The Dictionary of Entomology

Ihav e made manyattempts to determine the copyright status of the orginal work. In 1914 in England, copyright extended for the life of the author,plus fify years. Ihav e attempted to obtain biographical material for N. K. Jardine without success, nor have I been able to locate an obituary for him, and so without knowing the year of his death it is not possible to determine when the copyright of the original work expired. When I consulted a firm of copyright lawyers, theytoo were unable to determine theyyear the copyright expired. Their advice was that the copyright of the original work has most probably expired. If anyreader has more acurate information about N. K. Jardine or the copyright status of the original work, I would appreciate receiving it at the address below.

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The pages of this electronic copyofThe Dictionary of Entomology may be used and/or printed free of charge for personal use only.You are permitted to copyand distribute verbatim copies of this CD-Rom free of charge. In particular,this copyright notice must remain intact. Please contact Peter Miller at the address belowfor permission to redistribute on anyother basis or include in anyother medium or compilation.

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E-mail: [email protected] Postal: Peter Miller 26 Treeland Road Green Point NSW 2251 Australia THE DICTIONARY

OF ENTOMOLOGY

BY N. K. JARDINE, F.E.S.

PUBLISHED AT LONDON AGENTS: 2, CASTLE STREET, WEST,NEWMAN & CO., ASHFORD, KENT. 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C. HEADLEY BROTHERS, PRINTERS, ASHFORD, KENT;AND BISHOPSGATE, E.C.

4 The Dictionary of Entomology

Scand. Scandinavian; used as a general Introduction term for Icelandic, Swedish, In viewofthe necessity in Entomology of the Danish and Norwegian. acceptance of a universal code of terms to Skt. Sanskrit. differentiate or describe the parts or Span. Spanish. characteristics of insects, and owing to the Swed. Swedish. absence of such a work, I have,through the Teut. Teutonic; English, Dutch, German, courtesy of the authorities of the British Museum Gothic and Scandinavian. (Natural History), availed myself of the use of Turk. Turkish. [PM] their extensive library to compile this book. [PM] Entries which were added during Ialso have toacknowledge my indebtedness to the digitization process are marked Professor F.V.Theobald for reading the proof- in this way.See the Notes section sheets, and for his valuable advice; to Mr.Gahan for more information. for the great interest he has taken in this publication; and to Miss E. H. Clemetson, Assoc. Inst. of Linguists, for revising the derivations. Explanation of Symbols Ishall be happytobenotified of anyomissions Following the method used by Professor Skeat in this, the first edition, in order to render future in his Etymological Dictionary,the symbol + is issues more complete. employed to distinguish forms which are cognate NIGEL K. JARDINE. and which are adduced to illustrate and confirm 2, CASTLE STREET, the etymology. ASHFORD, KENT. The symbol - signifies derived from. Example:- Furred,(F. - O.L.G.), M.E. forre, meaning, French, derivedfrom old LowGerman; List of Abbreviations Middle English forre. The abbreviation Ders. signifies derivatives of A.S. Anglo-Saxon. the primary word. Arab.Arabic. C. Celtic; used us a general term for Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, and Cornish. Dan. Danish. Du. Dutch. E. English. F. French. Gael. Gaelic. Ger.German. Gr.Greek. Icel. Icelandic. Idg. Indo-germanic. Ital. Italian. L. Latin. M.E. Middle English; English of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. M.Dut. Modern Dutch. [PM] M.F.Modern French. [PM] Mod. Modern. O. F.Old French. O. Gr.Old Greek. O. H. G. Old High German. [PM] O. Irish Old Irish. [PM] O. L. G. Old LowGerman. O. S. Old Spanish. Pers. Persian.

5 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Signs and Symbols

denotes the Head.

,, ,, Thorax.

,, ,, Abdomen.

,, ,, Imago

,, ,, Larva. or

,, ,, Egg.

,, ,, Male.

,, ,, Female.

,, ,, Larva.

,, ,, Worker.

,, ,, Neuter.

6 The Dictionary of Entomology

handles these badly because it has no concept of a Notes on the Electronic page - compromises were made to keep them version proximal to the reference and yet separate from the text.) Motivation At this point, icons such as the one you see to the right were added. These icons mark the start In the course of my research, I needed to look of a page of the original. In this way you are able up the definitions of manyarchaic terms, as I was to tell exactly where in the original work the text using material dating from Linnaeus onwards. comes from. By clicking on these icons, you are Manyofthese terms are not present on modern taken to the scanned image of the original page, entomological dictionaries. Eventually I was for comparison. directed to Jardine 1914, which was, of course, The text was then processed by a program to out of print. Aphotocopier solved my immediate insert “anchors” for each of the words or phrases problem, but did not permit the “cut and paste” defined by the dictionary.This is a method required by modern document preparation, and it permitting the computer to find an exact location left much to be desired in the way of presentation. within the text. Such hints are necessary,because Why a CD-Rom? computers can’tactually read, so theycan’ttell a definition from a reference. There was a degree This is not a facsimile edition. It is an of manual processing required after this step, due electronic reconstruction, allowing the modern to typesetting inconsistencies in the original work. researcher to “cut and paste” from a web page or The text was then processed by yet another word processor document. This was not a simple program to locate all references within the bodies undertaking, as manyprocessing steps were of the definitions to words and phrases defined required to get from the paper original into the elsewhere in the dictionary.These references electronic form you are looking at now. The were then “linked” to the definitions, in the same electronic form is readily search-able but not manner as World Wide Web pages. Thus, as you always convenient - once in electronic form, read the electronic version of the Dictionary,you however, itisasimple matter to print paper are able to click on an unfamiliar term and be copies as required. taken directly to its definition. This step required By making the material available on a CD- agreat deal of manual work, due to things like(a) Rom, it is accessible to researchers on the the computer couldn’ttell that plural and singular majority of computers. The material is presented forms are actually the same word, further in a format accessible not only to PC users, but complicated by the presence of several languages, also to Macintosh users and most other (b) the computer couldn’trecognise alternatives. abbreviations, and (c) there are a number of spelling errors in the original (hardly surprising The Process when you consider the book was typeset manually This work was created by scanning the and the typesetter was working with technical individual pages into a computer.Atthis point jargon and several languages). there are only pictures of the pages in the The final step was to takethe web pages and computer. assemble them into a Microsoft Word document. Optical character recognition (OCR) software This was not essential, but it givesasimple way wasthen used to process the scanned page images for users to print the whole book. This also and produce approximately equivalent text. allowed the footnotes to be treated properly. Because of the complexities of reading, and the The labor involved was about 4 hours per page, wide variation in typefaces overthe last 87 years, approximately 1000 hours for the whole book. this is not as simple as you may imagine. This was spread overevenings and weekends for The text was then checked for obvious the best part of a year. recognition errors and converted to HTML At the end of this tale, I must add that I have format. This is the format commonly used on the nothing but admiration for all of the work Jardine World Wide Web.Itprovides a rich set of did to prepare the original using only pen and ligatures (things like æ)and it is accessible on a paper.Evenwith modern computerised marvels, wide variety of platforms, not just the PC. (The simply reformatting and representing his work only fly in the ointment is footnotes - HTML wasabig job.Type setting it manually must have

7 Jardine, N.K. (1914) been a formidable task. However, this is easily dwarfed by the labor of assembling definitions and then cross checking by hand and eye and wit. What an astonishing accomplishment! Ican only hope that my efforts have done Jardine'swork justice. Variations from the Original As mentioned above,this is not a facsimile edition. Once the manuscript was in electronic form, a number of decisions had to be made concerning the text. Jardine was very inconsistent with plurals. The majority of the time theywere givenasªsingular, pl. pluralº, howeverattimes theywere givenas ªsingular, pluralº, or ªsingular,(plural)º, or ªplural,sing. singular)º e.g. epimera. Theyhav e all been regularised to use the first form. Jardine used a number of terms in the definitions which are not common English, and which he failed to define. Where entries have been added, theyare annotated with [PM] to makethis clear.Entries have only been added for words or phrases used in definitions present in Jardine'soriginal text. Jardine didn'talways sort the definitions into strict alphabetical order.This problem has not been fixed. The order in which words and terms appear is the original order used by Jardine. There are numerous instances where the body of a definition used an apparently non-existent word, which was very similar to a word defined in this Dictionary and, by context, appeared to have meant to use the defined word. Such instances are assumed to have been an error,and have been replaced by the defined word. In all cases where an alteration has been made, only the reproduction (HTML and PDF) has been changed, the facsimile images are unaltered. Peter Miller, 9December,2003

8 The Dictionary of Entomology

cup-shaped vessel.) A Acetabuliform.-Resembling a circular shallow A-.-Aprefix of Latin and Greek words, and as a saucer,the sides of which are more or less prefix to Latin words, means, awayfrom, as incurved. (L. acetabulum,and form,shape.) avert,toturn from; and when prefixed to Greek See Calathiform. words, it means, not, or without, as atom,what Acetabulum.-The mesostethium, or large cannot be divided. central piece situated next to the peristethium, Abbreviate, Abbreviatus.-Disproportionately and behind the sockets of the intermediate legs. short in part; when apparently unnaturally (L. acetabulum.) shortened. (L. ad,and brevis,short.) Acetabulum.-The segment of the post-pectus Abbreviate fascia.-Afascia traversing less than that is situated behind the peristæthium. It is half the wing. (See Dimidiate fascia.) bounded on each side by the Parapleuræ and Abdomen.-The portion of an insect comprising behind by the mærianæ; it contains cavities for all the segments beyond the podeon, or the reception of the intermediate legs. (L. a peduncle. (Newman.) cup-shaped vessel.) The posterior apodous region of the body, Achatine.-Painted with various concentric, consisting of ten or fewer segments, which are curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining usually freely articulated, although of an agate. (Gr. Achates,ariv erinSicily, occasionally some of them are fused. (Boas.) where agates were found.) The third and last chief division of the body Achromatin.-The water-likesubstance of the of insects (Burmeister). (L. abdo,toconceal.) nucleus; the substance composing the See also Adminiculæ, Aeriducts, Apex remainder of the surrounding matter - after abdominis, Cingulate, Connexivum, Cremaster, taking awaythe chromatin - of the nucleus. Crop, Dorsal vessel, Foramen, Funiculus, (Gr. a,and chroma,colour.) Gasterotheca, Heart, Hypopygium, Incumbent, Aciculæ.-Prickles, spines. (L. acicula,alittle Longitudinal Sternæ, Longitudinal Tergæ, needle.) Oblique tergals, Oblique sternals, Œnocytes, Acicular.-Slender,needle-shaped. (L. acicula.) Pectus, Petiolus, Polex, Propygidium, Aciculate.-Covered with small scratches. (L. Pulmonary space, Pygidium, Pygofer, acicula.) Recondite, Spinnerettes, Suranal plate, Tail, Acid.-(Scent.) A pungent sour smell. (L. Telum, Tergum, Truncus, Urites, Urosome, acidus,sour.) Vagina, Venter,Viscera. [PM] Acidotheca.-The case of the ovipositor,that Abdominal ganglia.-Small ovalnervecentres, portion of the theca enclosing the ovipositor. situated one in each segment, between the Acies.-The extreme termination of the margin. alimentary canal and the large ventral muscles. (L. the edge.) (L. abdo,and ganglion.) Acinacicate.-Falchion-shaped; curved with the Abductor coxa.-The second of the powerful apextruncate and growing gradually wider coxæ muscles. (L. ab,from, awayfrom, and towards the end. (Pers. acinaces,asabre.) duco, ductum,tolead or draw.) Acini.-Granulations. (L. acinus,seed stone.) Aborted.-Incomplete, undeveloped. (L. aborto, Aciniform.-Cimiter-shaped, one thick and old form of abortio,tomiscarry.) straight edge, the other thin and curved. (L. Absconditum.-(Head.) See Concealed. (L. abs, acinus,and forma,shape.) aw ayfrom, and condo,tohide.) Acone eyes.- Eyes which have not a crystalline Acarina.-Afamily of Arachnoidæ, including cone in their structure. (Gr. a,and konos,a mites, ticks, etc. (Gr. a,not, and keiro,tocut). cone.) Acclivous.-Agentle ascent of the surface; rising Acron.-The first segment of the Ant. (Wheeler.) in a gradual slope. (L. ad,and clivus,aslope.) (Gr. acros,atthe top, the extremity.) Accrescente.-Gradually increasing in thickness Acuductate, Acuducted.-Scratched across very towards the apex, and generally applied to the finely as if with the point of a needle. antennæ. (L. ad,and cresco, cretum,togrow.) (Constructed from L. acus,aneedle.) Acetabula.-The cotyloid cavities, the cavities of Aculeate.-Produced into a point; or as applied to the thorax, in which the legs are inserted, Hymenoptera, furnished with a sting. (L. from formed by the sternum and epimerum, and acuo,tosharpen.) sometimes the epigastrium. (L. acetabulum,a Aculeate.-Furnished with prickles. Armed with

