 8 lbs Timothy 2 lbs of Ladino clover 3 lbs Alsike clover From Cornell 2 lbs Ladino clover From Univ. of Maryland 2. 6 lbs of Kentucky bluegrass 4. 2.5 lbs Ladino Clover 10 lbs of perennial ryegrass 5 lbs Domestic rye grass 4 lbs of Canada bluegrass ( seed with clover in the spring) 2 lbs of Redtop 6 lbs Kentucky bluegrass 2 lbs of Ladino clover (Seed in fall) 1 lb of White clover 4 lbs timothy From Penn State (2 lbs in the fall)

The mixture (table 4) was chosen to be representative of a robust pasture for poultry and is similar to those specified in the literature.

It proved to be hard wearing for meat birds during a wet summer, and the birds were observed to eat it.

Some (rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris)) have powerful capabilities and moderate activities (Adams, 1999).

It maybe desirable, therefore, to include herbs in the mix if such a practice permitted a reduced reliance on the feeding of synthetic , and if immune responses were to be enhanced.

Symposium on ‘Nutrition of farm animals outdoors: Intake of nutrients from pasture by poultry. Andrew Walker and Sue Gordon IN: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2003), 62, 253–256 Some Housing and Equipment Suggestions

Depends on type of rearing management:

Conventional – enclosed mechanical ventilated facility

Pasture Pens - Chicken tractors,etc.

“” pasture - Basic shelter. ?

Do I Look Like John Deere?

Free-Range Poultry Essentials Maintain at least 150' between skid houses and field perimeter fencing to minimize predation problems. Maintain at least 100' between each skid house to maintain flock separation. Move skids ahead 50' to fresh pasture as necessary, generally every three to four weeks or as needed to keep birds out of mud. Usually. any time the birds have trashed an area around the skid that is larger 5 feet it is time for a move. Expect the birds to range about 40' out from each skid.

©2008 Herman Beck-Chenoweth Bottom Line:

Keep birds in a DRY and DRAFT FREE Environment!! Feeding and watering equipment

http://toolmakingart.com/2008/06/10/chicken-feeders/

Processing your birds

Stun

Exsanguinate (bleed out)

Scald (138 to 145o F

Defeather

Remove head, neck and legs (below hock)

Eviscerate

Chill

Package

1 Sources of information on raising poultry.

http://web2.uconn.edu/poultry/poultrypages/ http://extension.unh.edu/Agric/AGDLEP/PoulRab.htm http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/BRKPoultryPage.html http://www.backyardpoultrymag.com/ http://www.backyardchickens.com/coop.html Forsham Cottage Arks; http://www.forshamcottagearks.co.uk Henhouses http://www.henhouses.co.uk http://posc.tamu.edu/extensionprograms/publications/index_publications.htm http://extension.unh.edu/Agric/AGDLEP/PoulRab.htm http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/poultry/ http://www.free-rangepoultry.com/

Some good Books and resources for poultry:

Storey’s Guide to Raising Poultry - Leonard S. Mercia, Storey Books, Pownal, Vermont 05261 ISBN 1-58017-263-6

A Guide to Raising Chickens - Gail Damerow Storey Books, Pownal, Vermont 05261ISBN 0-88266-897-8

Feeding Poultry – The classic guide to poultry nutrition - G. F. Heuser. Norton Creek Press. ISBN 0-9721770-2-7

Chicken Tractor – The permaculture guide to happy hens and healthy soil. Andy Lee and Pat Forman.

Pastured Poultry Profits – Joel Salatin – ISBN0-9638109-0-1

Profitable Poultry Management 23rd ed. 1958 Snyder, Rowoth, Scholes and Lee. , Beacon Milling Company, Cayuga, NY

1 Listing of materials does not imply endorsement of any author or material contained in the books or websites. The…. ! Well you know!!