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Funeral Homes in France: Origins and Evolutions

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Funeral Homes in France: Origins and Evolutions pando 1 meet the team ! Josie Wolf Rowen VonPlagenhoef Ella Pinard-Bertelletto Lucie Coquet Harvard University Harvard University Sciences Po Paris Descartes Special thanks to The Biopolis Rob Lue, Alain Viel, Adam Tanaka, Jessica Liu, Nina Varchavsky 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Framing the Issue 8 Sustainable Development Goals 14 Previous Approaches 17 Proposed Solution 30 Biological Inspiration 45 Business Plan 50 Assessment Plan 58 3 executive summary Globally, urban cemeteries have Through the creation of a new become overcrowded due to space- funerary service, Pando aims to consuming burial practices and limits provide green and affordable on expansion. In Paris, overcrowding alternatives to each step of the burial of the dead has been a problem for process. The new funerary service will centuries longer than it has been in connect individuals to sustainable o t h e r u r b a n c e n t e r s . W i t h burial products through a web based approximately 100,000 Parisians platform. Additionally, an awareness dying in the next seven years and campaign will be launched by hosting current cemeteries being at capacity, forums in public spaces to generate a more sustainable solution needs to conversation on death. implemented. The goal of our project will be to Currently, funeral homes hold a lower funerary costs for families while monopoly over the burial market, also transforming the cemeteries into resulting in families purchasing green spaces by creating a cultural expensive, resource-intensive coffins shif towards sustainable burials. and non-environmentally friendly tombstones. 4 « Les cimetières qui demeurent des lieux privilégiés du souvenir au sein de nos villes et villages, subissent la même destinée que les hommes: ils naissent, grandissent, changent d’aspects et son appelés aussi à mourir tôt ou tard. » Pascal Moreaux (2009) auteur de Naissance, vie et mort des cimetières. “Cemeteries, which remain privileged places of remembrance within our cities and villages, undergo the same destiny as men: they are born, they grow, they change appearance and are brought to die, sooner or later.” Pascal Moreaux (2009) author of Naissance, vie et mort des cimetières. 5 what is pando? Our cities are progressing into the O u r g r e e n b u r i a l p r o ce s s future, and we believe the death care conserves natural resources, industry must change as well. reduces toxic pollutants, protects water and soil quality, and Our goal is to make “green,” natural increases green space. burials an appealing and accepted alternative to modern burials We are devoted to providing clear involving coffins and tombs. We information about our sustainable envision the evolution of urban options, and will work diligently to cemeteries into green landscapes. offer sustainable options for individuals to choose how to Pando is motivated to raise commemorate their life. awareness for the environmental, economic, and societal benefits of A green burial celebrates life, both for natural burials for individuals, individuals choosing a natural burial cemeteries, and cities at large. and for their loved ones. 6 Pando is a new sustainable alternative to the modern funeral home process. 7 Framing of the Issue 8 modern burial Contemporary burial practices are Parisians will require a final resting environmentally unsustainable as place, yet there are currently only 10 they consume massive amounts of available concessions within city space within urban cemeteries. cemeteries (APUR, 2018). Parisian c e m e t e r i e s c o n ta i n 6 3 4 , 0 0 0 100,000 Modern burials, which involve concessions, which is barely twice the people will require a final resting embalming, placing the body into a number of people aged 65 and older place in Paris in next 7 years. casket, lowering the casket into a within Paris in 2012 (APUR, 2018). concrete vault, and sealing with a marble tomb, are polluting the These burials are incredibly precious open space lef in Paris, as expensive, ofen costing a family 10 each burial plot takes an average of 3 approximately 15,000 euros. Modern available concessions within city square meters. funeral homes, which provide these cemeteries (APUR, 2018) services, have made headlines about In Paris, roughly 15,000 people die their predatory business practices each year. In the next 7 years, 100,000 and artificially high prices. 9 what about cremation? Cremation may take less space than a modern burial, but is unsustainable 300 kWh nonetheless. of energy is required to burn a Non-renewable fuels are used in body to ashes excessive quantities during the incineration process which releases toxic hot gases, mainly mercury and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. kWh Cremation rates are relatively low in 288 France compared to other European of energy is consumed by a dishwasher in a home during an countries, which makes modern entire year. burial a prevalent practice that needs to be changed. 