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“My Verses, Like Old Vines, Will Come to Their Turn Sometimes...” M. Tsvetaeva Sarigian 00 Teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·2 Sarigian 00 Teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·3

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“My Verses, Like Old Vines, Will Come to Their Turn Sometimes...” M. Tsvetaeva Sarigian 00 Teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·2 Sarigian 00 Teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·3 sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·1 “My verses, like old vines, will come to their turn sometimes...” M. Tsvetaeva sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·2 sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·3 NECROPOLIS of GONUR sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·4 NECROPOLISNECROPOLIS Photography by Viacheslav Sarkisian, Aleksandr Djus, Anna Rosa Cengia, Nadejda Dubova. Some photos were kindly given by the President of Ligabue Study and Research Centre Dr. Giancarlo Ligabue All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or repub- lished, wholly or in part, or in summary, paraphrase or adaptation, by mechanical or electronic means, by photocopying or recording, or by any other method, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Law 2121/1993 and the regulations of International Law applicable in Greece. © 2007 Victor Sarianidi © 2007 ∫APON EDITIONS 23-27 Makriyanni Str., Athens 117 42, Greece Tel./Fax: (210) 9214 089, 9235 098 e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-960-7037-85-5 sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·5 VICTOR SARIANIDI English Translation by INNA SARIANIDI ofof GONURGONUR sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 7 BACKGROUND . 9 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 3 FUNERAL CONSTRUCTIONS AT THE GONUR INDO-IRANIANS AND A DOMESTIC HORSE . 126 NECROPOLIS . 20 3.1. The Burial of a Horse . 126 1.1. Funeral Rites in Southern Turkmenistan in the 3.2. Horse in Margiana and BMAC . 130 Fourth-Third Millennia B.C. 20 3.3. Indo-Aryans Came from Here . 133 1.2. General Characteristics of Necropolis . 24 1.3. Burial Constructions at the Gonur Necropolis . 30 1.4. Fractional Burials . 52 1.5. Cenotaphs . 53 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 FUNERAL GIFTS AND PERSONAL NEW EXCAVATIONS AT THE NORTH GONUR AND DECORATIONS . 48 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES . 140 2.1. General Characteristics. “Female” and “Male” 4.1. “Communal Eatings” . 140 Funeral Sets . 48 4.2. A Burial of a Noble Warrior . 146 2.2. Funeral Ceramics . 49 4.3. BMAC and Eastern Mediterranean World . 156 2.3. Anthropomorphic Plastics . 60 2.4. Zoomorphic Plastics . 67 2.5. Metal Items . 67 2.6. Seals . 99 2.7. Stone Artifacts . 108 2.8. A Burial of a Stone-Carver . 118 2.9. Bone Artifacts . 121 2.10. “Faience” Objects . 122 2.11. Conclusions . 124 2.12. Social Order of the Ancient Margush Country People . 124 sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:36 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·7 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 FUNERAL RITES AT GONUR . 160 MARGIANA AND IRANIAN PAGANISM . 172 5.1. Zoroastrian Funeral Rites . 160 EPILOGUE . 183 5.2. Temporary Graves . 162 MY REPLY TO 5.3. Dakhma . 163 PROF. C. LAMBERG-KARLOVSKY . 186 5.4. “Complex of Funeral Rites” . 168 ABBREVIATIONS . 186 5.5. Chamber Tombs . 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 196 APPENDIX 1 Main characteristics of all graves excavated at the Gonur necropolis . 200 APPENDIX 2 New data on anthropology of the Necropolis of Gonur-Depe (N. Dubova, G. Rykushina) . 296 APPENDIX 3 Gonur City Linens of the Second Millennium B.C. (E. Tsareva) . 330 Study of a textile fragment from burial 2380, Gonur Necropolis (A. Elkina, V. Golikov) . 335 Investigation of a textile fragment (T. Shangurova) . 337 APPENDIX 4 Radiocarbon dating of samples from the Necropolis of Gonur in Turkmenistan (H. Junger) . 338 sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:37 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·8 sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:37 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·9 sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:37 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·10 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kapon Editions would like to extend its grateful thanks to the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, with- out whose generous financial assistance the publication of this highly important academic mono- graph would not have been possible. his book, as well as the archaeological excavations that form its basis, owes much to the many T individuals and organizations that have rendered assistance to the author. First of all I would like cordially to thank Mr. Saparmurad Niazov, the President of Turk- menistan, who created a favourable atmosphere for our expedition and thus considerably helped in our mission. Also, thanks to his 2002 initiative, my book Margush, which contained the most sig- nificant finds from the necropolis of Gonur, was published in Ashkhabad. I am very grateful to the Ministry of Culture of Turkmenistan, to its former and present lead- ers, Ashir Mameliev, Galina Vazova, Oraz Aidogdiev as well