9 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

sharp points. perception by the senses) to observeclosely.) Aculeate-serrate.-Armed with numerous short See Aeroscepsy. spines inclining towards one end, as do the Aeroscepsy.-The faculty of perception by the teeth of a small hand-saw. medium of the air ascribed to the antennñ of Aculei.-Small sharp points or spines. (L.) insects. (Gr. aër,and skopeo.) Aculeus.-The instrument and appendages with Agamic.-Capable of reproducing without the which the female lays her eggs. (L. the sharp agencyofthe male. (Gr. a,and gamos, point, acuteness.) marriage.) Aculeus.-Anappendage of the telum seen in Air-sacs.-Anenlargement of the tracheñ into bees - the sting. (L.) sacs or pouches, which are seen to lie Acuminate.-Ending in a prolonged point. (L. superficially beneath the hypodermis in various acuo,tosharpen.) parts of the body.(L. aër,and saccus,abag.) Acuminated.-Tapering to a point; pointed. Aeruginous.-The colour of verdigris. (L. (From L. acuminatus,pa. par.ofacumino,to ærugo,rust of copper,verdigris.) sharpen.) Agglutinate.-Fastened closely together,welded. Ad-.-ALatin prefix, signifying to. (L. ad,and gluten,glue.) Adermata.-(Pupa.) When the prior skin is Aheneus.-Bright brassy,orgolden-green colour. thrown off, and the wings, antennñ, etc., of the (L. aheneus,brazen.) future imago appear through the case. (From Alæ.-The wings of insects. (L. ala,awing.) Gr. a,and derma,skin.) Alar.-Pertaining to the wings. Adductor coxal.-One of the powerful coxñ Alary muscles.-Muscles supporting the muscles. (L. ad,and duco,tolead; and coxa.) pericardial diaphragm. (L. ala,and musculus,a Adherent.-(Pupñ.) See Pupñ adhaerenñ. (L. muscle.) ad,and haereo, haesum,tostick.) Alatate.-(Egg.) Provided with lateral wings. Adiaphanous.-Transparencyofsurface which (L. alatus,winged.) does not transmit the light at all. (Gr. a,and Alatate (alata). - (Tibia.) Winged, furnished with diaphanes,transparent.) an attenuated dilated process, much resembling Adminiculæ.-Elevated or indented stripes found the extended membrane which constitutes the upon manypupñ. Minute teeth on the dorsal wing of a bat, but not so flexible. (L. alatus, surface of the abdomen of subterranean pupñ, winged.) by which theyare able to reach the surface. Alate, Alated,Alatus. - Winged; furnished with (From L. adminiculum,aprop, an assistance.) wings, or with projecting bodies resembling Adnate.-Growing to by its whole length, wings. (L. ala.) adhering or growing together.(L. ad,and Albidus.-Adirty,impure white. (L. albus, natus,grown.) white.) Appressed.-Contiguous; pressed to. (L. Albus.-Pure white. (L. albus.) adpressus,pa. par.ofadprimo,topress to; ad, Alitrunk.-The term giventothe fore-body of to and premo,topress.) insects which have the prothorax reduced, and Aduncate.-Gradually bending from the direct the three segments of the fore-body and first line. (L. ad,and uncus,ahook.) segment of the hind-body fused together.(L. Ædaegus.-The structure attached to, and slung ala,and truncus,trunk.) by its middle from, the roof of the pygofer. Alliaceous.-(Scent.) A garlic-likesmell. (L. (From Gr. aidoia,the secret parts.) allium,garlic.) Ædeagus.-The intromittent organofthe male Allux.-ªToeBall,ºthe third joint of the tarsi with its appendages. (From Gr. aidoia.) (remarkable in Rhyncophora). (L.) Æneus.-Bright brassy,orgolden-green colour. Alula,pl. Alulae.-The alar appendage, a (L. aenus,brazen.) lobiform appendage at the base of each wing of Æquata.-Equal. (L. æqualis,even, equal.) Diptera;. ªLittle wings.º(L. ala.) Aeriducts.- Respiratory organs on the sides of Alulet.-[See Alula.] the abdomen, tail, and trunk of aquatic larvñ Alutaceous.-Covered with minute cracks. and pupñ. (L. aër,air,and ductum,tolead.) (From L. aluta,leather.) Æroscepsin.-A supposed unknown sense, of Alveolate.-Furnished with cells. (L. alveus,a which the antennñ are, by some, believedtobe hollow.) the organs. (Gr. aër,air,and skopeo (skepsis, Alveole.-Acell. (L. alveus.)

10 The Dictionary of Entomology

Am-, Amb-.- A Latin prefix signifying about; and angulus,anangle.) around. Anal cleft.-Adeep incision seen in the females Ambient vein.-The term giventothe costal of Lecaniinæ extending from the anal orifice. nervure or vein when it completely encircles (L. anus,and Scand. clift,acleft.) the wing. (L. amb,and iens,going; and vein.) Anal glands.-Tw o bilobed sacs extending from Ambulant.-Moving from place to place. (L. the base of the last, to the middle of the second ambulo,towalk.) abdominal segment. (L. anus,and glans.) Ambulate.-Tomove backwards and forwards. Anal nervure.-Nerveofthe wing, separating the (L. ambulo.) cubitus from the anal area. (L. anus,and L. Ambulatorial.-Used for walking. (L. ambulo.) nerve,acord.) Ametabolous.-Differing neither in form, Anal operculum.-(L. anus,and operculum,alid structure, nor habits from the adult. (Gr. a,and or cover.)See Suranal plates. metabole,change.) Anal papillñ.-Four soft, white protuberances, Amethystine.-Resembling the purple splendour situated on the posterior end of the body (ninth of the amethyst. (Fr. amethystin,resembling abdominal segment), surrounding the anus amethyst in colour). dorso-laterally and ventro-laterally of the Amnion.-The inner membrane continuous with Anopheles larvæ. (L. anus,orpapillñ,small the ectoderm of the primitive streak, which tubercles.) protects the developing embryo. (Gr. amnion.) Anastomosing.-Running into one another like Amorpha.- Insects in which the pupa (provided veins. (Gr. ana,and stoma,mouth.) with neither mouth nor organs of locomotion) Anastomosis.-The stigma; a spot in the upper bears no resemblance to the imago. (Gr. a,and wing, at the branching of the nervures, near the morphe,shape.) costal edge. The term is generally used to Amphi-.-Aprefix in words of Greek origin, indicate the connection of nervures of the wing. signifying both, about, around. (Gr. ana,and stoma.) Amphipneustic.-Aterm giventoone of the Anastomosis.-Inosculation, or the opening of intermediate types between the Holopneustic one vessel into another,asofone artery or vein and Apneustic tracheal systems. - When a pair into another.(Gr. ana,and stoma.) of spiracles, situated at each end of the body, Anceps.-Two-edged. (L.) are open, and the intermediate spiracles closed. Anchor process.-The curious, fleshyprocess (Most Diptera larvæ.) (Gr. amphi,and from situated close to the anterior extremity of the pneuma,air.) larvæ of some of the Diptera. (Cecidomyidñ.) Amplixicate.-(L. amplus,large.) See Dilatate. (A.S. ancor,-L.ancora,abend; and process.) Ampullaceous sensillñ.-More or less upright Ancipital.-Possessing twoopposite edges or conical sense hairs, greatly resembling the angles. (L. am,onboth sides, and caput,the cœloconic type; but the hair is more upright head.) and smaller,while the pit which encloses the Androconia.-Small scent-scales found on the base is circular,much deeper,and opens on the upper side of the fore wings, occurring in surface by a small pore. (Berlese.) (L. ampulla, limited areas, such as the discal spots, or on the avessel; and from sensus,the sense.) folds of the wings. Ampulliform.-Bottle-shaped; swollen; Angle.-Isthat portion where the margins, or two resembling an inflated bladder.(L. ampulla, parts meet. (L. angulus,anangle.) and form.) Angular.-When the angular margins do not An-.-Aform of the Greek prefix a; an exclusively elbowoutwards, but also inwards. abbreviation of the Greek prefix ana. (L. angulus.) Ana-.-AsaGreek prefix, means up, up or all Angular.-(Pupa). (L. angulus.) See Pupæ through, back, again, according to. Angulares. Anal.-Pertaining to the anus. (L. anus,the Angulate.-Angular,having angles. (L. angulus.) fundament.) Anguloso-Undulate.-When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, Anal area.-(Wing.) That portion of the wing etc., go in a zig-zag direction, or with alternate lying between the anal nervure and the acute sinuses. (L. angulus,and unda,awav e.) posterior margin. (L. anus,and area.) Angustate.-Beginning with a narrowbase, then Anal angle.-(Wing.) The angle between the dilating and thickening. Disproportionately dorsum and the tergum (see Tornus). (L. anus, narrowinpart. (L. angustus,narrow.)

