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Historic Cemeteries Preservation Guide / Gregg King

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Historic Cemeteries Preservation Guide / Gregg King Historic Cemeteries Michigan Preservation Guide Gregg G. King with Susan Kosky, Kathleen Glynn & Gladys Saborio Supported by Michigan Historic Cemetery Preservation Manual GREGG G. KING with SUSAN KOSKY KATHLEEN GLYNN GLADYS SABORIO SUPPORTED BY: Michigan State Historic Preservation Office and The Charter Township of Canton Historic District Commission and Department of Leisure Services Published with the assistance of Charter Township of Canton Copyright by Charter Township of Canton 2004 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, excluding forms, without written permission from the above named publisher. Cover designed by RaeChell Garrett and Gregg G. King Printed in the United States of America by McNaughton and Gunn Inc. ISBN 0-9755474-0-2 Publishers Cataloging -in- Publication King, Gregg Michigan historic cemeteries preservation guide / Gregg King. p.cm. Includes biographical references. ISBN 0-9755474-0-2 I. Cemeteries—Michigan—Conservation and restoration —Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Historic preservation— Michigan—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Michigan— Antiquities—Collections and preservation— Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title F567.K56 2004 363.6’9 QBI04-200244 The activity that is the subject of this project has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, through the Michigan Department of History, Arts and Libraries. However, the contents and opinions herein do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior or the Department of History, Arts and Libraries, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products herein constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or the Michigan Department of History, Arts and Libraries. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability, or age in its federally assisted programs. Michigan law prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, color, national origin, age, sex, marital status or disability. If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facilities described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity National Park Service 1849 C Street, NW Washington, DC 20240 Acknowledgements he authors wish to acknowledge those people and organizations without whom this manual could not have been written. First we wish to gratefully Tacknowledge the Township Board of the Charter Township of Canton for having the vision to realize the need for this manual and for providing funding. We would like to sincerely thank the Canton Township Historic District Commission for its involvement and support. Additionally we would like to thank the management of the Canton Township Leisure Services Department, Parks Division, specifically Ann Conklin, Brad Sharp and Abe Vinitski for their financial support and willingness to allow this publication to evolve. Their commitment to historic cemetery preservation is commendable and thoroughly appreciated. To the Canton Community Resources staff, a special thank you for their support of this work and for running hundreds of sheets of copy. For providing funding and for another great job of editing, thank you to the Michigan State Historic Preservation Office. A special thanks to Robert Christensen whose vast knowledge of history and preservation is extraordinary. Thanks to Amy Arnold for her guidance and administrative ability and for fielding numerous phone calls. Thank you too to Laura Ashlee, Robbert McKay, and others who assisted in editing. The Chicora Foundation and the Association for Gravestone Studies are among the historic cemetery related organizations that have answered our many questions and offered their expertise. We would also like to extend a special thank you to Caryl Arnet for sharing her family’s history and providing us with a look at the stone carving industry from its perspective. Thank you to Scott Kunst, a valued friend as well as an expert on historic landscapes, for his assistance on the landscape section. We are indebted to Phyllis Rickard, of the Lenawee County Library, for her help in researching the iron fence companies of Adrian, Michigan; and to Elaine Masters, Lodi Township clerk, for offering advice on her township’s management of its historic cemeteries. A special thanks, to Roger Glynn for his technical expertise in editing the monument repairs section; Dennis Noll for providing several drawings for this manual; and to RaeChell Garrett for the cover design of the manual. And of course much appreciation goes to our spouses and families for their support, forbearance, and for keeping our households running smoothly throughout the project. Table of Contents PREFACE . 3 INTRODUCTION. 5 Chapter 1 ORGANIZING EFFORTS Establish ownership . 13 Know the laws and regulations . 13 Awareness and team building . 14 Get permission . 14 Conduct a reconnaissance survey . 15 Prepare an action plan . 16 Establish funding . 17 The work force . 20 Listing in the National Register of Historic Places . 23 Chapter 2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND DOCUMENTATION Overview of cemetery development . 27 Survey and documentation . 30 Documenting the vegetation . 33 Evaluation of the monument . 35 Quick field guide to monument types . 38 Documenting the headstone . 42 Measuring monuments . 43 Historic fencing and enclosures . 47 Typical fence designs . 50 Other buildings and structures . 51 Mapping . 51 Identifying voids and vacant spaces . 55 Photography . 58 ORGANIZING EFFORTS 1 Chapter 3 CONSERVATION OF THE CEMETERY Landscape features. 62 Metalwork . 64 Identifying monument and headstone material . 74 Cleaning headstones and monuments. 79 Cleaning agents . 86 Repairing headstones and monuments . 90 Common repairs . 92 Snapped markers – concealed repairs . 104 Masonry repairs and repointing . 118 Existing repairs, special braces, and girdling . 120 Old repair methods . 121 Special repairs – table and box tombs . 124 Chapter 4 MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE Developing a cemetery ordinance . 127 Planning for maintenance . 129 Soil and turf management. 129 Buildings, other structures, and features . 140 Chapter 5 THE CEMETERY AS A CULTURAL ARTIFACT Multi-purpose use of cemeteries . 145 Gravestone rubbing – don’t . 150 APPENDIX . 155 PHOTOGRAPH AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS All photographs were taken by Gregg G. King with the exception of the following: Page 36 Zinc Statue, Gladys Saborio Page 41 Photo courtesy of Arnets, Beckers and Burrells Pages 77, 78 Tablet markers, Kathleen Glynn Page 146 The Saline Reporter All illustrations were drawn by Dennis Noll with the exception of the following: Pages 38, 50 Monument Types and Fence Designs, Chicora Foundation Pages 43 Original drawings from Chicora Foundation, adapted by Dennis Noll Page 54 Mapping, Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation Page 59 Original drawings from The Association for Gravestone Studies, adapted by Dennis Noll Page 96 Original drawings from The Association for Gravestone Studies and Ontario Ministry of Citizenship, Culture and Recreation, adapted by Dennis Noll Page 109 Pinning, Oregon Historic Cemeteries Association ORGANIZING EFFORTS 2 Preface here are hundreds of historic cemeteries in the state of Michigan. However, until publication of this manual, anyone wishing to undertake conservation and Tpreservation of these historic cemeteries had to search through numerous and often conflicting sources for information. There was no comprehensive source outlining sound conservation and preservation practices. With publication of this manual, endorsed by the State Historic Preservation Office, individuals and communities now have one reliable source. This manual outlines the preservation and conservation process in a step by step manner. It facilitates the process by offering chapters on organizing efforts, surveying and documenting, and conservation of the cemetery. In addition, a chapter on management and maintenance assists in planning for the future care of the cemetery. A final chapter offers suggestions for optimal utilization of the historic cemetery property. An extensive appendix offers documentation forms, readings, websites, and a glossary of terms that will help add to the body of knowledge of conservators, and community officials and guide them in their efforts. Information from sources such as the National Park Service, The Association for Gravestones Studies, the National Preservation Institute, the Chicora Foundation, the Michigan State Historic Preservation Office and the National Trust for Historic Preservation; interviews with conservators as well as years of practical conservation practice add to the usefulness of the manual. Though technologies change and new products and practices evolve the concepts presented in the manual will serve as a solid foundation for preservation and conservation projects. ORGANIZING EFFORTS 3 Introduction any small cemeteries in rural and urban areas throughout Michigan are in need of urgent care. They are often neglected and vandalized, and sometimes Mabandoned. This manual is intended for municipalities, civic groups, historical societies, genealogists or any others
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