e-ISSN:2597-9213; ISSN:1978-6115
Jurnal Penelitian Humano, Vol. 9 No. 1 Edisi Juni 2018
Hesistation Noises and Filled Pauses Analysis Used by Bart and Homer in The Simpson
Veronika Listi Ferdini Damopolii Universitas Widyatama
ABSTACT.The research explores hesistation Noises Used suggested by McManis, et al (1988). The goals of the of the analysis are to know the hesistation noises used by the speaker and to find out speaker meaning and intention by using those hestitation noises.The research uses a qualitative descriptive method. The data analyzed by using pragmatic approach. The speaker uses hesistation noises: Uh, Umm, Ehm, Uh-uh, and Uh. The speakers use those hesistation noises to show uncertainty and fear, thinking, feeling clumsy and confused, agreement or understanding, and recalling.
Keywords: Hesitation noises, speaker, speaker meaning.
INTRODUCTION "An utterance is, of course, a Conversation is one way of linguistically coded piece of evidence, cpmmunication that people use to so that verbal comprehension involves interact in their social life. Every day, an element of decoding. However, the the writer finds conversations in films, decoded linguistic meaning is one of talk shows, reality shows, books, and the inputs ... which yields an novels. In these conversations, the interpretation of the speaker's meaning. author finds speeches indicating doubt, " error in mentioning of words, a state in From the above statement, it can be which one speaker and another speak understood that speech is a proof of simultaneously, and a state in which linguistic code, then the verbal the speaker uses the form of casual understanding includes how to pronunciation in the conversation. decipher the contents of the code. The Conversations take place meaning of the linguistic code is used spontaneously in place and hence there to give an interpretation of the are many utterances that indicate meaning of speech utterance. hesitations and other things that cause The meaning of speech has a very the conversation to stop (McManis, et broad interpretation. According to al., 1987: 221). McManis, et al. says McManis, et al (1987: 197), meaning that expressions that show doubt and in speech involves a broader what causes the conversation to stop is interpretation of semantic an example of the characteristics of a interpretation. Therefore, the conversation. In this research, the characteristic of hesistation noises author only discusses one conversations used by speakers has characteristic of the conversation is meaning. Therefore, writer interested hesistation noise. to analyze hesistation noises and McManis, et al. says that the interpretation hesistation noises used features of conversation including speakers. The data is a movie because hesistation noises are not a form of the film provides a good view of audio error but rather a term to describe the and visuals so as to facilitate the author characteristics contained in the to see the circumstances around. This structure of conversation. is in line with the opinion of Verhaar http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 197
e-ISSN:2597-9213; ISSN:1978-6115
Jurnal Penelitian Humano, Vol. 9 No. 1 Edisi Juni 2018
(1970: 14) that the level of expression hesistation noises and its speaker and the level of the situation and both meanings. In addition, the author can become the determinant of the level of apply the theories that have been meaning. Lubis (1991: 18) in Verhaar obtained during the lecture about the states about the types of language structure of conversation that shows theories are based on: the ways or forms of communication 1. Expression that are often found in interaction with 2. The meaning of speech others. 3. Situation The main theory used by the author The use of hesistation noises is in this study is hesistation noises (one very influential on the attainment of the characteristics of conversation) meaning intended by speakers. To proposed by McManis. et al (1987) in understand the characteristics of the the Language Files. One feature of this conversation and the meanings conversation is hesistation noises. The contained therein, it can be analyzed use of Hesistation Noises shows by looking at the situation and context, certain ways that speakers speak in as a guide that supports interpretations. conversation. How to interpret the Context is an important factor hesistation noises in the conversation used to interpret the meaning intended can be understood by looking at the by speakers. Therefore, the author uses situation and context. Pragmatics pragmatic analysis where through discusses the meaning contained in pragmatic, the meaning