11 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Angustate (angusiatñ). - (Antennñ.) Contrary to spiral, bipartite, tubular machine for suction, Nodose; having the intermediate and terminal with its appendages. It includes the solenaria, joints thinner than the remainder.(L. and fistula. (Gr. anti,and lego,tospeak.) angustus.) Antrorsum.-(Direction.) Forward, in Aniso.-Unequal; a prefix to terms in natural contradistinction to Rursus - backward. (Gr. history.(Gr. a,and isos,equal.) anti,not, and L. rursus,backward.) Anisomorpha.-Inwhich the metamorphosis is Anus.-The vent; the terminal portion and various. (Gr. a, isos,and morphe,shape.) external opening of the rectum, situated in the Annulata.-Aprovince of animals in which the end of the body in the tenth or eleventh body is transversely divided into rings. (L. segment; it is bounded on the sides by the annulus,aring.) paranal lobes, and beneath by the infra-anal Annular lamina.- The sternal plates of the ninth lobes. (L. the fundament.) segment in the Ants which lie in front of the Aorta.-The blood tube; a slender tube opening genital appendages. (L. annulus,aring, and from the foremost chamber of the ªheart,ºand lamina,aplate.) passing forwards to the head, ending in the Annulate.-Ringed; surrounded by a narrowring neighbourhood of the brain in a trumpet-shaped of different colour.(L. annulus.) opening. A special contractile sac is situated at Annulet.-A narrowdifferently coloured circle. the base of each antennñ, into which it propels (L. annulus.) blood receivedfrom the head cavity.(L. - Gr. Ant-.-Aprefix (see Anti). Late L. aorta -Greek, meaning the great artery Ante-.-Latin prefix signifying before. ªrisingº from the heart.) Antefurca.-Aninternal process of the Apex.-(Wing.) The angle between the costa and antepectus for the attachment of muscles. (L. the outer edge. (L. apex.) ante,and furca,afork.) Apex.-The tip, point or summit. (L.) Antennñ.-The ªFeelersº; twomovable and Apex abdominis.-(L. apex,and abdomen.) See jointed sensiferous organs, situated upon the Cremaster. head, generally between or before the eyes. (L. Aphidivorous.-Dev ouring aphids. (L. aphis,a antenna,asail-yard.) plant louse, and voro,todev our.) Antennary.-Pertaining to the antennñ. (L. Apices.-Plural of apex. antenna.) Apiculate.-Covered with fleshy, erect, short Antennary nerves.-[See Nervi antennarum.] points. (From L. apex.) Antepectus.-The underside of the prothorax. Apneustic.-The term giventothe closed or (L. ante,and pectus,the breast.) secondary and adaptive type of tracheal system. Antepenultimate.-The last but two. (L. ante, This type is distinguished by the want of and pene,almost, ultimus,last.) stigmata, or,ifpresent, theyare closed and do Anterior.-Before in place; previous. (L. ante, not function. (Gr. a,and from pneuma,air.) before.) Apo-.-AGreek prefix signifying awayfrom. Anterior angle.- (Thorax.) The lateral angle Apod, Apodal.-Without legs. (Gr. a,and pous, near the head on each side. (L. ante,and podos,the foot.) angulus,acorner.) Apodema.-Abroad transverse band crossing the Anterior margin.-(Wing.) The costal margin; thorax in front of the scutellum seen in male the margin on the anterior side of the wings, coccids. (Gr. apo,from, and demas,the body.) extending from the base to the apex. Apodemes.-Hollowconical sclerite, showing a Anterior palpi.-The labial palpi. pit outwardly and a tubular process pointing Anterior wings.-The superior or upper wings. inwardly towards the body cavity in front of the Anthracinus.-Coal black, a deep shinyblack, metasternum, and servefor the attachment of with a bluish tinge. (Gr. anthrax,coal.) muscles. (Gr. apo,from, and demas,the body.) Anti-.-Greek prefix signifying opposite, against, Apodous.-Footless. (Gr. a,and pous, podos,the or in place of. foot.) Anticlypeus.-The anterior part of the clypeus to Apophysis.-Anextra projecting piece or the which the labrum is attached. (Sharp.) (L. prolongation of an existing organ(e.g.,the ante,and clypeus,ashield.) coxal apophysis in Dytiscus.) (Gr. apo,and Antlia.-The oral instrument of Lepidoptera, in physis,growth.) which the ordinary trophi are replaced by a Apophysis.-The coxñ, the twosmall basal joints

12 The Dictionary of Entomology

of the legs. (Gr. apo,and physis.) Arolia.-The term used to the pulvilli according Appendicle.-Amovable organ, often to the order of the insect. biarticulate, which, terminating the surface Aromatic.- (Scent.) A pungent smell of spices. anteriorly,covers the mouth from beneath, and (Gr. aromatikos,from aroma,spice.) is situated between the maxillñ. (L. Arquate, Arquated.-Bowed; arcuate. (L. appendicula,asmall appendage.) arquatus,arched, bowed, curved.) Appendicula.-[See Appendicle.] Arthricum.-The fourth joint of the tarsi. (Gr. Appendiculate.-Furnished with appendices, or arthron,ajoint.) additions of lines, furrows, or organs of the Arthroderm.-The outer crust, or body wall of body.(L. ad,and pendo,tohang.) Articulates. (Packard.) (Gr. arthron,and Appendiculated.-Furnished with an appendicle; derma,the skin.) possessing appendicles. (L. appendicula.) Arthromere.-The term denoting the elemental Apposed.-With their surfaces lying one against part of a jointed or articulate animal, the typical the other.(L. ad,and from pono, positum,to ring or segment. (Gr. arthron,ajoint, and place.) meros,apart.) Approaching.-Converging. (L. ad,and prope, Arthropleura.-The pleural or limb-bearing near.) region of the body; that portion of the Approximate (ant. approximatñ). - (Antennñ.) Arthromere situated between the tergite and When the basal joints are placed very closely sternite; (Packard.) (From Gr. arthron,and together.(L. ad,and superlative of prope, pleura,aside.) near.) Articulata.-(Lacinia.) The term used when the Aptera.- Anorder of insects which undergo blade of the maxillñ is united by a distinct and practically no metamorphosis, and are destitute free joint, instead of a fixed sutural line. (L. of wings; the mouth is mandibulate or slightly articulus,ajoint.) haustellate. (Gr. a,and pteron,awing.) Articulate.-Jointed. (L. articulus.) Apterous.-Wingless. (Gr. a,and pteron.) Articulate fascia.-Afascia consisting of Arachnoidñ.-Aclass of the Articulata, contiguous spots. (L. articulus and fascia,a including spiders, mites, and scorpions. (Gr. band.) arachne,aspider,and eidos,form.) Artus.-The instruments of motion. (L. a limb.) Arachnoideous.-Cobweb-like; resembling Asperate.-Roughened, of sculpture. (L. asper, cobweb.(Gr. arachne,aspider,and from rough.) eidos,form.) Asper.-Rough or uneven. (L.) Araneidñ.-The spider family.[See Assurgent.- Declining at the base and rising in a Arachnoidñ.] curvetoanerect position (Say). (L. ad,and Arched nerves.-Two nerves arising from the surgo,torise.) twoupper basal portions of the cura cerebri, Asymmetrical.-With one side of the body connecting the central, and vagus nervous different to the other.(Gr. a, syn,and metron,a systems. (L. arcus,abow,and nerves.) measure.) Arcuate.-Bow-like; linear,and bent likeabow. Atavic variations.- Variations which recall a past (L. arcus.) stage in the history of the race. (L. atavus,an Arcuatus.- Arched; a margin in the form of a ancestor,and vario,various.) bow. (L. arcus.) Ater.-The colour of liquid ink, ink-like- Areolate.-Furnished with small areas, likea sometimes termed Aterrimus. (L. black.) network. (L. area,avacant space.) Aterrimus.-[See Ater.] Areolet.-Acell, or enclosed space formed by the Aterrimus.-Ink-likeincolour.(L. ater.) nervures of a wing. (L. area.) Atomi.-Atoms of colouring, large, and easily Argenteus.-White metallic colour,silver-like. distinguished. (L. atomos,anatom.) (L. argenteus.) Atmosphere.-The term giventothe exterior Arista.-Aslender style or bristle, chiefly circle of the eyeofcolour (ocellus.) (Coined confined to the antennñ of Diptera. (L. arista, from Gr. atmo,stem of atmos,air,and sphaira, an awn.) aglobe.) Aristate.-Furnished with hair.(L. arista.) Atroceruleus.-Dark, deep blue, inclining to Armature.-The hornyparts of the genitalia. (L. black. (L. ater,black, caeruleus,blue.) armatura,armour.) Atrophied.-Imperfectly developed. (Gr. a,and

13 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

trophe,nourishment.) Bald.- A portion of the surface devoid of hair Atropurpureus.-Dark purple-to-black. (L. ater, when the rest is hairy.(C.) M.E. balled;the black, and purpura,purple.) original sense was ªshining, whiteº; E. ball,a Atrous.-The purest and most intense black. white-faced horse - Gael, and Irish, bal, ball,a (From L. ater.) white spot or streak. Atrovirens.-Dark green to black. (L. ater,dark, Barbate.-When an opening (as the mouth) is and virens,green.) surrounded by long hairs. (L. barba,abeard.) Attennatus.-Provided with antennñ. (L. Barbate.-(Antennñ) Bearded, covered with antenna.) short and thick-set hair completely upon one Attenuante.-(Antennñ.) Gradually tapering to side. (L. barba.) the apex. (L. ad,and tenuis,thin.) Base.-(Wing.) The narrowattachment of the Attenuate, Attenuated.- Gradually diminished, wing to the thoracic segment. (F.-L.-Gr.) tapering. Disproportionately slender in part. M.E. bas.-F. base.-L.basis.-Gr. base,a (L. ad,and tenuo,tomakepointed.) pedestal, base, step. Aurantiacus.-Orange in colour; a mixture of red Base.-That portion whereby it is affixedtothe and yellow. (From L. aureus.) body; the root or bottom upon which an organ Aurantius.-The colour of an orange. (L. aureus, stands. golden.) Basiconic sensillñ.-Upright conical club-like Aurelia.-Ancient term for pupa, or chrysalis. sense-hairs which are immovable at the base, (L. aurelia,pupa of a golden colour.) while the chitinous investment is very thin. Aureus.-Golden, orange-likeincolour.(L. (Berlese.) (L. basis, conicus,and from sensus, golden.) the sense.) Aurichalceous.-The metallic yellowofbrass. Basilaire.-Straus' term for the Jugulum. (L. (From L. aurichalcum,yellowcopper ore.) basilaris,from basis.) Auricle.-Anappendage resembling an ear.(L. Basilar membrane.-Athin fenestrate membrane auricula,anear.) separating the cones and rods from the optic Auriculo-ventricular openings.-The openings tract. (From Base, and L. membrana.) seen in the constricted parts of the dorsal Basis.-The base, the whole lower part of the vessel. (in composition, from L. auricula.) theca, from the mouth to as far as the labella. Auritate.-(Egg.) Ear-likeappendages placed at (L.) one end; ear-like. (L. auricula). ªBattledoreScales.º - A term giventoone of the Auritus.-Furnished with ears (twolittle numerous varieties of spinules. (M.E. appendages). (L. auritus.) batyldoure,Provincial batedor.[The Auxiliary optic nerves.-(L. auxilium,help, from corruption to battledore wasdue to confusion augeo,toincrease.) See Nervi optici with battle,verb to light] and M.E. scale.) secundarii. Belly.-(A.S. bñlg, bñlig,abulge, a belly.) See Axes.-The hornypieces connecting the wings to Venter. the body.(L. axis.) Bi-.-Latin prefix, signifying two, or twofold. Axis.-Asmall prominent process at the base of Biarticulate.- Having twojoints. (L. bi,and the elytra, upon which it turns. (L. axis,an artus,ajoint.) axis, axle-tree, + Gr.) Bicarinate.-Having twolongitudinal elevated Axillary.-Springing from the point of union of lines. (L. bi,and carina,akeel.) twoparts. (L. axis.) Bicaudate.-Possessing twotails or processes. Axillary incision.-[See Incisura axillaris.] The term is generally applied to the wings of Azureus.-Clear brilliant blue. (F.-Arab.-Pers. Lepidoptera when so formed. (L. bi,and azure,blue.) M.E. asur, azure.-O.F. azur, cauda,atail.) azure. Bicornute.-Two horned. (L. bi,and cornu,a horn.) Bicuspidate.-Ending in twopoints. (L. bi,and B cuspis,apoint.) Badius.-Bay-coloured; likeabay horse in Bifarious.-Pointing in twoways, in opposite colour.(L. badius.) directions. (L.) Balancers.-The poisers or halteres (Owen). Bifasciate.-Furnished with twocoloured bands. (M.E.) (L. bi,and fascia,aband.)