10 32% is the cremation rate in France This percentage is lower than other European and Asian countries, making full-body burial a prevalent problem within Paris 11 environment I n a c i t y p l a g u e d b y r i s i n g Apart from the tree cover along the temperatures resulting from the pathways, the ground is entirely Urban Heat Island effect and poor air consumed by marble tombs. The soil, quality due to particulate matter degraded by the toxic embalming 422 ha pollution, the green spaces within chemicals used for preservation in is the total area of cemeteries cemeteries create valuable islands of modern burials, is barely able to freshness within the city. Cemeteries sustain weeds or grass. In the ground constitute a vast amount of the of a 10 acre cemetery alone, enough already limited green space in Paris, formalin has leaked into the land to covering 422 square hectares of total fill a swimming pool. Furthermore, in 73 ha area, of which 73 ha is green space , dense cities, cemeteries are of green spaces in cemeteries equal to 7.3 % of all green space in underutilized as a reservoir for the city. In fact, these sites are some greenery and tranquility. In Paris, of the most biodiverse parts of Paris there are only 11.4 meters squared of due to a city ordinance ending public vegetation per inhabitant pesticide use on cemetery property. (APUR, 2018), one of the lowest areas 7 % But despite the increases in in Europe: compare this value to 27 of green spaces in Paris are cemeteries. biodiversity, these cemeteries are far meters squared in London and 45.5 from being parks. meters squared in Amsterdam. 12 funeral homes Funeral homes hold a monopoly Although people may be interested in -tion in 1905, but many of the on burial options, therefore green alternatives to contemporary practices have not changed. The perpetuating these toxic and burial, there is not yet an alternative industry it is today does not yet offer unsustainable burial practices. to the funeral home. Funeral homes access to green burial products or are called “pompes funèbres” in environmentally-friendly options. France, and emerged in the 16th This has become an issue, since it is century, originally arranging the not always aligned with the wishes of funerals of kings, queens and individuals. We seek to rethink each courtesans. It was managed by the step of the burial process in order to Church until the state-church separa- provide sustainable options. 13 sustainable development goals The United Nations Department of The targets set out by SDGs 3, 9, 11, We seek to connect people to Economics and Urban Affairs projects and 12 best illustrate what we hope to funerary practices that minimize their that by 2030, 60% of the world’s accomplish with our project. environmental impact while also population will live in cities (2016). transforming cemeteries into a park- Given that most people wish to be Currently, many steps of the funeral like environment. In turn, this buried in their home city, urban process have negative environmental promotes a more sustainable, cemeteries will rapidly run out of and societal impacts. By offering healthier, and resilient city able to space. With current funeral processes sustainable alternatives for each step meet the demands of a growing being unsustainable and hazardous of the funeral process, we ultimately population. to human health, it is crucial that we aim to create a green space that is rethink how society should manage accessible to all members of society. the dead. 14 Good health and well-being Sustainable cities and communities We seek to improve urban factors that By increasing greenery within affect physical and mental health, cemeteries, we seek to reimagine the such as water quality and grief space as an park-like environment recovery rates, by reforming the where communities celebrate the life modern burial process. The coffins of individuals. In the process, we and tombs in modern burials contain strive to meet SDG 11.7 by providing a toxic chemicals which degrade the community green space that is surrounding environment. This is inclusive and accessible to all especially important if the cemetery members of society. is near a source of groundwater, We are also addressing goal 11.B where heavy metals and fluids of which tackles inclusion, resource decaying bodies seep through the soil efficiency, mitigation and adaptation into a city water source. To address to climate change by broadening the mental health, we hope to support b e n e f i ts c i t i e s re ce i v e f ro m and ease families during their time of cemeteries.
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