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In June 1963 the Institute for Prehistory of the Universip of Leiden Undertook the Investigation of a Neolithic Burial Vault in Stein

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In June 1963 the Institute for Prehistory of the Universip of Leiden Undertook the Investigation of a Neolithic Burial Vault in Stein THE NEOLITHIC BUKIAL VAULT AT STEINl P. J. K. MODDERMAN In June 1963 the Institute for Prehistory of the Universip of Leiden undertook the investigation of a Neolithic burial vault in Stein. A wooden struchrre was found to have at least tcmporarily fonned part of the tomb. The dead had been cremated. The grave goods consisted of a collarcdJîask, an earthenware pot, numerous transuerse arrowheads, bone arrowheads, bone points, animal remains, and a flint-axe which in al1 probability should be included. Introduction During the excavation of a Danubian settle- A group of stones was found on the edge ment located on the Keerenderkerkweg in Stein, of one of the 10 metre wide trenches. It was a portion of a smal1 stone floor was found on immediately clear that there must be more of 3 April 1963: the dragline hing used to remove these stones beyond the trench, and investigation earth to a depth of 50 to 60 cm. stuck a was postponed until the grouud adjacent to the collection of stones which, in the local loess excavated area could be examiued. After al1 the soils, could only be present as a result of human Danubian material had been studied and re- effort. About five stones, whose position had corded, we were able to turn our attention been disturbed by the dragline, were exduded to the stone floor. This point was reached in from the investigation. OriginaUy, therefore, the middle of June. there were more stones at the eastem end of tbc Because the floor extended only partially floor than are shown in the drawings and into the open trench, we were able to study the photographs. soil profile above the stones. The earth above For a proper understanding of the method and next to the stones was for the most part employed for this investigation, it wil1 be neces- grey. The top soil was delineated by its some- sary to explain fint the system used for the what darker colour and the soil above the excavation of the Danubian settlement. It must stones was also blacker than that further away. be kept in mind that the study concerned a No sharp borderline was visible, however; the settlement, and that the possibility of finding a transition between the shades of grey was very burial vadt had not even entered our minds gradual. Nevertheless, it became clear that the in planning the excavation. stone floor had been laid down at the bottom l'he area put at our disposal in 1963 measured of a pit, althougb traces of its walls had become about half a hectare. The plot, which was indistinct as a result of the intensive organic 100 m long, was divided into equal strips, life characteristic of these loess ds. 10 m wide, the alternating strips to be excavated simdtaneously. The top 50 cm. of soil on these strips was to be removed by a dragline and The stone floor deposited on the adjacent strips which were to be The shape of the floor may be roughly excavated later. Halfway through the excava- described as oblong. It is about 5.5 m. long and tion, the entire terrain was to be levelled by a 1.75 m. wide, the orientation being W.S.w.- bulldozer, after wbich the dragline would remove E.N.E. Most of the stones seem to have been the top layer from the remaining strips. put in place with some care, for the purpose of l Provincc af Limburg. making a true floor, with tbe exception of the Fig. I. Vertieal exposure showing the stone flwr with the collared flask in n'fu. Scale 1 : 40. Fig. 2. Flwr plan and cros-neetion of the stone flmr. Scale 1 : 40. P. J. R. Modderman - The Neolithic Burin1 Vault ot Stein N.E. end. At that end some large and small on the stones; the stones themselves were covered stones were jumbled together and between them by a thin layer of greyish earth a few centimetres lay some sherds from one pot. The floor, if thick. the tem may be applied here, is also narrower at this ~oint.In addition, it is at this end that a few stones are missing from the picture as we Thc post-holes report it; it was here that the dragline first In discussing the stone floor, no mention has hit the collection of stones and moved a few of been made of the pst-holes which are nonethe- them, for which reason they were excluded les a striking element in the entire construction from consideration. and cannot be considered to be a separate Among the rather small stones forming the element. The four post-holes form the corners floor there are several larger ones. A group of of a square lying almost symmetrically in rela- five is located at the N.E. side of the true floor, tion to the stone floor, with the exception of the largest with a flat side up. To effect this, the the narrower N.E. end. Within two of the stone had to be partially buried (see section in post-holes, the posts could be distinguished. The Fig. 2). The arrangement suggests that this is a post furthest to the N.E. was evidently shored threshold. The same may be said for a second up between several large stones. The Same large, flat stone located ahout 1 m. from the holds to a lesser extent for the S.E., and S.W. S.W. end of the floor. posts. After the stone floor had been entirely cleaned We may now ask what the relation could we muld see that running lengthwise through have been between the posts and the stone the middle of it was a slightly lower strip about floor: were they constmcted at the same time 35-55 cm. wide. It seemed as though only or did one precede the other? Let US examine thii narrow strip had formed the actual buriai the various possibilities. chamber. The wncentration of the cremation It is certain that if the psts belonged to an remains agreed with this impression, which initia1 phase of the monument, the wood was was also strengthened by the position of sweral still in such a good condition at the time of any larger stones (see Fig. 6). hypothetical reconstruction that it was not It should be emphasized that the cremation removed. This is home out by the fact that there remains and other finds did not rest directly are no stones where the post9 were in position. Fig. 3. Vertieal exposure of thc stone floor in the last phase of the excavation. Scale I : 4U. 6 Analecta Pmehirtorica Lridensia I Fig. 4. View of the stone flmr with the collared flaok Fig. 5. View of thc stone flmr in the last phase of in riiu, sen from the Eaot. excavation, men fmm the Eart. It is much more likely that the posts were The foregoing would seem to give best sup- put in position after the flwr was laid down. port to a reconstruction accocding to which a The stones do not coincide, or barely coincide, primary burial vault without a determinable with the material filling the post-hole. There wooden structure was renewed by the placement also seem to be no reason to reduce the size of of four heavy posts. It might even be suggested the 1.75 m. wide chamber by placing the post that the walk of the original chamber had little within this space at the initia1 constmction. or no reinforcement. Loess permits the digging A restoration of the burial vault may also of gwd uenches with straight walk which only be indicated by the jumbled heap of stones with cave in if large amounts of water occur. Under the sherds of a single pot at the N.E. end. The such circumstances the oblong pit could first impression is that the chamber was 'cleaned have been provided with only a wooden roof. up', affecting a few stones and the pot. The This solution may in the end have proved cremation remains, as they were found, would unsatisfactory, and have required reinforcement then have to be assigned to a smaller chamber by a wooden siding supported by the four to which the wwden constmction also belonged. heavy poles. The post-holes leave no doubt In agreement with this is the position of the whatsoever that the vault with the stone flwr cremations in a narrow strip in the middle of was roofed over, justifying the use of the term the floor. burial vault. Analecta Praehirtorica Leidenria I dragline which fint exposed the stone floor on 3 April 1963, the axe was thrown on the dump pile. On 9 May a bulldozer shoved this earth back into the excavation. When the draglie was then used to start a new excavation trench and a shovel was being used in the loose earth to straighten the sides, the axe was found beside the stone floor. The unusually good condition of the axe indicates that it is not to be considered as a surface find; weathering would have removed al1 traces of grinding and polishing and these are still dearly visible. The axe was therefore buried deliberately. The geographical situation The contour map shown in Fig. 12 gives an impression of the geographical situation. The stone floor was constmcted about 350 m. from Fig. 7. Collared flask and pot from the bunal vault at Stein. Scale 1 : 4. Between the remains of the cremations a very smal1 bead made of an indeterminable material (diam.
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