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A Philological Approach to Buddhism, K.R. Norman

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THE BUDDHIST FORUM, VOLUME V A PHILOLOGICAL APPROACH TO BUDDHISM The Bukkyb Dendo Kybkai Lectures 1994 SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 1997 Published by the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London), Tlion~liaugliStreet, Russell Square, London WClH OXG Contents 0K. R. Norman 1997 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for tlus book is available froill the British Library Foreword vii Abbreviations ix ISBN 0 7286 0276 8 Bibliography xi ISSN 0959-0596 I Buddhism and Philology 1 I1 Buddhism and its Origins 21 111 Buddhism and Oral Tradition 41 IV Buddhism and Regional Dialects 59 V Buddhism and Writing 77 VI Buddhism and Sanslcritisation 95 VII Buddhism and Aioka 113 VIII Buddhism and Canonicity 13 1 IX Buddhism and the Comrnentarial Tradition 149 X Philology and Buddhism 167 Word Index 185 Printed in the United Kingdom by Hobbs the Printers, Southampton Foreword The lectures contained in this book are slightly revised versions of those I gave as Bukky6 Dend6 Ky6kai Visiting Professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies from January to March 1994. My thanks are due to the BukkyB Dend6 KyBkai for instituting the Professorship and for the authorities of the School of Oriental and Afiican Studies for appointing me to it. The lectures were intended for an audience which knew something about Buddhism but little or nothing about philology. The notes which I have added are intended for the general reader, rather than the specialist, to supply the sources for the information I give. Abbreviations Ardha-Magadhi A0 Acta Orientalia B.C.E. Before Common Era BIB Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit BHSD Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary BHSG Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar v BSO(A)S Bulletin of the School of Oriental (and African) Studies BSR Buddhist Studies Review BUP Brhad-&-anyakaUpanisad C.E. Common Era CP I-v K.R. Norman, Collected Papers, Volumes I-V (1990-94) CPD A Critical P91i Dictionary, Copenhagen CUP Cambridge University Press DEDR T. Burrow & M.B. Emeneau, Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (revised edition, 1984) DPPN G.P. Malalasekera, Dictionary of PZli Proper Names (1 937- 3 8) EV I, I1 K.R. Norman, Elders ' Verses I (1 969), I1 (1971) GD I, I1 K.R. Norman, The Group ofDiscourses I (1984), I1 (1992) GDhp G9ndhk-i Dharmapada IIJ Indo-Iranian Journal IT Indologica Taurinensia JA Journal Asiatique JBuRS Journal of the Burma Research Society JOI(B) Journal of the Oriental Institute (Baroda) JPTS Journal of the Pali Text Society JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society m.c. metri causa MIA Middle Indo-Aryan MRI Minor Readings and Illustrator MW M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary (1 899) OUP Oxford University Press PDhp Patna Dharmapada PE Pillar Edict PED The PTS's Pali-English Dictionary Bibliography Pkt Prakrit PTS Pali Text Society RE Rock Edict SBE Sacred Books of the East Adikaram, E.W., 1953, Early History ofBuddhism in Ceylon, Colombo. Skt Sanskrit SOAS School of Oriental and African Studies (London) Allon, M., 1994, "Some oral features of the prose portions of Pali canonical sutta texts", unpublished conference paper. SWTF Georg von Simson (ed.), Sanskrit-Worterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden (1973-) Almond, P.C., 1988, The British discovery of Buddhism, Cambridge. fherbl 0.von Hinuber, Das altere Mittelindisch im aerblick (1986) Alsdorf, L., 1962, "UttarajjhZyiyB Studies", IIJVI, 2, pp. 1 10-36. WZKS Wiener Zeitschrift fir die Kunde Sudasiens -, 1965, Les e'tudes jaina: ttatpr6sent et tciches futures, Paris. Balbir, N., 1993, "Titres et Canons dans 1'Htttrodoxie Indienne", in La Abbreviations of the titles of PZli texts are those adopted by the CPD. Editions formation des canons scripturaires, Paris CERF, pp. 47-59. are those of the PTS, unless otherwise stated. Beal, S., 1884, Buddhist records of the western world, London. Bechert, H., 1978, Buddhism in Ceylon and Studies on Religious Syncretism, Gottingen. -, 1980, The language of the earliest Buddhist tradition, Gottingen. -, 1985, Zur Schulzugehorigkeit von Werken der Hinayiina-Literatur, Erster Teil, Gottingen. -, 1987, Zur Schulzugehorigkeit von Werken der Hinayiina-Literatur, Zweiter Teil, Gijttingen. -, 1991A, cLMethodologicalconsiderations concerning the language of the earliest Buddhist tradition", BSR 8, 1-2, pp. 3-19. -, 1991B, The dating of the historical Buddha, Gottingen. -, 1992, "The writing down of the Tripitika in PZli", WZKS XXXVI, pp. 45- 53. Bendall, C., 1883, Catalogue of the Buddhist Sanskrit manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge, Cambridge (reprinted Stuttgart 1992). Bernhard, F., 1965, Udiinavarga, Vol. I, Gottingen. Bhattacharya, K., 1989, "Brahman in the Pali Canon and in the Pali Commentaries", in Amalii Praj6E: Aspects of Buddhist Studies, Delhi, pp. 15-31. Bloch, J., 1950,Les inscriptions d'Asoka, Paris. Bibliography Bibliography Bloomfield, M., & Edgerton, F., 1932, Vedic Variants, Vol. I1 (Phonetics), Cousins, L.S. et al. (eds), 1974, Buddhist Studies in Honour of I.B. Horner, Philadelphia. Dordrecht. Bode, M., 1909, The Pali Literature of Burma, London. Cribb, J., 1985, "Dating India's earliest coins", in South Asian Archaeology BollCe, W.B., 1974, "Buddhists and Buddhism in the earlier literature of the 1983, Naples, pp. 535-54. SvetZmbara Jains", in Cousins et al., 1974, pp. 27-39. Cutler, S. Mellick, 1994, "The PZli Apad5na Collection", JPTS XX, pp. 1-42. Brough, J., 1953, The early brahmanical system of Gotra and Pravara, CUP. Denwood, P., & Piatigorsky, A. (eds), 1983, Buddhist Studies: ancient and -, 1954, "The language of the Buddhist Sanskrit texts" (Review of Edgerlon, modern, London. 1953A & 1953B), BSOAS, 16,2, pp. 351-75. Deraniyagala, S.U., 1990A, "Radiocarbon dating of early Brahmi script in Sri -, 1962, The GiindhcTrt Dharmapada, London. Lanka", Ancient Ceylon 11, Colombo, pp. 149-68. -, 1964, "The Chinese pseudo-translation of arya-Era's JZtaka-mZlZ", Asia -, 1990B, "The proto- and early historic radiocarbon chronology of Sri Major NS 11.1, pp. 27-53. Lanka", Ancient Ceylon 12, Colombo, pp. 25 1-92. -, 1980, "SaEya Niruttiyii: Cauld kale het", in Bechert, 1980, pp. 35-42. Dhadphale, M.G., 1980, Synonymic collocations in the tipitaka: a study, Poona. Buddharakkhita, Acharya, 1985, The Dhammapada: the Buddha's path of Duroiselle, C., 1911, Review of Bode 1909, in JBuMI, 1, pp. 119-21. wisdom, Kandy. Edgerton, F., 1953A, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar, Nev? Haven. Burford, Grace G., 1991, Desire, death, and goodness: the conflict of ultimate -, 1953B, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, New Haven. values in Theraviida Buddhism, New York. Ehelolf, H., 