DOCSLIB.ORG

The Influences of Chernyshevsky, Tkachev, and Nechaev on The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Influences of Chernyshevsky, Tkachev, and Nechaev on The THE INFLITENCES OF CHERNYSHEVSKY, TKA,CHEV, AI'ID NECHAEV ON TIIE POLTTTCAL THOUGHT OF V.I. LETITIN THE INFLUENCES OF CHERNySHEVSKY, TKACHEV, AND NECHASV ON THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF V.I. LENIN BY IAII GRAEI.{E WALLACE, B"A. (Hons) A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilnent of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University (c) Copyright by Ian Wallace lAct{ASTER UNIVERSITY LTBRARY I,IASTER OF ARTS (L9921 Mc}TASTER I'NIVERSITY (Political Science) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The fnfluences of Chernyshevsky, Tkachev, and Nechaev on the political thought of V.f. Lenin. AIIIHOR: Ian Graene Wallace, B.A. (Hons) (McMaster University) SIJPERVISOR: Professor Marshall Goldstein. NIJI{BER OF PAGES: v, L82 lt ABsTRACT The collapse of the Soviet Union has challenged Marxist political theory. Many people saw the collapse of the Soviet Union as a defeat of Marxisn. Most scholars of Poritical Theory rearize that Lenin did not folrow Marxist writings. However, most still consider Lenin as predominately a Marxist. This thesis witl examine the source of Lenin,s ideas on Class, the Party, and the Revolution, and will trace these differences with Marx to chernyshevsky, Tkachev, and Nechaev. rt will irrustrate the extent of the influence of Lenints Russian, non-Marxist, predecessors. Lenin did indeed study and adopt aspects of Marxisn, but he d.iffered with hin in some important areas, particularly Class, the Party, and the Revolution. Marx, writing in western Europe, sought human emancipation, whire Lenin, in backlrard, autocratic Russia, sought political emancipation from the Tsarist autocracy. This resurted in differences between the thought and writings of Lenin and Marx. Ll_]. ACKNOWLEDGEI,TENTg This thesis could not have been completed without the support and encouragement of many people. My supervisor, Dr. Marsharl Goldstein, offered his assistance and knowledge whenever it was needed. He also gave me direction in researching the enormous amount of riterature of Marx and Lenin. His comments have been invaluable. r wourd arso rike to thank my supervisory cornmittee for their time and patience in directing my research. Dr. Peter Potichnyj provided connents and critisrns during my proposar stage and once r had compreted rny Thesis offered valuabre suggestions on content and style. r wourd like to thank Dr. R.H. Johnston of the llistory Department for taking the tine to assist me in this endeavor. He arrowed ne to have an historiants perspective on some of the issues that were raised. r am also gratefur for Dr. wayne Thorpe and Dr. Thomas Prlmak for introducing ne to the world of the nineteenth-century Russian revolutionary and to Dr. John weaver for loaning me some valuabre research material. r am also indebted to my parents for their moral and financial support, without which this Thesis would not have been possible. Lastly, f would like to thank my good friends Chris and paul for providing me with enough distractions to keep in touch with the outside worId. McMaster University fan G. Wallace June L992 Lv TABLE OF CONTE!flT8 Abstract aLl Acknowledgements.. ...iv Chapter One-Introduction... ....2 Chapter Two-Lenin vs. Marx .....L2 Class and Class Consciousness The RoIe of the Party The Revolution Chapter Three-Lenin's Marxisn... ..... ....42 A Background of Lenin's Marxist, and Revolutionary Heritage Chapter Four-Chernyshevsky and Lenin. ....7L Chernyshevsky and the Russian Revolutionary Movement Chernyshevsky and Lenin on Class Chernyshevsky and Lenin on the Party Chernyshevsky and Lenin on the Revolution Chapter Five-Tkachev and Lenin... .. Tkachev and Lenin on Class "9G Tkachev and Lenin on the Party Tkachev and tenin on the Revolution Chapter Six-Nechaev and Lenin..... ..L23 The early Life of Nechaev Nechaev and Bakunin, Return From Exile, and Murder Nechaev's Writings- The Epitome of a Revolutionary and Lenin. Conclusions........... ............... ....LSz Appendix I-A Proqram of Revolutionarv Action ..163 Appendix II- The Revolutionarv Catechism .L67 Appendix III- Appendix of Names .....L72 Bibliography. ...L76 v To me the fundamental difference between Marx and Lenin is visible on almost every page they wrote. It is not a contradiction, but