of speakers speech by looking at situations and interpreted by seeing also context. contexts. Pragmatics and context are Hesistation noises as one of the very important to interpret the speaker characteristics of a conversation is part meaning. Pragmatics will be used as a of the structure of the conversation. tool for analyzing the speaker's intent One of the features of conversation is in his engagement in the conversation. hesistation noises discussed by Pragmatics is the study of meaning McManis, et al. in the Language File in relation to the said situations. In this (1987: 221). In addition, other linguists case, pragmatics serve as a guide for also gave an explanation of hesistation researching what the speakers speak, noises, such as Richards (1982) in his examining the meaning of the context, book On Conversation, Yule (1996: and studying the words that are few but 71) who discussed the structure of wide or numerous (Yule, 1998: 3). conversation and preference structure, Yule (1988: 71) also says that and Lerner 2004) in his book knowledge of structures in the Conversation analysis. conversation is necessary because the Based on the explanation above, the structure of the conversation is an author is interested to discuss the important aspect of pragmatics. In hesistation noises used by the speakers addition the author also uses other and the speaker meaning linguistic theories that support the conveyed.Therefore, the entitle of the writing of journals, the theory research is :"Hesistation Noises proposed by Coulthard (1977), Analysis Used Homer and Bart in the Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman film The Simpsons." (1978), Richard (1982), Levinson, et The usefulness of this research is to al. (1983), Richard and Schmidt increase the experience, insight and (1983), Wardhaugh (1986), Tarigan knowledge of the author on the part of (1990), Searle (1992), Lubis (1994), the structure of the conversation that is http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 198
e-ISSN:2597-9213; ISSN:1978-6115
Jurnal Penelitian Humano, Vol. 9 No. 1 Edisi Juni 2018
Mey (1998), Cutting (2002), and makes as the basis of the conversation. Lerner (2004). According to Lubis himself, pragmatic responsiveness is determined by Classification of Actions context (based on situation, speaker, In his book On conversation, location, etc.). Richard (1982: 5) writes the Yule (1996) suggests that A classification of speech acts according presupposition is something the to Searle (1976). The classification of speaker assumes to be the case prior to speech acts are classified according to making an utterance. He also added what the speaker means: Speakers, not sentences, have a. Representatives presupposition. From the explanation, This speech acts have the function of it can be understood that telling people about things, such as presupposition is the thing that the asserting (claiming), saying (stating), preacher assumes before to say an and reporting (reporting). utterance. b. Commissives (Commissive) Tarigan (1986: 40), provides a This speech acts to say that speakers definition of presupposition or will do something, like promises and presupposition according to threats. Finocchiaro (1982: 9): c. Directives "... there are still other factors This speech acts to make the speakers contributing to the smoothness of do something, such as suggestions, conversations or acts of speech, among requests, and commands. other things," real-world experiences d. Expressive (Expressive) "used by people in conversations This speech acts to function to express involving them-or at least what they feelings and attitudes about the state of learn-if full understanding of their the relationship, such as apologies meaning is accomplished," which can (apologies), regrets (regrets), and be termed with presupposition or thanks (thanks). ('forecasts, conjectures) which are a major basis for a study of how e. Declarations (Declarative) interactions are between semantics.' This speech acts to provide a change in a relationship state, for Hesistation Noises example when we resign, by saying "I Every individual involved in the resign." When firing someone, by conversation will give different saying "You're fired," or when utterances or reactions because of the marrying someone by saying "I do." different factors that lie behind them. Likewise the characteristics of the Prediction conversations that speakers use in a As a basis for viewing the function conversation. McManis, et al (1987: of conversational features used by 221) suggests ten conversational speakers and speakers, presupposition features, but the author just dicuss one can be used. of them, that is hesistation noises. Lubis (1991: 63) suggests that The sound of doubts / pauses according to Stalnaker the filled like the sound of uh and um, has Presupposition is what is taken by the the meaning: "As used frequently by speakers to be the common of the most people in spontaneous participants in the conversation. The conversation, even many teachers and assumption is something the speaker broadcasters who try to speak as http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 199