14 The Dictionary of Entomology

Bifida.-(Lingula). Having a deep notch down cells and a cell layer,and the blastoderm is thus the centre. (L. bifidus,cleft into twoparts.) formed internal to the yokemembrane. (Gr. Biflabellate.-(Antennæ). Doubly flabellate, i.e. blastos,agerm.) when both sides of the joints of the antennæ Blind ocellus.- Aneyeofcolour without any send forth flabellate processes. (L. bi,and pupil. (A.S. blind,+Du. blind,tobecome dim, flabellum,afan.) and ocellus.) Bifurcate.-(Antennæ). Composed of twojoints, Blood-gills.-Delicate anal tubular processes into of which the apical one is bent double and which the blood flows, and which do not as a attached by its centre to the second joint. (L. rule contain tracheæ, though occasionally very bi,and furca,afork.) fine tracheal branches are to be seen in Bifurcate, Bifurcated, Bifurcous.-Two jointed; trichopterous larvæ. (Muller.) (A.S. blod,+ forked, into twojoints. (L. bi,and furca.) Du. bloed;and M.E. gille.) Bijugum.-Intwo pairs. (L. bi,and jugum,a Boreal.-Of, or belonging to the north. (Step.) yoke.) (From Gr.and L. boreas,the north wind.) Bilamellar.-Divided into twolaminæ. (L. bi, Botryoidal.-Clustered likeabunch of grapes. and lamina,aplate.) (Gr. botrys,abunch of grapes, and eidos,like.) Bilineate.-Marked with twolines. (L. bi,and Bound.-(Pupæ.) (F. borne,torestrain, limit.) linea,aline.) See Pupæ contignæ. Bilobed.-With twolobes; two-lobed. (L. bi,and Bouton.-The ladle-likeorg ansituated at the Gr. lobos,alobe of the ear.) apexofthe lingua in the higher Aphidæ. (F. Binate.-Consisting of a single pair.(From L. button.) binus,twofold; L. bi,double.) Brachelytrous.-Possessing short elytra. (Gr. Bipartite.-Divided into twoparts to the base, as brachys,short, and elytron,awing case.) aleaf (see Partite). (L. bi,and partite,with Brachial nervures.-The nerves of the anterior or proper division.) front wing, which originate at the thorax and Bipectinate (duplicato-pectinatñ). - Doubly run parallel with the interior edge, towards the pectinate. (L. bi,and pecten,acomb.) posterior angle (or edge). (F. brachial -L. Bipupillate.-When the ocellus has twopupils or brachialis,of, or belonging to the arm; spots of colour; possessing twopupils of brachium,the arm.) different colour.(L. bi,and pupilla,apupil.) Brain.-The supraœsophageal ganglion. (A.S. Biradiate.-Consisting of tworays. (L. bi,and brñgen.) Encephalum. radius,aray.) Breast.-The part of the thorax analogous to the Biserrate.-Doubly serrate. (L. bi,and serra,a breast of vertebrates. (M.E. brest, breest.A.S. saw.) breost.+Icel. brjost.) See Pectus. Bisetous.-Furnished with twosetaceous Branche transversale.-See Pars basalis. [PM] appendages. (L. bi,and seta,abristle.) Brev ate, Breves.-(Antennæ.) The term is used Bivalve.-(Proboscis.) Consisting of twovalves when the antennæ are about the length of the or divisions united, so forming a tube. (L. bi, head. (L. brevis,short.) and valva,avalve.) Breviorate, Breviores.-(Antennæ.) The term is Blade.-(Lacinia.) The extreme portion of the used when the antennæ are longer than the maxillæ. (A.S. blade,aleaf.) head, and shorter than the body.(L. brevior, Blastoderm.-The germ-skin; the germinal short.) membrane which lies immediately beneath the Brevissimate, Brevissimñ.-(Antennæ.) The membrana vitelli of the ovum. (Gr. blastos,a term is used when the antennæ are shorter than germ, and derma,skin.) the head. (L. brevissimus,short.) Blastodermic cells.- The cells forming the Broken.-(A.S. brucan ?). See Fractæ. blastoderm. (L, blastos, derma;and cella,from Bronze.-The colour of old brass. (F. bronze.- celo,tohide.) Ital. bronzo; bronzino,made of brass (z= ds). - Blastula.-The stage of development of the egg; a L. ñs Brundusinum.-L.Brundusium, Brindisi hollowbag with a cellular envelope formed by (in Italy) where bronze mirrors were made.) the nuclei moving towards the margin of the Bronzus.-Bronze-coloured. (F.-Ital. - L. see egg, where theyarrange themselves in a layer Bronze.) surrounding the yoke, their masses of Brosse.-Brush; the brush often found upon the protoplasm become marked oil into distinct mola, formed of short, stiffhairs. (Fr. brosse,a

15 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

brush.) Cñsius.-Greyish-blue. (L.). Brunneus.-Brown; chestnut-coloured. Calathiform.-Bowlorbasket-shaped. (Gr. Evidently a bastard compound. (LowL. kalathos,abasket.) brown.) Calcar,pl. calcaria.-Aspur,spine, process. Brush.-[See Brosse.] (L.) Brushes.-The bunches of stout hairs situated one Calcarate, Calcarated.-Armed with spurs; on each side of the anterior end of the head of possessing a spur or spurs. (L. calcar,aspur.) the Culicidæ larvæ. (From F. brosse,abrush.) Calcaria.-The stiffspines with which the tibia Brushes.-The tufts of more or less dense hair, are furnished. (L. calcar.) seen in the larvæ of Culicidæ, situated either Calceolifor.-Oblong in form with the middle round the fin-likeprocesses of the abdominal somewhat coarctate. (L. calceolus,aslipper segments, or round the respiratory siphon. (F. and forma.) brosse.) Callose.-Furnished with callii. (L. callum,the Buccal.-Pertaining to the mouth. (L. bucca,the hardened skin.) cheek.) Callosity.-Ahard thickening of the portion. (L. Buccal cavity.-The cavity of the mouth. callosus,thick and hard.) Buccate.-Ahead furnished with swollen cheeks. Callus,pl. callii.-Aprojection or elevation. (L. Caput buccatum. (L. bucca.) callus.) Budding.-The term often used to the peculiar Callus metanoti lateralis.-The lateral callosity agamic reproduction of Aphids. (M.E. budden, of the metanotum of Diptera. (L.) to bud.) Calx.-The heel; the curving part of the planta, Bulbus.-The bulb; the base of the scape, by by which it articulates with the tibia. (L.) which it inosculates in the torulus, often Calyces.-Brain cups; twoelongate trough- subglobose, and looking likeadistinct joint. shaped, cellular masses resting on the (L.) peduncles. (Gr. kalyx,acup.) Bullate.-Blistered. (L. bulla,abubble.) Calyculate.-Double-cupped, one cup placed Bursa copulatrix.-Anevagination of the vagina, within another.(From Gr. kalyx.) into which the penis of the male is inserted in Calyx.-The top or head of the mushroom body, copulation. (In the Lepidoptera the bursa which is supported by the cauliculus and the copulatrix is peculiar,inthat it is not a simple peduncle or pedicel. (Gr. kalyx.) See evagination of the vagina, but a tube, open at Mushroom bodies. both ends, one end leading into the vagina, the Campanulate.-(Antennæ.) Having bell-shaped other into the surface of the body; so that here joints, being concave atthe broadest end. (Ital. the female genital organs have two pores, that campana,abell.) into the bursa serving for copulation, whilst the Campodiform larva.-Iselongate, with a broad vaginal opening proper allows only of the quadrate head; three thoracic segments each escape of the eggs.) (L. bursa,a purse, and bearing a pair of legs, and ten visible from copulare,tojoin.) abdominal segments. The skin of the thoracic segments is almost chitinised. Each abdominal segment has a single strong chitinous tergal C plate, and (as regards the first sevensegments) Caducus.-Shedding easily cast off. (L. cado,to sevensternal plates; the eighth segment has but fall.) three ventral plates, and the ninth only one, Cñca.-Small purses or minor stomachs thrown while the tenth is a truncated “anal cylinder.” offfrom the principal one. (L. cñcus,blind.) The head bears appendages corresponding with See Cœca. those of the perfect insect; each antenna has but Cñcal tubes.- Eight short blind tubes opening four joints, the third carrying alongside the from the front end of the stomach, and being of fourth a small papilla, which shows traces of similar structure to the stomach. (L. cñcus, segmentation and suggests the “feeler” was blind.) primitively branched. No compound eyes are Cñruleus.-Pale blue, the colour of the sky. (L. present, only six simple ocelli at the base of azure blue.) each antenna. At the anal segment is a pair of Cñsious.-Greenish, grey, sordid blue colour.(L. long cercopods, covered with nodules and stiff cñsius,grey.) hairs. It is the typical grub of numerous

16 The Dictionary of Entomology

Beetles, Stoneflies, May-flies, Dragon-flies, Beauregard to the structure similar both in Lacewing-flies, etc. (Gr. campe,acaterpillar, position and structure to the œsophageal valve and pous,afoot, and form.) (?). (Gr. kardia,the heart; and L. valvula,a Canaliculate.-Furnished with one or more little valve.) channelled furrows; elevated longitudinally Cardinales.-The rods joining the labium to the with a concave line in the middle. (L. canalis, head. (L. cardo,ahinge.) achannel.) Cardines.-Two narrowjoints each slightly Cancellated.-Crossed by lines running at right widened at the apex, which are portions of the angles to each other.(L. cancelli,lattice- cibarial apparatus of the Hymenoptera, and on work.) the widened space of which the lora swing. Canine teeth.-(L. canis,adog, and A.S. toth,a (From L. cardo.) tooth.) See Dentes laniarii. Cardo.-Abasal ring lying at the seat of the Canthus.-Acorneous process, seen in some of stipites in the Hymenopterous genitalia. the Coleoptera, originating at the clypeus, (Saunders.) (L.) either completely or partially dividing the eyes. Cardo.-The proximal joint of the protopodite. (Gr.the corner of the eye.) (L.) Canus.-The colour of greyhair.(L. hoary, Cardo.-The hinge; the lowest of the first pair of grey.) pieces constituting the maxilla, it is narrow, Capillary.-Slender and hair-like. (L. capillus, thin and transverse, and articulates with the hair,from caput.) gula, forming a right angle with the stipes. (L. Capilli.-Head hair; hair situated on the corona of ahinge.) See Protopodite. the head. (L. capillus,hair,from caput.) Carina.-Akeel. (L.) Capitatñ.-(Antennæ.) When the capitulum is Carinal.-Keel-like, pertaining to the carina. (L. abrupt and strongly marked. (L. caput.) carina.) Capitate.-Pertaining to the caput. (L. caput.) Carinate.-Having a longitudinal elevated line. Capitate (capitatæ). (Antennæ). Having the (Bicarinate, Tricarinate, etc., have two or three terminal joint forming a club, or knob.(L. such lines.) (L. canina). caput,head.) Carinatus.-The term used when the surface has Capitate hairs.-Hairs knobbed at the apex. (L. elevated prominent lines and fewinnumber. caput;and A.S. hær, hêr,+Du. haar.) (L. carina.) Capitis cerebroida.- The first cerebroida. (L. Carnose, Carneous.-Flesh-likeinsubstance. caput,head, top, and cerebrum,brain.) (L. caro,flesh.) Capitulum.-(Antennæ.) The knob; the last Carpus.-The pterostigma. (L. carpus,wrist.) joints of the clavola when suddenly larger than Cartilaginous.-Resembling cartilage in the rest. (L. caput.) structure, or appearance. (F.-L.F.cartilage, Capitulum compositum.-(Antennæ.) (L. caput, gristle. - L. cartilaginem,acc. of cartilago. and compositus,arranged, composed.) See Der.cartilaginous.) Compound. Cartilago ensiformis.-(F. cartilage,and L. Capitulum solidum.-(Antennæ.) (L. caput,and ensis,asword, and form.) See Sternum collare. solidus,solid, complete.) See Simple. Castaneous.-Chestnut-coloured. (L. castane,a Caput.-The head or first segment. (L. head, chestnut). top.) Cataphracted.- Possessing a hard skin, or with Caput buccatum.-(L. caput,and bucca,cheek.) scales closely united. (Gr. kata,upand down, See Buccate. and phrasso,toshut in.) Caput clypeatum.-(L. caput,and clypeus,a “Catch.” - A hornyabdominal appendage of the shield.) See Clypeate head. Collembola (Tomocerus), generally situated on Caput turritum.-(L. caput,and turris,atower). the ventral surface of the third abdominal See Turreted. segment, and is provided with only two Caratothecñ. 1 -The antennæ-cases, that portion segments, a basal portion, and twoshort arms, of the theca enclosing the antennæ. (Allied to each being armed with four teeth on its outer Gr. keras,ahorn, and theca,acase.) margin. (F.-L. cachier,variant of O.F. “Cardiac valvule.” - The term applied by chacier,tohunt, chase; hence to catch.) Catenatus.-When the surface between impressed lines on the elytra, etc., is divided 1. Cerathecæ according to Kirby and Spence.