a difference of mental attitude. And it is not a complete difference, because Marx had in hirn the practical scientist, and Lenin never consciously got rid of the metaphysician . Marx states that such a thing will happen in such a way. Lenin states that such is the only way to make it happen. (Max Bastman as quoted in Page, Lenin, 35. ) CHAPTER ONE: INTRoDUCTIoN Vladimir rlyich ulyanov, better known as Lenin, red the Bolsheviks to victory in the Russian revolution of Lgr7. The Bolsheviks, who later changed their name to the communist party of the soviet union (cpsu), ruled the soviet union since L9L7 and onry recently has their powerfur grasp on the people of the fifteen union Republics been removed. The soviet union has ceased to exist. Many people may argue that it is the defeat of rMarxism, or ,communismr. However, what was in place in the soviet union cannot be calIed Marxism, or at reast orthodox Marxism. rt should be referred to as the colrapse of Leninism, or as it is often called Marxist-Leninisrn. Lenin created the illusion that he was a follower of orthodox Marxism and vehernently attacked any attempts to revise Marxism, such as Bernsteinrs Evolutionarv sociarisrn. The truth is, however, that Lenin himself revised Marxist thought and adapted it to fit the conditions which existed in Russia during his tirne. Marx berieved that the proletariat was the class which would bring about the socialist revorution. He irlustrated in some of his works that capitalism had inherent contradictions. capitalism itself would create its own enemies in the forrn of the 3 proletariat, who would develop consciousness on their ohrn. Thus the revolution would be made by a class conscious of their historical mission. Lenin, on the other hand, substituted the party for the class. Lenin did not believe that the proletariat would develop anything more than trade- union consciousness without the help of an outside source. For Lenin, that outside source would be a party of professional revolutionaries; a vanguard of the proletariat to spur on the consciousness of the workers and to make the revolution happen. The differences between Marx and Lenin will be discussed in chapter two. Marx believed that the revolution would happen. Lenin chose to make it happen. Lenints thought was quite different from Marxrs. The alterations which he made to Marxism created what became known as Bolshevism, or Leninisrn. Many scholars note that Lenin was not an orthodox Marxist, but few explain the roots of his alterations. Lenin was no doubt a rrMarxistrr but he was just as strongly a Russian thinker. Lenin can be placed at the end of a long list of nineteenth century Russian thinkers. He attempted to rrmordrr Marxism to his moment of history. Lenin was concerned first and foremost with the emancipation of Russian society from Tsarist autocracy. His intellectual heritage is one of great interest and wirr be examined in chapter two. This will enable one to see how Lenin developed his rtMarxismrr from a Russian revolutionary tradition and how he merged the two to form Borshevism. He 4 forrowed a rich tradition of Russian revorutionary writers including, N.G. Chernyshevsky, P.N. Tkachev, and S.G. Nechaev. Indeed, the key elements of Leninisrn, as taken from his writings and the actions of the Bolshevik (and communist) Party until Lenints death, can be traced backward to these very three writers. Perhaps one of the most important books that Lenin read was What is to Be Done? by N.G. Chernyshevsky. Unlike some accounts by soviet historians, Lenin was not arways a Marxist. rn fact, he first turned to revorutionary writings onry after his brother Alexander was executed for plotting to assassinate the Tsar. The revorutionary idears which he first came in contact with were not Marxist but popurist. Lenin read chernyshevsky before he read Marx and rearned the dialectic from him, rather than frorn Marx or Hegel. chernyshevsky was one of the most important revolutionary writers of the 1850ts and 1870ts. Sorne of his ideas included finding specific sorutions to specific problems, and stating that the liberars could not be trusted and thus revolution rnust come from berow. Lenin had a high regard for Chernyshevsky, even after he had become a tMarxistr, and defended what is to be Done? against criticisms. He stated, r declare that it is inadmissibre to calr what is to Be Done? prinitive and untalented. Under its influence hundreds of peopre became