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fluently as possible. These sounds have context that complements the many uses in the conversation, but conversation is indicated by social most of them are speakers.” relationships between Homer and the Hence, it can be understood that West as fathers and children. At that hesitation noises are used time they were having fun painting the spontaneously and unplanned speakers house while interspersed with Homer's in conversations, even teachers and joke addressed to Bart. Homer's mood broadcasters who speak eloquently. looked happy then. Then the situation The sounds have many uses in the was used Bart to recognize the secret conversation but most of these sounds that dipendamnya. Bart meant to admit indicate a talker who stops talking for a his mistake to his father, Homer. When moment to consider what to say next or Bart admitted that he was not a genius, try to finish the sentence anyway. because in the previous story known that Bart was recognized as a genius METHOD disciple because it has the highest IQ The methodology used in this in his class. The social context of this research is descriptive method. Nazir conversation shows a good relationship in Whitney (2005: 54) says that the between father and son. descriptive method is fact-finding with the right interpretation. Nazir himself Discussion added that the purpose of descriptive Homer's expression in response to research method is to create a Bart's admission that Bart was not a description, picture or painting genius was a shock. It is seen through systematically, factually and accurately the answers and expressions of about the facts, traits and relationships questions that Homer preaches, What?. between phenomena investigated. After that Bart resumes his conversation by saying 'Uh' before RESULTS AND DISCUSSION starting the sentence. The 'Uh' voice used by Bart is a 1.Data 1 representative act or function of Bart : Dad… I gotta tell you expressing doubts. Bart continued his something conversation Bart's 'Uh' voice is a Homer : What is it, son? feature of a conversation grouped as Bart : I’m not genius, Dad. Hesitation Noises, where the sound Homer : What? indicates that Bart stopped talking for a Bart :Uh..I cheated on the moment and considered what to say intelligence test. I’m sory. But I next. just want to say that the past The 'Uh' voice response is to give few weeks have been great. Me Bart's fear or doubt to start or continue and you have done stuff his speech. Based on the information together, you’ve helped me out contained in the context, speech acts, with things, we’re closer than and expressions of the speakers, and we’ve ever been…(Bart The the characteristics of the above Genius) conversations can be taken the meaning of the speakers, Bart, has a The physical context of this meaning that shows a sense of doubt conversation took place at Simpson's and fear. house. At that time Homer and Bart were painting their house. The social 2. Data 2 http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 200
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Bart:My turn “bo.” K-W-Y-J-I-B-O. The assumption of the sound meaning Eighteen points. Twenty-two of Mmm is inferred from the points plus tripleword score plus expression of Homer and Bart who 50 points for using all my letters. seemed to realize that the word I’m outta here. Kwijibo is actually not there. Bart tries Homer : Wait a minute, you little to make spontaneous answers, so from cheater. You’re not going that he previously said Mmm as a anywhere until you tell me what pause to think for a moment and look a “kwijibo” is. for the answer. Bart :“Kwijibo.” Mmm—A big, The character of the conversation dumb, balding, North American Bart proclaimed above, i.e.Mmm, is ape with no chin. categorized as Hesitation Noises. Marge : And a short temper. So it can be concluded that the Homer : I’ll show you a big, dumb, sound Mmm that Bart said was meant balding ape. that he was thinking for a moment to Bart : Uh-oh. Kwijibo on the loose. consider the answer. Although Bart's (Bart The Genius). answer looks contrived.
