REPAIR UTTERANCES USED BY BART AND HOMER IN THE SIMPSON Veronika Listi Ferdini Damopolii Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Manado Tondano, Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The research explores Repair Utterances Used suggested by McManis, et al. (1988). The goals of the of the analysis are to know the repairs used by the speaker and to find out the speaker meaning or intended meaning by using those repairs. The research uses a qualitative descriptive method to describe the data. The data were analyzed by using a pragmatic approach to ease the writer identifies the speaker meaning. The speaker uses repairs: Uh, Umm, Ehm, Uh-uh, and Uh. The speakers use those repairs to show sometimes there are speech errors or unclear utterances made by the speaker. After that, the speaker immediately realizes it and correct his mistake, but it is also possible if the listener asks for correction or clarification by asking the speaker. However, the use of repair in the conversation has a purpose and the reasons why they do repairs to their interlocutor in conversation, such as because to emphasize previous speaker explanation, to clarify something because the speaker doesn't understand what is talking about, to say something wrong and repair it, to ask clarification of unclear statement, and to clarify the less specific explanation. Keywords: Repair, speaker, speaker meaning. INTRODUCTION characteristics. In this research, the author As one way of communication, a only discusses one characteristic of the conversation is used by people to interact conversation is hesitation noise.McManis, in their social life. The writer finds et al. says that the features of conversations in films, talk shows, reality conversation, including repair that are not shows, books, and novels every day. In a form of error but rather a term to these conversations, the writer finds describe the characteristics contained in speech indicating doubt, error in the structure of the conversation. He says: mentioning words, a state in which one "Sometimes when a speech error or speaker and another speak simultaneously, something problematical or unclear is and a state in which the speaker uses said, the speaker will notice the problem casual pronunciation in the conversation. and make a correction… at other times, Conversations occurs spontaneously in another participant in the conversation place, and hence many utterances indicate may ask for a correction or clarification, hesitations and other things that cause the for example; by asking a question…" conversation to stop (McManis, et al., From the above statement, it can be 1987: 221). McManis, et al. says that understood that speech is a proof of expressions that show doubt and what linguistic code, then the verbal causes the conversation to stop are understanding includes how to decipher examples of a conversation's the contents of the code. The meaning of JELT (Journal Of English Language and Literature Teaching) Vol. 06 No. 01 June 2021 P.ISSN : 2548-7728 E.ISSN : 2599-0373 76 the linguistic code is used to give an Richards (1982) in his book On interpretation of the meaning of speech Conversation, Yule (1996: 71) who utterance. discussed the structure of conversation The meaning of speech has a very and preference structure, and Lerner 2004) broad interpretation. According to in his book Conversation analysis. McManis, et al (1987: 197), meaning in Based on the explanation above, the speech involves a broader interpretation of author is interested to discuss the r used by semantic interpretation. Therefore, the the speakers repair and the speaker characteristic of repair in conversations meaning conveyed. Therefore, the entitle used by speakers has meaning. Therefore, of the research is "Repair Used Homer writer is interested to analyze repair and and Bart in the film The Simpsons." interpretation repair used speakers. The The usefulness of this research is to data is a movie because the film provides increase the experience, insight and a good view of audio and visuals so as to knowledge of the author on the part of the facilitate the author to see the structure of the conversation that is repair circumstances around. This is in line with and its speaker meaning. In addition, the the opinion of Verhaar (1970: 14) that the writer can apply the theories that have level of expression and the level of the been obtained during the lecture about the situation and both become the determinant structure of conversation that shows the of the level of meaning. Lubis (1991: 18) ways or forms of communication that are in Verhaar states about the types of often found in interaction with others. language theories are based on: The main theory used by the author in 1. Expression this study is repair (one the characteristics 2. The meaning of speech of conversation) proposed by McManis. et 3. Situation al (1987) in the Language Files. One The use of repair is very influential feature of this conversation is repair. The on the attainment of meaning intended by use of repair