17 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

into oblong elevations, and is supposed to Cellulñ marginales.-The cells belonging to the resemble a chain. (L. catena,achain.) second or marginal section of the wing. (Loew.) Cateniform, Catenulate.- Chain-like. (L. (L.) catena). Cellulñ posteriores.-The posterior cells, Caterpillar.-The larvaoreruca; the term is belonging to the twofirst sections of the generally applied to the Lepidoptera. (From E. posterior part of the wing. (L.) cates,food, and Fr. piller,torob.Acorruption Cellulñ spuriñ.-The false cells, belonging to of O.F. chattepeleuse,ahairy cat; primarily the third section of the posterior part of the applied to the hairy caterpillar.) wing; theyare not usually completely separated Cauda.-The tail, the posterior extremity.(L. from each other.(L.) tail.) Cellulñ submarginales.-The cells belonging to Caudad.-Anabbreviated form of caudally,or the third or submarginal section of the wing. caudal. (Loew.)(L.) Caudñ, Caudulñ.-Tail likeappendages. (L.) Cellulñ ternatñ.-Another term for the basal Caudal.-pertaining to the cauda. (L. cauda.) cells. (L.) Caudal fan.-The fan of feathered bristles to be Central Body.-The only single or unpaired seen on the ninth abdominal segment of some organofthe brain. Amedian commissural aquatic (Anopheles)larvæ. system (Deitl.). It is formed of a very fine and Caudal pro-legs.-Sucker feet attached to the close fibrillar web, situated on the median line caudal segment of larvæ. (L. cauda,and pro, and united with the cerebral lobes. (Viallanes.) and pedes.) (From Gr. kentron,and A.S. bodig +O.H.G. Cauliculus.-Fibrous columns arising from the potach.) trabecula, and situated in front of the smaller Central region.-(Wing.) See Costal region. peduncle. (L. cauliculus,diminutive of caulis, Another term for the central region of the wing astalk, stem.) See Mushroom Bodies. is the discus. (L. centralis,pertaining to the Cellula analis.-The term used to differentiate centre, from centrum,the centre, and regio, the hindermost basal cell of the wing correctly region.) when the posterior basal transverse vein Centris.-The sting; the last inflated joint of the assumes the character of a longitudinal vein, tail. (Gr. kenteo,toprick.) and runs to the border of the wing, causing the Cephalic.-Pertaining to the head. (Gr. hindermost basal cell to join the border of the kephalikos.) wing. (L.) Cephalophragma.-AY-shaped partition that Cellulñ.-The divisions into which divides the head internally into twochambers, membranaceous wings are divided by the an anterior and posterior; seen in Locusta, nervures. (L. cella,from celo to hide.) Leech. (Gr. kephale,the head, and phragma, Cellulñ axillares.-The Cellulæ spuriæ. (L.) an enclosure.) Cellulñ basales.- The basal cells of the wing, Cephalotheca.-Head-case; the anterior three in number; the first belonging to the hemispherical division of the theca, enclosing middle of the wing, reaching as far as the the head of the future perfect insect. (Gr. transverse vein the second belongs to the first kephale,and theca,acase.) section of the posterior part of the wing, Cerathecñ.-The antennæ-cases. (Gr. keras,a extending as far as the anterior basal transverse horn, and theca.) See Caratothecæ. vein; and the third belongs to the second Cercopeda.-The pair of anal cerci appended to section of the posterior part of the wing, and the tenth abdominal segment, and which are joins the posterior basal transverse vein. generally regarded as true abdominal legs. (Loew.)(L.) (Packard). (Gr. kerkos,atail, and pous,afoot.) Cellulñ costales.-The cells belonging to the first Cercopods.-Spindle shaped limbs of sixteen or costal section of the wing. (Loew.)(L.) segments. (Gr. kerkos,and pous.) Cellula discoidalis.-The discoidal or discal cell Cerebral ganglion.-The nervous system of of the wing, belonging to the first section of the insects is characterised by the great size which posterior part of the wing, and extending from the cerebral ganglion attains. The most anterior the anterior basal transverse vein to the of the ventral series, the subœsophageal, is posterior transverse, and bearing on its anterior situated in the head, likethe cerebral ganglion, margin a small transverse vein. (Loew.)(L.) and givesoff branches to the mouth-parts. This

18 The Dictionary of Entomology

is succeeded by three single or paired ganglia, Chiasma.-The central body of nervous matter one for each thoracic segment, and lastly by a formed by the junction and decussation of the series of abdominal ganglia. Often, however, optic nerves. (Gr. chiasma,the mark of a χ some of these fuse; the second and third (chi)orcross.) thoracics may for instance; the posterior Chitin.-The hard shell-likeouter skin of abdominals also, or the second and third arthropods and hard cased insects. The thoracics and all the abdominal ganglia may chemical formula of Chitin is C15H26N2O10. unite to form a single mass, which, in extreme (Gr. chiton,atunic.) cases, includes also the first thoracic ganglion. Chitinous.-Pertaining to the chitin. (Gr. (Boas.) (L. cerebrum,brain, and ganglion.) chiton.) Cerebroidñ.-The knots in which the diffused Chordotonal Organs.- Compact, spindle-shaped brain of insects is centred. Capitis cerebroida. groups of sensillæ, each consisting of a chitin- (L. cerebrum,brain.) secreting gland and a nervecell, hung between Cerebellum.-Generally a cordiform or twopoints of the cuticle, or between the cuticle longitudinal ganglion; it lies at the base of the and some internal organ. These sensillæ are skull, between the twoprojecting ridges of the connected with nervefibres and believedto internal skeleton of the head, and is entirely receive and transmit sound vibrations. (From covered by the tentorium. The nerves which Gr. chorde,anintestine, a cord; L. chorda,a pass from the cerebellum are the nervi cord.) mandibularum,the nervi maxillarum,and the Chorion.-The shell of the egg; the firm nervi labii (Burmeister.) (L. alittle brain.) chitinous outer layer of the egg (see Ovaries). Cerebrum.-Anervous cord of a yellowish-white (Gr.) colour,lying transversely across the Chromatin.-The thread-likematerial which œsophagus, generally forming twoganglia. Its appears netted and looped, situated in the entire circumference is covered with a thin nucleus. See Achromatin. (From Gr. chroma, transparent membrane, which loosely colour.) surrounds it. The nerves which pass from the Chrysalis.-The quiescent state the larvaassumes cerebrum are the nervi antennarum and the when full fed. Generally applied to nervi oculorum.(Burmeister). (L. brain.) Lepidoptera. (Gr. chrysos,gold.) Cereous.-Wax like. (L. from cera,wax.) “Chylific Stomach.” - The mid-intestine. (Gr. Cernuous.-Bent; the apexbent downwards. (L. chylos,juice, from cheo,toflow; and drooping.) stomachos.) Cervical sclerites.-The eight chitinous plates Cibarial apparatus.-The organs which operate strengthening the neck. (L. cervix,the neck, upon the food brought to the mouth. (L. cibus, and Gr. skeleros,hard.) food; and ad,and paro,toprepare.) Cervinus.-Fawn-coloured, grey, with a reddish Cibarious.-Relating to food. (L. cibus.) brown tint. (From L. cervus,astag.) Cicatricose.-Having elevated spots of a different Cespitose.-Matted together.(L. cespes,turf.) colour from the rest of the surface, resembling Chalybeous.-Steel-likeincolour,the metallic scars.(L. cicatrix,ascar.) blue of steel. (Gr. chalyps,steel). Cicatrix.-Alarge scar or scar-likeimpression. Champagne-cork Organs.-(Forel.) (L.) (Champagne the province of France from Cilia.-Hairs (cerci). (L.) where such wine is made, “a plain”; and Ciliate.-Fringed with hair; set with parallel alcorque,O.S., allied to Arab. al-cornoque,the hairs. (L. cilia.) cork-tree. Span. corcho,and Gr. ergon,a Cimicine.-(Scent). A smell likethat of the Bed- work.) See Ampullaceous sensillæ. bug. (L. cimex,abug.) Cheek.-The Gena. (A.S. ceace.) Cinereus.-The blue-greycolour of ashes. (L. Chela.-The terminal portion of a “foot,”with a from cinis,ashes). movable lateral claw, likethat of a crab.(Gr. Cingula.-Acoloured band. (L. cingula,abelt, chele,aclaw.) girdle, girth.) Chelate.-Possessing a movable lateral clawlike Cingulate.-Aterm used when the abdomen, or that of a crab.Possessing a chela. (Gr. chele.) thorax, is wholly surrounded by one or more Cheliform.-Pincer-shaped. (Gr. chele,and cingula. (L. cingula.) forma,form, shape.) Cinnamomeus.-The colour of cinnamon. (L.

19 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

cinnamomum.) encephalum. (L. ashield.) Circinal, Circinate.-Spirally rolled inwards, and Clypeus, anterior.-[See Anticlypeus.] downwards. (L. circinus,compasses.) Clypeus, posterior.-[See Post-clypeus.] Circum.-ALatin prefix signifying around, Co-.-ALatin prefix, signifying together; used about, on all sides, in a circle. for con-(=cum),together,before a vowel. Circumgenital glands.-Circular spinnerets Coadunate.-Joined together at the base. disposed in groups around the genital orifice. (Elytra.) Permanently united at the suture. (L. (L. circum, genitalis,and glans.) co,for con-,=cum,together; and from adiuare, Cirrose.-Furnished with a fringe of hair, to assist, - L. ad-,to; inuare,tohelp.) possessing (cirri) fringes. (L. cirrus,acurl of Coalite.-When parts usually separate are hair.) distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor Cirrate.-(Antennæ.) When the branches of a suture. (From L. coalesco,togrowtogether.) pectinate antenna are very long and curled, and Coalite stilt-prolegs.-When stilt prolegs unite to sometimes, but not always, fringed with hair. form only one leg, bifid at its apex. (L. (L. cirratus,having curled hair,fringed.) coalesco,M.E. stilte,-Swed. stylta,Dan. Cirrus.-Acurled lock of hair upon a thin stalk; a stylte,astilt and L. propedes.) fringe. (L.) Coarctate.-Contracted; compact. (L. co,and Claspers.-Processes of the male genitalia for arcto,tocompress.) holding the female during sexual union. (A.S. Coarctate.-(Pupæ). (L. co,and arcto). See clyppan,toembrace.) Pupæ obtectæ. Clathrate.-Latticed. (L. clathrus,alattice.) Cocardes.-Retractile vesicular bodies on each Clava.-The knob or club of the antennæ. (L. side of the stethidium of insects of the genus clava,aclub.) Malachius. Clavate.-Knobbed; clubbed; knob-like. (L. Coccineus.-Scarlet; a bright or pale red colour. clava.) The colour of the blossom of the geranium. (L. Clavigerate.-(Antennæ.) Terminating in a of a scarlet colour.) gradual club.(L. claviger,that bears a club.) Cochineal.-Avaluable dye from an insect found Clavola.-The club shaped end of antennæ, in Mexico (cocinilidæ). Red. (L. coccinus.) taking the terminating joints collectively.The Cochleate.-Twisted spirally likeascrew. (L. remaining joints of the antennæ taken together. cochlea,asnail or spiral screw.) It includes the Capitulum. (From L. clava,a Cocoon.-The protecting case formed by the club.) larvafor the situation of its pupa. (Kirby.) (F. Clavus.-The hard part of the fore-wing next to cocon.) See Incunabulum. the scutellum of the mesonotum when the Cœca,also Cæc.-Small purses or minor wings are closed. (L. nail.) stomachs thrown offfrom the principal one. Clavus.-The narrowstrip of the elytra, which (L. caecus,blind.) See Stomach. lies at the side of the scutellum, of the Cœloconic sensillæ.-Club-likesense hairs Hemiptera-Heteroptera. (Saunders.) (L.) which lie horizontally and which are more or Clypeate Head.- When the head is tolerably flat, less enclosed in an elongated cavity in the and the margin of the clypeus and the front are chitinous integument. Both the shape and broad and flat. Caput clypeatum. (L. clypeus,a cellular structure of the hair is essentially the shield.) same as the basiconic sensillæ, the difference Clypeiform.-Shield-shaped. (L. clypeus,and being the basiconic are upright,while the form.) cœloconic are horizontally placed on the Clypeo-labral nerve.-The nervewhich surface. (Berlese.) (From Gr. koilia,the belly, innervates both the clypeus and labrum, and konos,acone.) originating with the arched nerveasasingle Coenogonous.-Oviparous at one season of the trunk from the base of the cura cerebri; year,and ovo-viviparous at another. progressing down to the clypeus and labrum, Col-.-ALatin prefix. See Con. where it splits into various branches. Coleoptera.-Afamily of hexapoda, the beetle Clypeus.-Portion of the front of the face about tribe, an order of insects having elytra which the labrum; the portion of the skull serveasacovering and protection for the true immediately covering the mouth; the portion of wings. (Gr. koleos,asheath, and pteron,a the face between the labrum and the wing.)