as to the National Department for the Preservation, Study and Restoration of Historical and Cultural Monuments, Doctor Muhammed Mame- dov and Ruslan Muradov. They closely watched the work of the expedition and were always ready sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:37 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·11 11 to help it in any way possible. I dare say that without their help it would have been almost impossi- ble to organize the extensive, large-scale excavations and to start the work on the preservation and restoration of the palace at North Gonur. It would be unfair if I did not heartily thank the governor Rahman Odekov for rendering all sorts of assistance (especially technical help) in the everyday running of the expedition. During the excavations of the Gonur necropolis our expedition cooperated fruitfully with the Ligabue Study and Research Center. First of all this is to the credit of my friend Giancarlo Ligabue, whose tireless activity and energy has contributed so much to the study of the archaeology of Mar- giana and Bactria. His scientific and financial support for archaeological work in Margiana resulted in the publishing of the book "Margiana, Gonur-depe Necropolis" (2002, Venice), which contains the first complex study of this unique necropolis. From 1995 to the present, the archaeological studies in Margiana were carried out with finan- cial assistance mainly from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture. In 2000-2001 the work continued thanks to the initiative of Yanina University, and mainly to the energy of Professor Dimitry Glaros. Invaluable moral and financial help was rendered to the expedition by the Greek Pontic societies (F. Stoltidis, Ch. Galanidis, P. Psomiadis). The field works of our expedition received a new impetus in 2002 when, thanks to the initiative of the Greek Minister of Culture, Mr. Venizelos, a new agreement on the financ- ing of the expedition was signed for the peri- od from 2002 to 2006. Among the connoisseurs of Anatolian antiquities one must mention the President of Anahita Gallery, Mr. Andy Hale and his wife Kate Fitz Gibbon of the USA, who rendered financial and scientific assistance to the expedition for many years. It is a great pleasure to express my cor- dial thanks to my old friends Ann and Ron Garner from California who more than once selflessly undertook the difficult and invalu- able work of editing the English version of this book. The author expresses his sincere grati- tude to the persons mentioned above and to many other unknown but generous and unselfish "knights of science" without whom the findings could not be possible. sarigian 00 teliko 5/4/2007 9:37 PM ™ÂÏ›‰·12 12 BACKGROUND urkmenistan, the north-eastern outpost of the ancient farming culture, was the place where already T in the sixth millennium B.C. hunters and gatherers had started a more advanced farming style of life. Safely hidden from the rest of the Near Eastern world by the high mountains of the Kopet Dagh, the local South Turkmenistan tribes developed their own, original culture in the following millennia. The short occasional contacts with the ancient farming tribes of neighbouring Iran were usually peaceful and only very rarely took the form of tribal invasions. The foothills of southern Turkmenistan, richly watered by small and large rivers of the Kopet Dagh mountain system, always attracted ancient tribes and first of all those from neighbouring Iran. B. Kuftin, a pioneer in the studies of the ancient farming culture in Turkmenistan, was the first to forward a theory that at the transition from the third to the second millennium B.C. a xerothermic peri- od that resulted in the crisis of this culture occurred in this area. This theory was almost completely neglected until recently when some scholars gave their support to it. Russian and American scientists independently came to the conclusion that the xerothermic period affected the large territory of the Near East from Greece to the Indus Valley at the end of the third millennium B.C. as a result of the increased solar activity noticed at that time (Klimenko and Prusakov, 1999, p.p. 5-18). The studies of American scientists clearly show that it is precisely this fact that caused the collapse of the Ancient Egypt- ian Kingdom (Bell, 1971; 1975). Archaeologists in the Near East came to almost exactly the same con- clusion. Thus, R. Frye agrees that practically at the same time, that is at the beginning of the second millen- nium B. C., similar crises occurred in Mesopotamia, Central Asia and India but he still denies that this could have resulted in the tribal migration (Frye, 1996, p. 53). More consistent in his view is D. Mattheus who accepts the fact of the global xerothermic period, the military and political events as its consequence and also the tribal migrations that according to him had three periods: Early Akkadian, Late Akkadian and Ur III (Mattheus, 1997, p. 54). Recently H. Weiss and M. Courty (1993) have thoroughly studied the theory of the changes in cli- mate that resulted in tribal migration. They write: "…around 2200 B.C. the Akkadian rulers seized Tell Brack and at the same period almost all the sites in the Khabur valley and the Assyrian plain were aban- doned." The main specialist on Tell Brack, Professor J.
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