The physical context of the 3. Data 3 conversation includes the venue of conversation, in the Simpson's home. Marge :What on earth are you Homer, Marge, Bart, and Lisa are talking about, Homer? playing a board game or some sort of Homer: The code of the schoolyard, game. The epistemic context is evident Marge. He rules that teach a from the rules of the game that both of boy to be a man. Let see. them know. The social context that Don’t tattle. Always make fun exists is a family relationship of of those different of you— parents and children. At that moment Never say anything—unless Bart had a turn to compose a word, but you’re sure everyone feels his father, Homer, was aware that Bart exactly the same way you was cheating for stringing foreign do—ehm—what else? words. So Homer asked for an Marge: Homer, that’s ridiculous. Huh. explanation of the definition of the Bart, instead of fighting, why word Bart made. don’t you try a little understanding? Discussion Bart: What do you mean, Mom? Mmm voice spoken by Bart in (Bart The General). Mmm-A big, dumb, balding, North American ape with no chin was Bart's The physical context of the response to Homer's question. From conversation includes the place where the expression shown, Bart looks for this conversation takes place, at the answers to cover his cheating. Mmm's Simpson's home. Bart was seen voice Bart used to indicate a paused shedding his anxiety on Homer talk to consider Bart's answer to because Bart was threatened by his Homer's question. schoolmates. Marge who was there Bart's spoken voice is a asked the topic they were talking representative act, which serves to about. Homer then gives the answer. declare something, in which case Bart The social context that exists is the is thinking to consider the next words. http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 201
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relationship between father, mother Nelson :The second time you untie me, and child. I’m gonna beat you to death, man! Discussion Bart:Well, if that’s gonna be your Homer explains something to attitude, I’m not gonna untie you. Marge. In the middle of his Nelson :Ha! You’re gonna have to explanation, Homer broke off his sometime. conversation for a moment and uttered Bart : Uh-uh. He’s right. ehm voice and then he continued his Herman: Don’t you worry. I was ready utterance in the form of a question. for this little eventuality. The voice of : ehm in the code of the (Bart The General). schoolyard, Marge. He rules that teach a boy to be a man. Let see. Do not The physical context of this tattle. Always make fun of those conversation is located in the park. At different of you-Never say anything- that moment Nelson's position as a unless you're sure everyone feels feared child in Bart's school was exactly the same way you do-ehm-what already pinched by the resistance of else?indicates that Homer stopped the Bart and his friends. What Bart did conversation for a moment to think afterwards was to teach Nelson a about the next words. But he did not lesson and then untie the ropes in know or could not go on with his Nelson's hands. The behavior Nelson explanation so he ended up asking showed was not deterrent. The social questions. context of the conversation is two Ehm voice uttered by Homer is a children of the same age who have representative act, which serves to opposing powers. declare something, in that it states that Homer is thinking to consider the next Discussion words. Uh-uh's voice uttered by Bart in Uh- The assumption of the meaning of uh's utterance He's right indicates that the ehm sound is inferred from Bart paused before continuing his Homer's expression which, at the time speech. Uh-uh's voice is also an of explanation, suddenly pauses expression that Bart understands, several times and then through the agrees, or agrees with Nelson's question form after the break, can be statement. This is because Bart, who seen that Homer has no further ideas to was about to untie the ties from continue his explanation. The use of Nelson's hands, suddenly discouraged uhmis categorized as Hesitation him after learning that Nelson had not Noises. changed. However, when Nelson again So it can be concluded that Bart's threatens him, Bart utters Uh-uhvoice voiced voice meant that he was as an expression that he understands, thinking for a moment to consider the agrees, or accepts Nelson's authority. It next words. The sound of such errors is also supported by Bart's next speech can mean Homer does not know what that is He's right and also Bart's actions to say next. This can be seen from the that quickly open the bond from the form of questions that even submitted. hands of Nelson. Uh-uh voice uttered by Bart is a 4. Data 4 representative act, which serves to Bart: I guess you learned your lesson, declare something, namely that Bart is so now I’ll untie you. aware of Nelson's threat. http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 202