20 The Dictionary of Entomology

Collare. 2 -The collar,the short corneous another,without being parasitical. (L. com,and cylindrical tube formed by the occiput being mensa,atable.) drawn out. (L. a collar.) Commensals.-The term giventothose insects Collaterial Glands.-Tw o much branched and which inhabit galls not made by themselves, convoluted tubular organs situated behind the butdonot interfere with the host (species of bursa copulatrix, and partly resting under the Cetonia, Balaninus,etc.). (L. com,and fifth abdominal ganglion. (L. collateralis; co- mensa.) con; lateralis,pertaining to the side.) Commissura.-Ajoint in the costal nerveofthe Colleterial glands.-Glands in the females of wings of Coleoptera, where theybend to takea certain insects which secrete a glutinous transverse fold. (L. a joint.) substance which fastens the ova together.(L. Common.-Common to two. When a spot, for colleterium.) instance, is partly on one elytrum and partly on Colleterium.-The colleterial glands. (Mod. Lat. another.(From L. communis,common.) colleterium,of, or pertaining to the colleterium Comose.-Terminating in a tuft of hair or brush- of insects.) likebody; comate. (L. coma,hair.) Collembola.-Anorder of Apterous insects, now Complanate.-Aconvex orirregular surface, united with Thysanura under the order Aptera. having a plane slight depression. (From L. (Gr. kolla,glue, and embole,athrowing or complano,tolev el.) putting in, so called because theyhav e an organ Complete.-Perfect; entire; finished. (L. com, enabling them to fasten to the part upon which and pleo,tofill.) theyare standing.) Complete metamorphosis.- When there is a Colligate.-Fixed to anypart so as to have no quiescent or sealed-pupal stage in the life separate motion of its own. (L. colligo,tobind history of an insect. When histolysis does take together.) place. Collum.-The neck; the constricted posterior part Compicate.-Having longitudinal folds. (L. com, of a pedunculate head, by which it inosculates and plico,tofold.) in the trunk. It includes the Nucha, Gula, and Compostius.-Compound; the term giventothe Myoglyphides. (L). gullet when it has a long pear-shaped cell Colon.-The approximate anterior portion of the opening from it, and extending beneath the rectum. (Gr.alimb, a member.) stomach and intestines, yet having no Columnar.-Tapering to one end likethe shaft of communication with either; this is the case in acolumn. (L. columna,acolumn.) all flies and gnats which feed on blood, and Com-.-ALatin prefix (See Con.) manyofthe same tribes which subsist on other Comate.-When the upper part of the head or fluids; the blood sucked is at once receivedinto vertexalone is covered with long hairs. (L. it, and allowed to slowly return to the gullet as comatus,having hair.) required, to pass ultimately to the stomach for Comate.-When very long flexible hairs thickly digestion. (L. composed, arranged, made up.) coveraspace on the surface. (L. comatus, Compound.-(Antennñ). The term used in having hair.) contradistinction to Simple, when a capitate Comate.-Hairy. antenna is so formed by several joints. (L. Combs.-The fine hairs situated upon the upper compono,toset together.) See Simple. surface of each maxilla of the Culicidñ larvñ, Compound.-(Motion.) When capable of both and which servetoclean the Brushes. (See vertical and horizontal motion. (L. compono, Brushes.) (A.S. camb., + Du. kam,Icel. kambr, to set together.) Dan., Swed. kam.) Compound Ocellus.-When the eye of colour Combs.-Three, sometimes four (?) strong consists of three or more circles of colour.(L. curved hairs, situated on the free anterior compono,and ocellus,aneye.) border of each mandible of the Culicidñ larvñ, Compound Eyes (Oculi). - The twolarge many and which servetoclean the Brushes. (See faceted eyes placed on each side of the head of Brushes.) insects, besides which theymay also possess Commensal.- Ananimal living with or off simple eyes (ocelli). Compound eyes consist of numerous hexagonal facets, the lenses of which combine the characters of both crystalline and 2. King, Kirby and Spence, apply this term to the vitreous humours. See Oculi. prothorax of the Hymenoptera.

21 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Compressed.-Flattened by lateral pressure, as irregular dots often confluent. (From L. con, opposed to depressed. (L. com,and pressum, fully,and spargo, sparsum,toscatter.) to press.) Consute.-Having very minute elevations in a Con-.-ALatin prefix, denoting with. (L. cum, series, at some distance from each other,ofa with.) different colour from the rest of the surface, Concealed.-(Head.) When it is entirely and somewhat resembling stitching.(L. con, withdrawn within the thorax, or is covered and suo,tosew.) above bythe thoracic plate. (L. con,and celo, Contiguous.-Adjoining; touching; near.(L. to hide.) contigu-us,that may be touched, near; with Concolorous.-Uniform in colour in comparison suffix -ous.-L.con-(cum), with, and tag,asin of the parts. (L. concolor,ofthe same colour.) tac-tus,pa. par.oftangere,totouch. Conduplicate.-Doubled or folded together.(L. Contiguous.-When spots, puncta, granules, etc., con, duo,two,and plico,tofold.) are so close that theyalmost or altogether touch Cone.-(Eye.) A simple transparent crystalline each other.(See above for Der.) body formed out of ªcone-cells,ºand found in Contorted.-Twisted; incumbent upon each other the internal structure of the eye of insects. (Gr, in an oblique direction. (L. con,and torqueo, konos,acone.) tortum,totwist.) Confluent.-Running into one another.(L. con, Convoluta.-(lacinia). The haustellum rolled up and fluo, fluxum,toflow.) belowthe head likethe spring of a watch. (L. Congenital Variation.-Variation due to convoluto,toroll.) inherited influence. (L. con,and genitus,part. Convoluted.-Rolled together,orone part upon of gigno,tobeget.) another.(From L. convoluto.) Congested.- Heaped together.(L. con,and gero, Co-type.-(L. co,and Gr. typos,animpression, gestum,tobear.) from typto,tostrike.) See Syntype. Conglobate gland.-An elongate gland situated Coprophagus.-Feeding on excrement. (Gr. belowthe ejaculatory duct at its hinder end. kopros,dung, and phago,toeat.) The function is unknown. (From L. conglobo, Corbicula.-The fringe of hairs situated on the to conglobate.) tibiñ. (L.) Conglomerate.-Congregated. (L. con,and Corbiculate.-Furnished with a brush of stout glomus,aclew.) hairs. (L. corbicula.) Conic, Conical.-Tapering likeacone from base Corcula.-The reservoirs in the dorsal channel to apex; cone-like. (L. conicus.) through which the blood flows; a longitudinal Conic.-(Egg.) Conical, cone-shaped. (L. series of little hearts, which receive blood by conicus.) lateral apertures from the cavities of the body. Conical.-(Pupñ.) (L. conicus). See Pupñ (From L. cor,the heart, or corculum,alittle conicñ. heart.) Conjugate.-Consisting of a single pair.(F. Cordate, Cordiform, Cordatum.-Heart- conjugal.-L.coniugalis;L.conjugatio, shaped. Ovate and hollowed out at the base, binding together in pairs.) without posterior angles. (L. cor,the heart, and Connate.-Soldered together.(L. con,and natus form.) born.) Coriaceñ.-(Proalñ.) When composed of a Connectives.-Small thin cords connecting tough substance which bends without breaking, portions of the nervous system, - generally butnev erfolds. (From L. coriceus,concerned ganglia. (L, con,and necto,totie.) with leather.) Connexivum.-The flat, reflexedorvertical Coriaceous.-Leather-likeinsubstance. (L. border of the abdomen, to be seen in the coriaceus,from corium,leather.) Heteroptera. It is caused by sections of the Coriaria.-(Lacinia). Long, leathery and abdomen enlarging to form a lateral margin. flexible. (L. corium.) (From L. connexus,pa. par.ofconnecto,to Corium.-The corneous or coriaceous parts of join.) the Hemelytra. (L. leather.) Connivent.-The meeting of twolines so as to Cornea.-The strong transparent skin of the eye, form an angle; convergent. (L. connivens,pa. through which the rays of light pass. (L. par.ofconnivo,towink.) corneus,horny, from cornu,ahorn.) Consperse.-Thickly sprinkled with minute Cornea facets.-The divisions of the compound