1916, Ein Wortfolgeprinzip im Assyrisch-Babylonischen, Leipzig. Burghart, R., & Cantlie, A., 1985, (eds.): Indian Religion, London. Elizarenkova, T.Y., 1989, "About traces of a Prakrit dialectal basis in the Burrow, T., 1973, "The Proto-Indoaryans", JRAS, pp. 123-40. language of the Rgveda", in Caillat, 1989, pp. 1-17. Burrow T., and Emeneau, M.B., 1984, (second edition of) A Dravidian Erdosy, G., 1993, "The archaeology of early Buddhism", instudies on Buddhism Etymological Dictionary (1 96 I), Oxford. in honour of Professor A.K. Warder, Toronto, pp. 40-56. Caillat, C., 1989, Dialectes duns les litt&raturesindo-aryennes, Paris. Geiger, W., 1994, A Piili Grammar, Oxford. -, 1991, Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies, Leiden. Gethin, R., 1992A, "The MiitiEs: Memorization, Mindfulness, and the List", in Carter, J.R., & Palihawadana, M., 1987, The Dhammapada, New York. The Mirror of Memory. Reflections on Mindfulness and Remembrance in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism, Albany, pp. 149-72. Chakravarti, N.P., 1930, L 'Udiinavarga sanskrit, Paris. -, 1992B, The Buddhist Path to Awakening, Leiden. Childers, R.C., 1875, Dictionary of the PHli language, London. Gombrich, R.F., 1971, Precept and Practice, OUP. Clough, B., 1824, A Coinpendious PHli Grammar with a Copious Vocabulary in the Same Language, Colombo. -, 1980, "The significance of former Buddhas in the TheravZdin tradition", in Somaratna Balasooriya et al. (ed.), Buddhist Studies in honour of Collins, S., 1982, SelJess Persons, CUP. Walpola Rahula, London, pp. 62-72. -, 1990, "On the very idea of the Pali canon", JPTS XV, pp. 89-126. -, 1988, "How the MahZyZna began", Journal of Pali and Buddhist Studies -, 1992, "Notes on some oral aspects of Pali literature", IIJ 35,213, pp. 121- I, pp. 29-46. 35. -, 1990, "Recovering the Buddha's message", in Skorupski, 1990, London, Cone, M., 1989, "Patna Dharmapada I", JPTS XIII, pp. 101-217. pp. 5-20. Cousins, L.S., 1983, "Pali oral literature", in Denwood and Piatigorsky, 1983, -, 1992, "The Buddha's book of Genesis", IIJ35, pp. 159-78. pp. 1-11. Goody, J. (ed.), 1968, Literacy in Traditional Societies, CUP. Bibliography Bibliography Grierson, Sir George A., 1926, (second edition of) Bihar Peasant Life (1885), Hultzsch, E., 1925, Inscriptions ofAsoka, Oxford. Patna. Jacobi, H., 1884, Jaina Siitras, Part I, SBE XXII, Oxford. Hallisey, C., 1990, "TundilovZda", JPTS XV, pp. 155-95. Jaini, P.S., 1986, Apocryphal Birth-Stories (PafifiEsa-jGtaka), Vol. 11, London. 1993, "NibbZnasutta: an allegedly non-canonical sutta on NibbLna as a -, Jayasekera, U.D., 1992, The Dhammapada, Colombo. great city", JPTS XVIII, pp. 97-130. Jayawickrama, N.A., 1962, The Inception of Discipline and the Vinaya NidEna, I-Iara, M., 1969, "A note on the folk-etymology of rEjanY',The Journal of the London. Ganganatha Jha Research Institute, XXV, pp. 489-99. Jones, J.J., 1952, The Mah6vastu, Vol. 11, London. Hardy, E., 1902, The Netti-pakarana, London. Jong, J.W. de, 1974, "A brief history of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America Harvey, P., 1990, An introduction to Buddhism, CUP. (Part 11)", The Eastern Buddhist New Series VII, No. 2 (October Heesterman, J.C., 1969, PratidEnam, den Haag. 1974), pp. 49-82. Hiniiber, 0. von, 1971, "Die 'dreifache' Wirkung des Karma", IIJ 13, 4, [1972], Kalupahana, D.J., 1986, A Path of Righteousness: Dhammapada, Lanham. pp. 24149. Karashima, S., 1991, in Papers in Honour of Pro$ Dr.