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The assumption of Uh-uh this floor” is Homer's response to vocabulary was inferred from Bart's Bart's earlier statement that upsets him suddenly frightened expression and and at the same time Homer immediately unbuckled Nelson's hand. remembers the assignment assigned to Uh-uh's voice indicated a halting Bart, perhaps this task is sort of a reply conversation and expressed Bart's from Bart's earlier allusion to Homer. understanding of Nelson's words.So Uhvoice used by Homer indicated that the character of the conversation that the conversation was halted for a Bart proclaimed above, that is Uh-uh, moment as he suddenly remembered is categorized as Hesitation Noises. something he was going to do. Then it can be concluded that the Uh voice uttered by Homer is a voice of Uh-uh that Bart expounded representative act, which serves to means that he understands or agrees declare something, in which case with the words of his interlocutor. Homer remembers something he must do.The sense of Uh's voice means that 5. Data 5 Homer stopped his conversation for a Bart: Gee, Homer, looks like you got moment because he suddenly yourself a real problem on your remembered something. This is hands. inferred from Homer's earlier Homer : Yeah, right. Uh, Bart, vacuum expression was talking about Lisa but this floor. suddenly ruled Bart to clean the Bart: Hey, man. I didn’t do anything floor.So Uh's voice that Homer uses is wrong! a feature of a conversation that is Homer : In times of trouble you’ve got categorized as Hesistation Noises to go with what you know. Now, because the speaker stops talking for a hop it, boy! moment and makes a sound when he Bart:((Muttering)). Thinks, he’s some remembers something before uttering big stupid Homer. Oh, man. I’ll his speech. show him the thinks he’s so big. Then it can be concluded that Uh voice (Moaning Lisa). that Bart said meant that he remembered something he was going The physical context of the to do. conversation includes the venue of conversation, in the Simpson's home. CONCLUSION Previously it was shown that Homer Hesitation noises are used did not succeed in comforting a sad spontaneously and unplanned speakers Lisa. Suddenly Bart came and the in conversations, even teachers and behaviour he showed was satirical. broadcasters who speak eloquently. Homer's actions were visible when The sounds have many uses in the Homer responded to Bart's sarcasm conversation but most of these sounds with an upset and suddenly Homer indicate a talker who stops talking for a remembered a task that would be moment to consider what to say next or charged to Bart, dusting the floor. This try to finish the sentence anyway. action is a sort of reply from Bart's Based on the author research, there are innuendo. The social context that 5 intended speakers meaning when exists is between father and son. using hesistation noises. Discussion The speakers, Homer and Bart Uh voice uttered by Homer in Simpson, used hesistation noises to speech “Yeah, right. Uh, Bart vacuum reveal: showing fear or doubt to start http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 203
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or continue the speech,thinking for a Richards, Jack C. 1982. On moment to consider the Conversation.Singapore: Seameo answer,understanding or agreement Regional Language Centre. with the words of their interlocutor, Richard, Jack C and Richard W. recalling and remembering something Schmidt. Language and they were going to do. Communication. London and New York: Longman. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Searle, John R et al. 1992. (On) Searle I am enormously grateful to Professor On Conversation. Amsterdam/ Dudih Z (alm) Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company. REFERENCES Tarigan, Henry Guntur. 1986. Chaer, Abdul dan Leonie Agustina. Pengajaran Pragmatik. Bandung: 2004. Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Penerbit Angakasa. Rineka Cipta. Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Coulthard, Malcolm. An Introduction Introduction to Sociolinguistics. to Discourse Analysis. London: Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Longman Group. Yule, George.1996. Pragmatics. New Cummings, Louise. 2005. Pragmatics: York: Oxford University Press. A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press Ltd. Cutting, Joan. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse. London and New York: Routledge. Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1978. An Inroduction to Language. England: Rinehart and Winston.Leech, Geoffrey Leech. 1993. The Principles of Pragmatics. Longman Group Limited. Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lerner, Gene H. 2004. Conversation Analysis. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Lubis, A. Hamid Hasan Lubis. 1991. Analisis Wacana Pragmatik. Bandung: Penerbit Angkasa. McManis, Carolin, Deborah Stollenwerk, and Zhang Zheng- Sheng. 1988. Language Files. Ohio: Advocate Publishing Group. Mey, Jacob L. 1998. Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. United Kingdom: Elsevier. http://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/humano | 204