22 The Dictionary of Entomology

eye. (L. cornu,and facies) exterior region;the lower portion or side, the Corneate.-Horned. (L. cornu,ahorn.) interior region,and the central portion, the Corneous.-Horn-likeinsubstance; horny. (L. central region.These regions have noprecise from cornu.) or definite limits, but are somewhat vague and Cornicle.-Ashort blunt horn, or rounded ideal. (L. costa,and from regio.) protuberance. (L. corniculum,diminutive of Costalis (cellula and nervura). - The cell or cornu,ahorn.) nervure nearest the upper margin of each wing. Cornicles.-Hornyadjuncts to the sixth (From L. costa.) abdominal segment of Aphids (Linn.), which Costate.-Furnished with costñ, - longitudinal constitute the sheaths of certain excretory raised ribs. (L. costa.) ducts, the delicate walls of which traverse their Costate.-(Egg.) Provided with short ribs, interior.Theyrise from the dorsal surface into extending from pole to pole. (L. costa.) more or less long movable erect tubes, which Costiform.-Inthe form of costñ. (L. costa and may be either straight, curved, or vasiform. forma,form.) Corniform.- Horn-shaped; long, mucronate, or Cotyloid Cavities.-The Acetabula; the cavities pointed. (L. cornu,and form.) in which the coxñ move and with which they Corium.-The whole of the elytra, lying outside form a ball-and-socket joint. (Gr. kotule,acup, the clavus, and bounded at the apexbythe and eidos,form; and L. cavitas,ahollow, from membrane, of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. cavus,hollow.) (Saunders.) (L. the hide, rind, skin.) Coxa.-The hip or first joint of the leg, Cornutus.-Horned; in the form of a horn. (L. connecting the subsequent joints of the legto cornutus,horned, from cornu,ahorn.) the body at the thorax. (L.) Coronate.-(Egg.) Surrounded at the superior Coxal.-Pertaining to the coxa. extremity with a circle of strong spines, for the Coxal Glands.-Coxal scent-glands, usually in reception of another egg, whereby theyhang the form of evaginable hypodermal pouches. together.(L. corona,acrown.) (L. coxa,the hip, and glans.) Coronet.-Anellipsoidal ridge, seen in the Cranium.-The carneous covering of the head; puparia of the males of Lecaniinñ. (L. the skull. (Gr. kranion,the skull, and L. corona.) cranium.) Coronula.-Acoronet, or semi-coronet of spines. Crateriform.-Resembling the typical (L. corona.) calathiform, but not so broad or wide. (L. Corpus.-The body; the whole crust of the insect; cratera,abowl, and form,shape, form.) consisting of the exoderma or external Cremaster.-The apexofthe last segment of the covering, and the esoderma or internal cuticle, abdomen. (Gr. kremaster,asuspender.) which lines it. (L. body.) Cremaster.-The stout, triangular,flattened, Costa.-Alongitudinal raised rib.(L. a rib.) terminal spine of the abdomen, which aids the Costa.-(Wing.) The outer margin of the wing pupa in working its way out of the earth, when when it is outspread. (L. costa,arib.) the pupa is subterranean. (Packard.) Costal.-Pertaining to the costa. (L. costa.) The anal hooks by which manypupñ suspend Costal cell (cellula costalis), Costal area (area themselves. (Kirby and Spence.) (Gr. costalis). - That part of the wing lying between kremaster.) the anterior margin and the costal nervure. If Crenate, Crenulate.-Furnished with small blunt the cell is divided by minor nervures-the costal teeth, which takethe form of segments of small cells or cellulñ costales.(L. costa,arib, and circles. (L. crena,anotch.) area.) Crepera.-Agleam of paler colour upon a dark Costal nervure (nervuracostalis). - The first ground. (L. creper,obscure.) principal nerveofthe wing, it is the strong Crepuscle, Crepuscule.-Twilight. (L. nervure which runs along the upper edge of crepusculum,adiminutive of creper,dusky.) each wing, either on the extreme edge or just Crepuscular.-Active during the twilight. (L. belowit. (L. costa,and Gr. neuron,anerve.) crepusculum). Costal region (regio costalis). - The wings of Cretaceous.-Chalky; composed of or likechalk. insects present a somewhat triangular figure; (L. creta,chalk.) the upper portion or side of this figure is called Cribellum.-Asieve-likeplate which narrows the costal region; the outer portion or side, the anteriorly and opens as a small slit at the base

23 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

and near the upper surface of the mandibles. Cubitus.-The second nervure of the exterior (L. a small sieve,diminutive of cribrum,a margin of the wing, extending from the base to sieve.) the carpus. (L. cubitus.) Crinite, Crinitus.-When very long flexible hairs Cubitus.-The area lying between the anal area thinly coveraspace on the surface. (L. crinis, and media of the wing. hair.) Cucullate, Cucullated.- Hooded, cone-shaped. Crisp.-(Margin.) When the limb is (L. cucullatus,hooded.) disproportionately larger than the disc so as to Cucullus.-Ahood, a cone-shaped covering. (L. render the margin unevenwith irregular rise ahood.) and fall. (L. crispus,curled.) Cucumiform.-Cucumber-shaped in form. The Cristate.-Having one or twovery elevated lines longitudinal section is oblong, and the usually crenate. Crested; tufted. (L. cristatus, transverse circular.(The b.isexcrescent; M.E. tufted.) cucumer -L.cucumerem,acc. of cucumis,a Croceus.-Yellow, likethe blossom of the crocus. cucumber; and forma.) (L. and Gr.yellow, saffron.) Cultelli.- The “knives”; the upper pair of Crop.-Athin walled sac situated in the thorax, instruments of suction, representing the and part of the abdomen, and when present is mandibulæ of a perfect mouth. (L. culter,a an enlargement of the end of the œsophagus, knife.) and lined internally with a muscular coat. Culus.-The orifice at the end of the anus. (L. (A.S. cropp,top, the caw.) the fundament.) Cross nerve.-(M.E. cros,from Icel. kross, Cultrate.-Coulter-shaped, straight on one side, adopted from O. Irish cros.-L. cruc-em,acc. and curved on the other.(L. culter,aknife, of crux,across; and Gr. neuron,anerve.) See coulter of a plough. ) Subœsophageal commissure. Cum.-Latin; with. Cruciate.-Divided to the middle into four Cuneate, Cuneatum, Cuniform.-Wedge- opposite arms, the angles being either four shaped. (L. cuneus,awedge.) right ones, or twoobtuse and twoacute; Cuneus.-The external-apical angle of the corium cruciform. (L. cruciatus,crucified, to put in when separated off, as in the Capsidñ, the form of a cross, from crucio.) Cimicidñ,etc. (Saunders.) (L. a wedge.) Cruciform.-Inthe form of a cross, cross-shaped. Cuneiform.-Wedge-shaped; whose vertical (L. crux (genit. crucis)across, and forma, section is cuneate, and horizontal shape.) parallelogrammic. (L. cuneus and forma, Crusta.-The shell of a crustacean. (L. crusta, form.) the crust, the hard surface of a body.) Cupreus.-Coppery,bright coppery colour.(L. Crustacea.-Aclass of the articulata, including cuprum.) lobsters, shrimps, and wood-lice, so called Cupule.-Asmall cup-shaped organonthe end from the crust-likeshell which covers the body of the tarsi of certain male insects, and used as and legs. (L. crusta,the hard surface of the suckers. (A.S. cuppe,acup. - Late L. cuppa, body.) variant of L. cupa,atub, in Late L., a drinking Crustaceñ.-(Proalæ) When composed of a hard, vessel.) brittle substance which neither bends nor folds Cupuliferous.-Bearing cupules. (For Der.see without injury.(See Coriaceæ in above,and L. fero,tobear.) contradistinction.) (L. crusta.) Cupuliform.-Cup-shaped. (L. cupula,alittle Crustaceous.-Rigid and calcareous in tub, a cup, diminutive of cupa,atub; and substance. (L. crusta.) forma,form.) Crystalline.-Transparent likecrystal. The white Cura Cerebri.-Two large nervecords transparent splendour of crystal. (From Gr. connecting the supra- and subœsophageal krystallos,ice, and from kryos,icy cold.) ganglia and with them forming the œsophageal Cubital-cellule.-The portion of the wing ring. (L. cura,care, from caro,totakecare between the radial-cellule and the nervewhich for; and cerebrum.) originates near the extremity of the cubitus. Curcumbitate.-(Egg.) Melon-shaped. Cubital nervure.-The nervure situated between (Apparently derivedfrom the name of the the median and anal nervures of the wing. (L. turmeric plant curcuma longa,ofEast Indian cubitus,abend, and Gr. neuron.) origin.)

24 The Dictionary of Entomology

Cursorial.-Adapted for running. (L. curso, cadere,tofall.) cursare,torun.) Declivous.-Gradually sloping. (L. de,and Cursory.-Formed for running. (LowL. clivus,aslope.) cursorius,from L. cursor,arunner,from Decolorate.-When the colour appears to be cursus,pa. par.ofcurro,torun.) discharged from anypart. (L. decolor,faded.) Cuspidate.-Sharply pointed; having a sharp- Decrepitant.-Crackling (Say). (L. de,and point likeaspear.(L. cuspis,apoint). crepitus,noise [crepare,tocrackle.]). Cuspidal.-Pointed; ending in a point. (L. Decumbent.-Bending downwards; upright at the cuspis.) base, and bending down at the tip. (From L. Cutellate.-Knife-like. (Scand, M.E. cutten,a decumbo,tolie down.) weak verb, to cut. Of Scand. origin, but the Decurved.-Bent downwards. - (L. de,and traces of it are few. + Swed, kotta,tocut. kuta, curvus,bent.) kata,tocut with a small knife.) Decurrent.-Closely attached to and running Cutella.-Aknife. (L.) down another body.(L. de,and curro,torun.) Cuticle.-The skin, or covering of the body. Decussated.-Arranged in pairs which (Derma, Dermis.) (L. cuticula,diminutive of alternately cross each other.(L. decusso,to cutis,skin.) cross.) Cuticula.-The cuticle. (L.) Deflexed.-Bent down. (L. de,and fecto, flexum, Cuticular.-Pertaining to the cuticle. (L. cutis.) to bend.) Cutting teeth.-[See Dentes incisivi.] Dehiscent.-Gaping apart towards the apex. (L. Cyaneous.-Tinged with blue. (L.) dehisco,togape.) Cyaneus.-Bright blue. (L.) Deltoid.-Triangular spear-shaped; (Say). (Gr. Cyathiform.-Cup-shaped, (the mouth being deltoeides,triangular, delta,atriangle, eidos, wider than in Cupuliform). More or less like.) obconical and concave inshape. (Mod. L. Demi-.-Aprefix signifying half. (F.) cyathiformis,from L. cyathus,a cup; and Demidiate.-Half round. (L. dimidium,acc. forma,shape, form.) half.) Cyclolabia.-The term applied to the shorter Dendroid.-Shrub-like, having the appearance of forms of forceps of the Forficulidñ (Earwigs) alittle tree. (Gr. dendron,atree, and eidos, when these organs are of variable length. like.) (Burr.) (Gr. kuklos,acircle, and L. labia,alip Dentate.-Toothed; furnished with tooth-like [?]). prominences. (From L. dentatus,toothed.) Cydariform.-Globose, but truncate at two Dentate-serrate.-Tooth-serrated; the opposite sides. denticulations being themselves serrated on Cylindraceous.-Cylindrical. (Gr. kylindros,a their edges. roller.) Dentate-sinuate.-When the denticulations are Cylindrate.-(Egg.) Cylindrical, shaped likea sinuate. cylinder.(Gr. kylindros,aroller.) Dentes.- Teeth; the pointed processes situated on Cymbiform.-Boat-shaped; navicular.(L. the inner side of the mandibulñ. (L. dens,a cymba,aboat, a skiff.) tooth.) Cytotheca.-(Gr. kutos,the skin, and theca,a Dentes incisivi.-Cutting teeth; superior, case.) See Thoracotheca. compressed, sharp-edged processes situated on the inner side of the mandibulñ. (L. dens,and incido,tocut into.) D Dentes laniarii, canina.-Canine teeth; when the De-.-ALatin prefix signifying down, or away cutting teeth are very sharp and conical. (L. from. It sometimes negativesand sometimes dens,and canis,adog.) intensifies the sense. Dentes molares.-Grinding teeth; are the inferior Deaurate.-Ametallic hue, which appears as if thicker teeth on the mandibulñ, and which are the gilding was worn off. (From L. deauro,to provided with a broad grinding surface. (L. gild.) dens,and molo,grind.) Decaton.-The tenth segment of insects. (From Denticulate.-(Diminutive ofdentate.) L. decem,ten.) Furnished with small teeth. The term is used Deciduous.-Falling offeasily.(L. de,down, and loosely.(From dens,atooth.)