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    SEVEN PAPERS by SANGHARAKSHITA and SUBHUTI 2 SEVEN PAPERS May the merit gained In my acting thus Go to the alleviation of the suffering of all beings. My personality throughout my existences, My possessions, And my merit in all three ways, I give up without regard to myself For the benefit of all beings. Just as the earth and other elements Are serviceable in many ways To the infinite number of beings Inhabiting limitless space; So may I become That which maintains all beings Situated throughout space, So long as all have not attained To peace. SEVEN PAPERS 3 SEVEN PAPERS BY SANGHARAKSHITA AND SUBHUTI 2ND EDITION (2.01) with thanks to: Sangharakshita and Subhuti, for the talks and papers Lokabandhu, for compiling this collection lulu.com, the printers An A5 format suitable for iPads is available from Lulu; for a Kindle version please contact Lokabandhu. This is a not-for-profit project, the book being sold at the per-copy printing price. 4 SEVEN PAPERS Contents Introduction 8 What is the Western Buddhist Order? 9 Revering and Relying upon the Dharma 39 Re-Imagining The Buddha 69 Buddhophany 123 Initiation into a New Life: the Ordination Ceremony in Sangharakshita's System oF Spiritual Practice 127 'A supra-personal force or energy working through me': The Triratna Buddhist Community and the Stream of the Dharma 151 The Dharma Revolution and the New Society 205 A Buddhist Manifesto: the Principles oF the Triratna Buddhist Community 233 Index 265 Notes 272 SEVEN PAPERS 5 6 SEVEN PAPERS SEVEN PAPERS 7 Introduction This book presents a collection of seven recent papers by either Sangharakshita or Subhuti, or both working together.
  • Way of Practice Leading to Nibbāna Volume Iv

    Way of Practice Leading to Nibbāna Volume Iv

    “namo tassabhagavato arahato sammasambudhassa” NIBBĀNAGAMINIPATIPADA WAY OF PRACTICE LEADING TO NIBBĀNA VOLUME IV PAGE 442-463 BY PA-AUK TAWYA SAYADAW TRANSLATED BY U MYINT SWE (M.A London) NIBBĀNAGAMINIPATIPADA (PA-AUK TAWYA SAYADAW) 2 Page- 442 “Learning the Scriptures just to maintain (memorize) them:” Bhandāgārika- Pariyatti' means ‘the Buddhist scriptures learnt (studied) by the Arahats , whose mind is free from the mental defilements. They have already known the truth of Suffering ( dukkhasacca ), that is, the five aggregates by the three-fold knowledge, have already abandoned (eliminated) all mental defilements and kammic forces, called samudaya.sacca' have already developed the truth of Eightfold path, called 'Magga.sacca' and have already realized Nibbāna the Truth of Cessation of Craving, called Nirodha.sacca' , with their Path-and-Fruition knowledges. Those Arahats , 1- have already known the five Aggregates of Clinging; called Dukkha.sacca; existing in eleven modes (of), such as 'past, future, present' etc, by their insight knowledge of three kinds, viz, 'Ñāta, Tirana and Pahāna' . 2- have already abandoned (eliminated, uprooted) all the defilements and kammic forces, by their path knowledges. 3- have already developed the Eightfold path, called 'Magga.sacca' . 4- have already realized Nibbāna , the Unconditioned and Peaceful element, called 'Nirodha.sacca' , by their Arahatta-Fruition knowledge. Therefore, the Arahats' learning the Buddhist scriptures is just to memorize the Canonical texts, to maintain the succession of Dhammas , and to main the lineage (family) of the Buddha. Thus, their learning of the Buddhist scriptures is termed 'Bhandāgārika. Pariyatti'. When there arose (took place) the hardships such as the hunger and thirst etc., and the famous and eminent Reverend monks could not live (stay) together in one place, a worldling monk living by daily going round for alms, studied (learnt) the Buddhist scriptures with good purpose (intention): "Let the Buddhn's sweet teachings (Buddhist scriptures) not disappear (or last for long).