revorutionaries. It also captivated me. It ploughed me over again completely. It is a work which gives 5 one a charge for a whole life. Untalented works cannot have such influence.l Chernyshevsky had faith in the ability of the rnew menrr ds he calls them in his major work, to build a nehr society. chernyshevsky was one of the first radical writers which Lenin read. The onry other writer to have such an effect on Lenin was Marx. chapter four will cover the simirarities between Lenin's ideas and actions and Chernyshevskyrs writings. Chernyshevsky affected a great deal of the interrigentsia of the rate 1800ts, including two others who affected Lenin greatly, P.N. Tkachev and S. Nechaev. Tkachev was important for Lenin as he built upon the ideas which were put forward by chernyshevsky. Tkachev was the first to advance the view that a smarr revolutionary minority should, and must, seize state power and use it to bring about the socialist revolution. His sociarist society was based on populist ideals not Marxist. He believed in the possibirity of bypassing capitalisn. He believed that in this way Russia courd ttskip a stager, that of capitalisrn.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jewish Socialists Around Vpered1
    BORIS SAPIR JEWISH SOCIALISTS AROUND VPERED1 SOCIALIST PROPAGANDA AMONG JEWS AND VPERED The importance of the "Lavrists" or "Vperedovtsy", named after the publication Vpered (Forward) (i873-1877) founded and edited by Peter Lavrovich Lavrov, in the evolution of the socialist ideas and groups in Russia has been recognized by historians from Alphonse Thun to Franco Venturi.2 The journal's role in the dissemination of the socialist credo among Russian Jews has never been seriously disputed, although seldom recorded in concrete terms. Of the leading Lavrists only Nicolas Kuliabko-Koretskii left memoirs.3 But he, as well as Lavrov who compiled an interesting outline of the main phases of the "Narodnichestvo"4 were not exceedingly interested in the Jewish aspect of their oeuvre. They touched this topic only in passing and, if at all, referred to Liberman whose Jewish socialism captivated their imagination. There was no reason for them to indicate and to dwell on the Jewish origin of socialist Jews in their midst who never associated themselves with any Jewish cause or aspirations. The outsiders who did so many years afterwards, knew too little about the internal affairs of Vpered and, therefore, either exaggerated its influence among Jews or underestimated the importance of leading Jewish Lavrists or, which 1 With slight changes this paper was read at the YIVO Research Conference on Jewish participation in movements devoted to the cause of social progress, New York, September 10-13, '964. 1 A. Thun, Geschichte der revolutionaren Bewegung in Russland, Leipzig 1883; F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution, London i960. The reader of this journal may find a condensed treatment of the position and influence of Vpered in Boris Sapir, Unknown Chapters in the history of Vpered, in: International Review of Social History, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Lenin, What Is to Be Done.Indd
    XIII Editor’s Preface This work saw the light of day in the heat of a decisive battle for the international proletariat. What Is to Be Done? constituted the essential weapon with which to fight revisionism. This, even in its Russian form, denied the scientific nature of Marxist analysis, i.e. it excluded for the proletariat even the possibility of equip- ping itself with a strategy. What Is to Be Done? is the precious magnifying glass that allows us to reread the chapters of the history of our class from a Leninist point of view. In order to do this, we can follow the Russian script. Between 1884 and 1894, Marxist theory gathered strength, but the Marxists, among the currents of avant-garde thought, only had very few disciples. Between 1894 and 1898, the labour movement revealed its political awakening in the struggle via strikes. 