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Lev Kamenev: a Case Study in 'Bolshevik Centrism'

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Lev Kamenev: a Case Study in 'Bolshevik Centrism' LEV KAMENEV: A CASE STUDY IN ‘BOLSHEVIK CENTRISM’ by NICHOLAS W. COOMBS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Government and Society Centre for Russian and East European Studies University of Birmingham MAY 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This dissertation challenges the view that Lev Kamenev lacked a clear socialist vision and had no discernible objectives. It contends that Kamenev had an ideological line and political goals shaped by Ferdinand Lassalle. Kamenev adopted Lassalle’s desire for a democratic socialist republic and his method to achieve end aims. Through dialogical discourse Kamenev aimed to gain allies by overcoming differences by focusing on points of agreement. This was his ‘Bolshevik Centrism’. Ideologically, Kamenev absorbed Lassalle’s concept of the ‘Fourth Estate’, which mandated proletarian culture first predominate in society before revolution could occur. This helps explain his opposition to revolution in 1905 and 1917, and sheds light on his assessment in the early 1920s that the Bolsheviks had not founded the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’, but the ‘dictatorship of the party’. In trying to overcome this reality he adapted Lassalle’s vision for an all-encompassing selfless state and endeavoured to merge the party, the state, and the masses into one. His aspiration to win over peasants and workers placed him in a centrist position, whereby he used his authority to challenge Trotsky and Bukharin’s leftist and rightist policies. However, under the one-party dictatorship his actions directly contributed to the rise of Stalin. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1......................................................................................................................... 8 The Influence of Ferdinand Lassalle and What Is to Be Done?............................................ 9 More Bolshevik than Lenin – More Bolshevik than Bogdanov!........................................... 28 In the Wake of the Revolution of 1905 – Social-Democracy Divided................................. 15 Kamenev’s ‘Bolshevik Centrism’.......................................................................................... 30 The Expulsion of Bogdanov.................................................................................................. 36 Two Parties…........................................................................................................................ 40 Conclusion…......................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 2......................................................................................................................... 46 The Great War – Understanding Events................................................................................ 46 ‘There is no middle way’……………................................................................................... 50 An ‘Incomplete’ Bourgeois Revolution and Supporting Revolutionary Civil War.............. 56 Kamenev’s ‘Bolshevik Centrism’ and the Mensheviks…..................................................... 61 No Social-Democracy – Lenin and his April Theses............................................................. 64 Kamenev’s Struggle against the April Theses....................................................................... 67 The War Loan........................................................................................................................ 71 An Airplane to the Revolution............................................................................................... 74 Conclusion…......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 3......................................................................................................................... 82 The ‘Old Bolshevik’ versus Lenin – In Pursuit of Cooperation............................................ 82 The June Demonstrations – The Failure of Political Dialogue............................................. 86 The July Days – Gaining the Trust of the Petrograd Soviet.................................................. 90 Kamenev and Lenin on Politics............................................................................................. 93 Missed Opportunities............................................................................................................. 98 The party divides – Lenin, Trotsky and the moderate Bolsheviks........................................ 103 The ‘policy of Kamenev has to stop’..................................................................................... 110 ‘Bolshevik Centrism’ in 1917................................................................................................ 115 CHAPTER 4......................................................................................................................... 117 In Hopes of Coalition Abroad................................................................................................ 117 Supporting the Dictatorship of the Proletariat....................................................................... 122 Redefining ‘Bolshevik Centrism’.......................................................................................... 129 The Centralisation of Power.................................................................................................. 141 Compromise……................................................................................................................... 143 Trade Unions, Crisis, and Kronstadt...................................................................................... 146 The Demise of Political Dialogue.......................................................................................... 150 CHAPTER 5......................................................................................................................... 154 NEP and the ‘Dictatorship of the Party’................................................................................ 154 The Bourgeois-Communist Alliance..................................................................................... 160 A ‘party which does not have the masses behind them will always resort to terror’........... 163 The State and the Party – Kamenev and Stalin...................................................................... 168 The Unity of State and Society.............................................................................................. 171 Against Trotsky...................................................................................................................... 177 A New Understanding............................................................................................................189 CHAPTER 6......................................................................................................................... 191 Kamenev, Stalin, and ‘Socialism in one country’..................................................................191 Kamenev, Bukharin, and ‘State Capitalism’..........................................................................198 ‘Slow Down Comrades!’ – Kamenev and the Left................................................................ 205 A Lassallean Centrist NEP Alternative.................................................................................. 209 Kamenev and STO against Stalin.......................................................................................... 213 The XIV Party Congress and the ‘Crisis of Centrism’.......................................................... 220 A New Interpretation............................................................................................................. 225 CHAPTER 7......................................................................................................................... 228 The ‘Second Party’ within the Party...................................................................................... 228 The Demise of the 1926 ‘United Opposition’........................................................................ 237 Making a Party Enemy...........................................................................................................240 The Definitive Split................................................................................................................243 Aftermath............................................................................................................................... 249 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 250 CHAPTER 8........................................................................................................................
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