shows certain ways that speakers. To understand the characteristics speakers speak in conversation. How to of the conversation and the meanings interpret the repair in the conversation can contained therein, it can be analyzed by be understood by looking at the situation looking at the situation and context, as a and context. Pragmatics discusses the guide that supports interpretations. meaning contained in speech by looking at Context is an important factor used to situations and contexts. Pragmatics and interpret the meaning intended by context are very important to interpret the speakers. Therefore, the author uses speaker meaning. Pragmatics will be used pragmatic analysis where through as a tool for analyzing the speaker's intent pragmatic, the meaning of speakers in his engagement in the conversation. interpreted by seeing also context. Repair Pragmatics is the study of meaning in as one of the characteristics of a relation to the said situations. In this case, conversation is part of the structure of the pragmatics serve as a guide for conversation. One of the features of researching what the speakers speak, conversation is repair discussed by examining the meaning of the context, and McManis, et al. in the Language File studying the words that are few but wide (1987: 221). In addition, other linguists or numerous (Yule, 1998: 3). Yule (1988: also gave an explanation of repair, such as 71) also says that knowledge of structures JELT (Journal Of English Language and Literature Teaching) Vol. 06 No. 01 June 2021 P.ISSN : 2548-7728 E.ISSN : 2599-0373 77 in the conversation is necessary because someone, by saying "You're fired," or the structure of the conversation is an when marrying someone by saying "I do." important aspect of pragmatics. In addition the author also uses other Prediction linguistic theories that support the writing As a basis for viewing the function of of journals, the theory proposed by conversational features used by speakers Coulthard (1977), Victoria Fromkin and and speakers, presupposition can be used. Robert Rodman (1978), Richard (1982), Lubis (1991: 63) suggests that Levinson, et al. (1983), Richard and according to Stalnaker the Presupposition Schmidt (1983), Wardhaugh (1986), is what is taken by the speakers to be the Tarigan (1990), Searle (1992), Lubis common of the participants in the (1994), Mey (1998), Cutting (2002), and conversation. The assumption is Lerner (2004). something the speaker makes as the basis of the conversation. According to Lubis Classification of Actions himself, pragmatic responsiveness is In his book, On conversation, Richard determined by context (based on situation, (1982: 5) writes the classification of speaker, location, etc.). speech acts according to Searle (1976). Yule (1996) suggests that A The classification of speech acts are presupposition is something the speaker classified according to what the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an means utterance. He also added Speakers, not sentences, have presupposition. From the a. Representatives explanation, it can be understood that This speech acts have the function of presupposition is the thing that the telling people about things, such as preacher assumes before to say an asserting (claiming), saying (stating), and utterance. reporting (reporting). Tarigan (1986: 40), provides a b. Commissives definition of presupposition or This speech acts to say that speakers will presupposition according to Finocchiaro do something, like promises and threats. (1982: 9): c. Directives "... there are still other factors This speech acts to make the speakers do contributing to the smoothness of something, such as suggestions, requests, conversations or acts of speech, among and commands. other things," real-world experiences" d. Expressive (Expressive) used by people in conversations involving This speech acts to function to express them-or at least what they learn-if full feelings and attitudes about the state of the understanding of their meaning is relationship, such as apologies accomplished," which can be termed with (apologies), regrets (regrets), and thanks presupposition or ('forecasts, conjectures) (thanks). which are a major basis for a study of how e. Declarations (Declarative) interactions are between semantics." This speech acts to provide a change in a relationship state, for example when we Repair resign, by saying "I resign." When firing JELT (Journal Of English Language and Literature Teaching) Vol. 06 No. 01 June 2021 P.ISSN : 2548-7728 E.ISSN : 2599-0373 78 Every individual involved in the interpretation. Nazir himself added that conversation will give different utterances the purpose of descriptive research or reactions because of the different method is to create a description, picture factors that lie behind them likewise the or painting systematically, factually and characteristics of the conversations that accurately about the facts, traits and speakers use in a conversation. McManis, relationships between phenomena et al (1987: 221) suggests ten investigated.