1898-1902 was a period of dispersion, of theoretical and organisational eclecticism ; it was the artisanal phase of the political struggle fought by the vanguard of the Russian proletariat. What Is to Be Done? was published as the theoretical guidebook allowing that phase to be left behind. Lenin focused on the Russian precursors of revolutionary Marxism. The latter had the merit of being considered the world vanguard of the revolutionary democratic movement. Lenin hoped that the nascent social-democratic movement would be able to be nurtured with the « same devoted de- termination and vigour ». Eighteen years later, in “Left-Wing” Communism : an Infantile Disorder, he picked up this concept again and underlined it : « For about half a century – approximately from the forties to the nineties of the last century – progressive thought in XIV Lenin – What Is to Be Done Russia, oppressed by a most brutal and reactionary tsarism, sought eagerly for a correct revolutionary theory, and fol- lowed with the utmost diligence and thoroughness each and every “last word” in this sphere in Europe and America.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MENSHEVIKS in 1917 by Olegpmwkov Bachelor of Arts
    THE MENSHEVIKS IN 1917 r:. = BY OLEGpmwKOV Bachelor of Arts Moscow State Pedagogical Institute Moscow, USSR 1983 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS July 1992 THE MENSHEVIKS IN 1917 Thesis Approved: Thesis Advisor 0 Dean of the Graduate College 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express sincere appreciation to Dr. George F. Jewsbury and Dr. Joel M. Jenswold for their encouragement and advice throughout my graduate program. Many thanks also go to Dr. W. Roger Biles for serving on my graduate committee. Their suggestions and support were very helpful throughout the study. To Wann Smith for his expert typing and proofing skills; to Oscar Kursner for his help in translation. My wife, Y elaina Khripkov, encouraged and supported me all the way and helped me keep the end goal constantly in sight. Thanks go to her for her undivided time in the final stages of the project. She prov 1ded moral support and was a real believer in my abilities. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. The Main Approaches to the Study of the Russian Revolution in American Historiography 2 The Study of Menshevism in the U.S. 6 Soviet Scholars on Menshevism 8 Sources 1 2 Themes and Problems 14 II. Tiffi "HONEYMOON' OF Tiffi REVOLUTION_~-~-~! 8 The Necessity for the Dual Power 1 8 The Essence and Structure of Dual Power 2 7 Establishing of the Revolutionary Defensists Policy3 5 III. THE APRIL CRISIS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES _____4 7 The First Clash.
    [Show full text]
  • Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
    A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://eprints.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Lenin and the Iskra Faction of the RSDLP 1899-1903 Richard Mullin Doctor of Philosophy Resubmission University of Sussex March 2010 1 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree ……………………………….. 2 Contents Contents.......................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements……………..…………………………………………………...4 Abstract........................................................................................................................5 Notes on Names, Texts and Dates…….....……………………..…………………...6 Chapter One: Historical and Historiographical Context…………………..…....7 i) 1899-1903 in the Context of Russian Social-Democratic History and Theory …12 ii) Historiographical Trends in the Study of Lenin and the RSDLP …………...…..23 iii) How the thesis develops
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 11. I Have Approached This Subject in Greater Detail in J. D
    NOTES Introduction 11. I have approached this subject in greater detail in J. D. White, Karl Marx and the Intellectual Origins of Dialectical Materialism (Basingstoke and London, 1996). 12. V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 38, p. 180. 13. K. Marx, Grundrisse, translated by M. Nicolaus (Harmondsworth, 1973), p. 408. 14. N. I. Ziber, Teoriia tsennosti i kapitala D. Rikardo v sviazi s pozdneishimi dopolneniiami i raz"iasneniiami. Opyt kritiko-ekonomicheskogo issledovaniia (Kiev, 1871). 15. N. G. Chernyshevskii, ‘Dopolnenie i primechaniia na pervuiu knigu politicheskoi ekonomii Dzhon Stiuarta Millia’, Sochineniia N. Chernyshevskogo, Vol. 3 (Geneva, 1869); ‘Ocherki iz politicheskoi ekonomii (po Milliu)’, Sochineniia N. Chernyshevskogo, Vol. 4 (Geneva, 1870). Reprinted in N. G. Chernyshevskii, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, Vol. IX (Moscow, 1949). 16. Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vols XI–XVI. 17. M. M. Kovalevskii, Obshchinnoe zemlevladenie, prichiny, khod i posledstviia ego razlozheniia (Moscow, 1879). 18. Marx to the editorial board of Otechestvennye zapiski, November 1877, in Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works, Vol. 24, pp. 196–201. 19. Marx to Zasulich, 8 March 1881, in Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works, Vol. 24, pp. 346–73. 10. It was published in the journal Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, no. 5 (1886). 11. D. Riazanov, ‘V Zasulich i K. Marks’, Arkhiv K. Marksa i F. Engel'sa, Vol. 1 (1924), pp. 269–86. 12. N. F. Daniel'son, ‘Ocherki nashego poreformennogo obshch- estvennogo khoziaistva’, Slovo, no. 10 (October 1880), pp. 77–143. 13. N. F. Daniel'son, Ocherki nashego poreformennogo obshchestvennogo khozi- aistva (St Petersburg, 1893). 14. V. V. Vorontsov, Sud'by kapitalizma v Rossii (St Petersburg, 1882).
    [Show full text]
  • Bolshievik Revoluition Background Guide
    Tsar to U.S.S.R: A Joint Crisis Committee on The Bolshevik Revolution Bolshevik Revolution 1 Table of Contents Overview 3 Tsar to USSR Sta 4 Letter From the Chairs 7 Logistics of this Committee 8 Tsar Nicholas II and the Romanov Family 10 Revolutionaries and the Revolution Party 11 Russo-Japanese War 12 Revolution of 1905 13 Russia and the Great War 14 Timeline 15 Characters: 16 Revolutionaries: 16 Royal Cabinet/Duma: 21 Position Paper Guiding Questions 24 Bolshevik Revolution 2 Overview The Great Empire of Russia has existed for over 450 years and the Romanovs have been in power for ⅔ of that time, but now the patched up cracks are hard to ignore. Change and innovation are slow to arrive in Russia, with the Industrial Revolution arriving decades after it emerges in Europe, making life difficult for people even before the Great War begins. Whispers of a constitutional monarchy make its way through the land as new political parties like the Constitutional Democracy Party (Cadets) emerge. The economy improves little by little but it is simply not enough to sustain the population when war begins to tear the region to shreds. The economy is in a crisis and citizens are looking for some semblance of leadership to not only improve their lives, but also their international reputation. Delegates in this joint crisis committee will get to determine the fate of Russia and her people through negotiations within their own crisis room and with delegates from the opposing side. We will begin in August of 1915 after the Russian Empire is forced to retreat from Russian Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Workers, the Intelligentsia and Marxist Parties: St Petersburg, 1895-1917 and Shanghai, 1921-1927
    Workers, the Intelligentsia and Marxist Parties: St Petersburg, 1895-1917 and Shanghai, 1921-1927 STEVE A. SMITH* Summary: The article investigates relations between workers and intellectuals in the pre-revolutionary Bolshevik Party in St Petersburg and the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai. It commences with a background examination of the social position and traditions of the intelligentsia in each country and the emergence of a stratum of so-called "conscious" workers. The position of workers in each party is then analysed, especially with respect to leadership, and the nature of tensions between workers and intellectuals explored. The investigation demonstrates that workers acquiesced in their subordination to a greater degree in Shanghai than in St Petersburg, and this and other differences are traced back to historical and cultural context. In conclusion, the implications of contextual differences are explored in order to suggest why the intelligentsia in the People's Republic of China (PRC) attracted greater odium from the party-state than its counterpart in the Soviet Union. The germ of this article lay in the observation of a paradox. Intellectuals suffered greatly under Communist regimes in both the Soviet Union and China, yet it was in China that they were singled out for repression.1 * My thanks go to Boris Kolonitskii, Jeremy Krikler, Nikolai Smirnov, Chris Ward and the participants in the conference on "Workers and the Intelligentsia in Late-Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Russia", organized by the St Petersburg section of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg in June 1995. This article is one of a number of essays that examine labour in St Petersburg and Shanghai comparatively, broadly exploring the development of class identity in relation to other forms of social identity.
    [Show full text]
  • George Plekhanov and the Marxist Turn in Russia." Revolutionary Moments: Reading Revolutionary Texts
    Read, Christopher. "George Plekhanov and the Marxist Turn in Russia." Revolutionary Moments: Reading Revolutionary Texts. Ed. Rachel Hammersley. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. 125–132. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 23 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474252669.0022>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 23 September 2021, 19:53 UTC. Copyright © Rachel Hammersley 2015. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 1 5 George Plekhanov and the Marxist Turn in Russia C h r i s t o p h e r R e a d Th e desire to work among the people and for the people, the certitude that ‘ the emancipation of the working classes must be conquered by the working classes themselves ’ – this practical tendency of our Narodism is just as dear to me as it used to be. But its theoretical propositions seem to me, indeed, erroneous in many respects. Years of life abroad and attentive study of the social question have convinced me that the triumph of a spontaneous popular movement similar to Stepan Razin ’ s revolt or the Peasant Wars in Germany cannot satisfy the social and political needs of modern Russia, that the old forms of our national life carried within them many germs of their disintegration and that they cannot ‘ develop into a higher communist form ’ except under the immediate infl uence of a strong and well-organised workers ’ socialist party. For that reason I think that besides fi ghting absolutism the Russian revolutionaries must strive at least to work out the elements for the establishment of such a party in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Djugashvilli (Stalin), Was Born in Gori, Georgia on 21St Decembe, 1879
    Joseph Djugashvilli (Stalin), was born in Gori, Georgia on 21st Decembe, 1879. His mother, Ekaterina Djugashvilli, was married at the age of 14 and Joseph was her fourth child to be born in less than four years. The first three died and as Joseph was prone to bad health, his mother feared on several occasions that he would also die. Understandably, given this background, Joseph's mother was very protective towards him as a child. (1) Joseph's father, Vissarion Djugashvilli, was a bootmaker and his mother took in washing. He was an extremely violent man who savagely beat both his son and wife. As a child, Joseph experienced the poverty that most peasants had to endure in Russia at the end of the 19th century. (2) Soso, as he was called throughout his childhood, contacted smallpox at the age of seven. It was usually a fatal disease and for a time it looked as if he would die. Against the odds he recovered but his face remained scarred for the rest of his life and other children cruelly called him "pocky". (3) Joseph's mother was deeply religious and in 1888 she managed to obtain him a place at the local church school. Despite his health problems, he made good progress at school. However, his first language was Georgian and although he eventually learnt Russian, whenever possible, he would speak and write in his native language and never lost his distinct Georgian accent. His father died in 1890. Bertram D. Wolfe has argued "his mother, devoutly religious and with no one to devote herself to but her sole surviving child, determined to prepare him for the priesthood." (4) Stalin left school in 1894 and his academic brilliance won him a free scholarship to the Tiflis Theological Seminary.
    [Show full text]
  • Communism – the Failed Experiment, Part III |
    act ing-man.co m http://www.acting-man.com/?p=6599 Communism – the Failed Experiment, Part III | March 7, 2011 | Author Pater Tenebrarum Dear Readers, We want to thank all of you who have donated to Acting Man. We are honored by your support. All donations will be used to optimize our services f or you. Should you wish to contribute, press the button below ... (see here f or Part I and Part II) The Bolshevik Revolution 1. The Party The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) was f ounded in Minsk in 1898, in an attempt to unite the major socialist f actions active in Russia at the time. In addition to the unif ication idea, the party was meant to provide an alternative to the 'Narodnichestvo', the populist revolutionary movement that was represented by the narodniky, the young people that had begun to swarm out into the countryside in an attempt to 'educate the peasantry' (the party representing the narodniky movement was the SRP, see f urther below). The major dif f erence between these parties consisted in the f act that the RSDLP adopted Marxism as its ideological f oundation (as noted in part II of this series, the Czar's censors had mistakenly allowed the Russian translation of Marx' 'Das Kapital' to be published in Russia on the grounds that it was a 'strictly scientif ic work'. Presumably the censor charged with reading the book got bored out of his skull and one of the great ironies of history was the result). The beginning of the party's existence was inauspicious – the nine delegates attending its f irst congress were soon all arrested by the Okhrana, the Czar's secret police.
    [Show full text]
  • 24. Asya Atanasova. Pavel Axelrod On
    1 ALMANACH VIA EVRASIA, 2014, 3 Asya Atanasova, Assist. Prof. Dr. in Russian History, Shumen University PAVEL AXELROD ON BOLSHEVISM Unfortunately, our society has not reached the time when ideologies like Bolshevism will forever become part of the past. Though people know them and are familiar with the horror they bring with them, today there are still people, parties and countries that proudly call themselves their followers. If we take a look at Ukraine, we shall see a bloody, fratricidal war and young people greeting each other with highly raised hands, holding Molotov cocktail and naming Stepan Bandera their idol. These young people are not only fearless when referring to themselves as fascists but they take pleasure in watching humans die. The so-called separatists are unscrupulous when destroying the enemy. The war in Ukraine today bears the modern name a hybrid war but the result is thousands of victims, mostly women and children. Human mind finds it difficult to assume such a thing, especially when it is happening some kilometres away and here in Europe. It is also hard to accept the way this very Europe that considers itself liberal and democratic, reacts to what’s going on there. Yet, what happens in Ukraine is not Europe’s fault and it is not its job to teach two democratic states how to interact. It is even more difficult to turn on the TV and see a person being decapitated. A bunch of people who want to establish “An Islamic State” that has no boundaries at the present but pretends to have many, and kills everyone daring to 2 contradict their policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Workers and Intelligentsia in Late Imperial Russia: Realities, Representations, Reflections
    Workers and Intelligentsia in Late Imperial Russia: Realities, Representations, Reflections Edited by Reginald E. Zelnik Description: The collapse of the Soviet Union opened previously unimagined possibilities for insight into Russian social, intellectual, and political history. This volume, a collaboration of American, Russian, and West European scholars, illuminates the creation and complex dynamics of the Russian industrial working class from its peasant origins in the mid-nineteenth century to the collapse of the imperial system in 1917. The authors focus on the shifting attitudes, cultural norms, self-representations, and increasing self-consciousness of workers as they interacted with the new social movements, student groups, the Church, and most dramatically, the political (mainly radical and liberal) intelligentsia. But the authors also examine the obverse: the contending representations of workers by the intelligentsia as they interacted with each other ever more intensely during this turbulent period leading up to the Russian Revolution. The result is a fascinating and detailed account of social and cultural transformation in a key period of Russian — and world — history. RESEARCH SERIES / NUMBER 101 WORKERS AND INTELLIGENTSIA IN LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA: REALITIES, REPRESENTATIONS, REFLECTIONS REGINALD E. ZELNIK, EDITOR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY Three of the essays in this book have been published in somewhat different forms as journal articles. The essay by S. A. Smith first appeared (as part of a larger study of St. Petersburg and Shanghai) in International Review of Social History 41 (1996). The essay by William G. Rosenberg first appeared in Slavic Review 55 (1997). The essay by E. Anthony Swift first appeared in Russian History/Histoire Russe 23 (1996).
    [Show full text]