25 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Denuded, Denudated.-Destitute of covering. Dilatate.-Disproportionately broad in part. (L. (Wings.) Without hairs or scales. (L. denudo, dilato, dilatus,tomakebroad.) to makebare.) Dilutus.-Pale in colour.(L. diluted.) Deorsum.-(Direction.) Downwards. (L.) Dimerous.-Composed of twopieces; in parts Dependent.-Hanging down. (L. dependo,to arranged in pairs. (Gr. di,and meros,apart.) hang down.) Dimidiate fascia.-Afascia traversing only half Depressed.-Flattened as if by pressure from the wing. (L. dimidium,the half, from dis,and above;often used as in opposition to medius,the middle; and fascia,aband.) ªcompressedº - flattened by lateral pressure. Dimidius.-Half an inch. The term is universally (L. deprimo, depressum,topress down.) used to indicate ªhalf the size.º(Forexample, Depressors.-Wing muscles, attached to the dimidio minus,half as large; dimido majus,by wing-root, outside the fulcrum. (L. deprimo, one half larger; dimido latus,byone half depressum.) broader,etc.) In the same way the comparative Derma, Dermis.- The cuticle or skin. (Gr. numerals are applied, triplex, quadriplex, etc. derma,the skin, from dero,toflay.) Thus, one third as large, triplo-minus;three Dermal.-Pertaining to the derma. times as large, triplo-majus;one-fourth as Dermata.-(Pupa.) When the prior skin is large, quadruplo-minus;four times as large, retained, and no trace of the situation of limbs quadruplo-majus.Quincuplexand sextuplex is visible. (Gr. derma,the skin.) are seldom, if ever, used. (L.) Detonant.-Emitting a sudden noise. (L. de,and Dimorphic, Dimorphous.-Presenting two tono,tothunder.) distinct types in the same sex. (Gr. di,and Deuto-.-From the Greek deuteros,second, and morphe,form.) used as a prefix. Dioptrate.-Applied to an ocellate spot, of which Deutocerebrñ.-The second segment of the the pupil is divided by a transverse line. head, the antennal segment, whose appendages Dioptrate ocellus.-Afenestrate ocellus divided develop into feelers, appearing first behind the by a transverse line. (From Gr. dia,through; mouth, but moving as growth proceeds. (Gr. and optomai,tosee.) deuteros,second; and L. cerebrum,brain.) Diptera.-Afamily of hexapoda. An order of Deutocerebron.-The mid-brain, consisting of insects including the true flies, as the common the olfactory nerve-centres. (Gr. deuteros, house-fly,which possess only twowings and second; and L. cerebrum,brain.). twohalteres. (Gr. di,two,and pteron,awing.) Di-.-AGreek prefix signifying double or two. Dis-.-ALatin prefix, denoting separation, a (Gr. dis,twice.) parting from; away; and having therefore the Dia-.-AGreek prefix signifying through. force of a privative and negative. Diaphanous.-Transparent, but less purely than Disc.-The middle of the central portion. (L. hyaline. (Gr. diaphanes.) See Pellucid. discus.) Dichotomous.-Dividing regularly into pairs. Disc.-The centre of the superficies externa. (L. (Gr. dicha,intwo parts, and temno,tocut.) discus,and from caro,flesh.) Didymous.-When a pair of spots, etc., touch, or Discal cell.-(Wing.) See Cellula discoidalis. are confluent; twin. (Gr. didymos,twin.) See Discoidal.-Pertaining to the disc; likethe disc in Geminous. form. (L. discus,and eidos,like.) Diffracted.-Bending in different directions. (L. Discoloured, Discolorate.- When the same part dis,apart, and frango,tobreak.) of an insect has different colours. Forexample, Diffuse.-Spreading. (L. diffundo,topour legs are called discoloured when the anterior abroad, from dis,away, and fundo,topour.) are red and the posterior black. (L. dis and Digitate.-Widened and divided likethe hand, if color,colour.) slender and elongate; if not slender and Discrete, Discreted.-The term used to showone elongate the term ªpalmateº is used. (From L. part is well defined, or marked offfrom the digitus,afinger or toe.) other.(L. discretus,toseparate.) Digitules.-Appendages usually present on the Discus.-The central portion of the wing. (L. feet of the Coccidñ, either broadly dilated or in discus.) See Costal region. the form of knobbed hairs. (From L. digitus.) Discus of Maxilla.-The disc or stalk of the Digitus.-The toe or ªfootº; the remaining joints maxilla, the second portion adjoining the of the tarsus taken together.(L.) insertion. (L. discus,and maxilla,the jaw.)

26 The Dictionary of Entomology

See Insertion. dorsum,and M.E. vessel.) Discussating.-Nervefibres crossing each other. Dorsolum.-That portion of the superior surface (L. dis,and quatio,toshake.) which lies between the collare and scutellum, Dispersed.-Having the surface markings upon which are found the pteropega.(L. from resembling spots standing apart. (L. dis,and dorsum,the back.) spargo, sparsum,toscatter.) Dorsum.-The inner margin of a wing. (L.) Dissilient.-Bursting open elastically.(L. dis, Dorsum.-The back, or upper part of the body. and salio,toleap.) (L.) Distant.-When parts are separated from each Double ocellus.-When two eyes of colour are other by a suture,orincisure.(Fr. distant,- included in the same circle or spot. (L. duo, distans,pres. pt. of distare,tostand apart). two, and plus,orplenus,full, from pleo,tofill, Distant (ant. distantes). - (Antennñ.) - The term and ocellus,alittle eye.) used when the base of the antennñ are placed Ductus ejaculatorius.-The ejaculatory duct. very widely apart. (L. dis,and sto,tostand). (L.) Distichous (distichñ). - (Antennñ.) When the processes of a pectinate antenna originate from the apexofthe joint, and do not incline at right E angles to the sides, but bend forwards at acute E-.-Aform of ex. (See Ex.) angles. (From Gr. dis,twice, and stichos,a Ecailles.-The term Lacaze-Duthiers givestothe row.) sting darts and sheath of the family Dasygastrñ Distinct.-When spots, puncta, granules, etc., do or Gastrilegides, when theyare prolonged not touch, or run into each other,but are laterally into curved sclerites. individually separate. (O. F. distinct,-L. Ecalcarate.-Without a spur,orhorn. (L. e=ex, distinctus,distinguished.) without, and calcar,aspur.) Divaricate.-Used of twoparts that are Ecaudate, Excaudate.-(Wing.) Destitute of contiguous at the base and very strongly tail-likeprocesses. (L. e,without, and cauda,a dihescent; forked, or parted into twobranches. tail.) (L. dis,and varico,tostraddle.) Ecdysis.-The casting of the skin; moulting. (Gr. Divaricate.-Standing out very wide. Forked or ekduo,tostrip off.) divided into twobranches. Branching offsoas Echinate.-When the dispersed elevations rise to form an obtuse angle above and an acute very high and are very thin. (From Gr. echinos, angle below. (L. dis,and varico.) ahedgehog.) See Muricate. Diverticula.-Ahollowappendage branching Echinatus.-When the surface is covered with from the intestinal canal, and terminating in a pustules produced into spines. (Gr. echinos.) cul de sac. (L. diverticulum,aby-road, or See Muricate. digression.) Ectoderm or Epiblast.-Anouter layer of cells Dolabriform.-Hatchet-shaped. Flat, with a formed by the surface cells overgrowing the prominent keel and cylindrical base. (L. open edges of the invagination of the dolabra,anaxe,and forma,shape.) blastoderm. (Gr. ektos,outside, and derma, Dorsal.-Pertaining to the back, or upper surface. skin.) See Endoderm. (From L. dorsum,the back.) Ectotrachea.-The outer or peritoneal membrane Dorsal segments.-Transverse segments of the covering the tracheñ. (Gr. ektos,outside, and back, the sides of which often lap overand trachea.) coverthose of the ventral segments. (L. Edentate.-Without teeth. (L. edentatus, dorsum,and seco,tocut.) toothless.) Dorsal spiracles.-Lateral breathing pores seen Edentulous.-Destitute of teeth. (L. edentatus.) in the dorsal segments, and which are often Edge.-The Margin. (L. acies,edge.) See Acies. covered by the preceding segment. (L. dorsum, Egg.-Ovum. (Icel. eg g.A.S. ñg.) and spiritus,breath, from spiro,tobreathe.) Egg-guide.-The movable, triangular plate which Dorsal vessel.-Aslender tube opening from the bounds the oviduct on the ventral side; hindermost chamber of the heart, and running especially seen in Acrydiidñ. (eg g,and F. the length of the abdomen on the median line, guider,toguide.) being attached to the dorsal wall of the Ejaculatory duct (Ductus ejaculatorius). - The segments by several triangular muscles. (L. duct which ejects the spermatozoa, formed by

27 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

the twosperm cells joining to form the tube. (Gr. endon,and derma,the skin.) (L. e and jacio, jactum,tothrow, and ductum, Endopodite.-The second part of the maxilla. to lead.) (Gr. endon,within, and pous,from podos, Elastes.-The elastic organs on the ventral foot.) See Stipes. segments which assist in the act of leaping. Endoskeletal rods.-Apodemes. (Gr. endon, (Gr. elao, elaso,todrive orurge.) within, and E. skeleton.) Elevators.-Wing muscles, attached to the lower Endotrachea.-The inner membrane lining the region of the thorax-wall, and fixed to the trachea, and which is a continuation of the wing-root inside the fulcrum. (L. e,and levo, cuticle of the integument. (Gr. endon and, to rise, from levis,light.) trachea.) Ellipticum.-Elliptical in surface shape. (Gr. Ennaton.-The ninth segment in insects. (Gr. elleipsis.) ennea,nine.) Elongate.-(Antennñ.) In relation to the body; Ensate.-Gradually tapering till it ends in a point; the term is used when the antennñ is the same sword-like. (L, ensis,asword.) length as the body.(L. e,and longus,long.) Ensiform.-Sword-shaped. (L. ensis,asword, Elytrum,pl. Elytra.-The wing cases; the fore- and forma,shape.) wings of Coleoptera. (Gr. elyo,towrap up.) Entire.-Without excision, emargination, or Em-.-Aform of the English prefix en. projection. (From O. F. entier,whole, L. Emarginate.-Apiece cut out of the margin; integrum,whole, acc. of integer.) notched. (L. e,and margo,the edge.) Entomoline.-The name Lassaigne gav e to chitin Embolium.-The latero-basal portion of the (Gr. entomon,aninsect, and linon,thread corium when separated off, as in the cimicidñ. [chitin3.] (Saunders.) (Gr. embolos,awedge, a graft.) Entomology.-The science which treats of Embossed.-The sculpture ªthrown upº; raised insects; a branch of Zoology.(Gr. entomon,an above the surface. (F.- L. and Gr.From Em-, insect, and logos,science.) prefix; and Boss. (boss,from F. bosse,a Entomophagous.-Insect-eating. (Gr. entomon, swelling), Or (F.-Late L.) O.F. embosquer,to and phago,toeat.) shroud, - O.F. em- (L, in), in.) Entothorax.-The portion formed by the Empodium.-The term used for the pulvilli apodemes which pass up from the sternum. according to the order of the insect. (L. em or (Audouin.) (Gr. entos,within, and thorax.) im,in, and podium,apedestal.) Ep-, Epi-.- A Greek prefix, signifying on, or En-.-Aprefix representing the Greek en, upon. signifying in, or,on; the Latin in,signifying in Epiblas.-The outer layer of cells in an embryo. or into; or the Saxon em,signifying to make, to (Gr. epi,and blastos,abud.) See Ectoderm. surround, or to intensify the meaning. Epicnemis.-Anaccessory joint at the base of the Encephalum.-The brain of insects consists of tibia in manyArachnida, which does not appear twoganglia, one of which passes overthe to have separate motion. (Gr. epi,on, and from pharynx, and the other beneath it; both are nemo,todistribute). connected by means of nervous cords, which Epicranium.-The crown; the dorsal and run from the upper to the under,and which posterior surface of the head, from the front embrace the úsophagus. (Janet). (Gr. en,and across the vertextothe posterior cavity.(Gr. kephale,the head.) epi,on, and, kranium,the skull.) Edentulous.-Destitute of teeth. (From L. e.(ex), Epidermal, Epidermic, Epidermidal.- and dens,atooth.) Pertaining to, like, or applied to the epidermis; Endo-.-AGreek prefix extensively used in covering the skin. (Gr. epi,on, and derma,the scientific terms, signifying within (endon). skin.) Endoblast.-Aninner layer formed by the Epidermis.-The cuticle or outer skin. (Gr. epi, invaginated cells of the invagination of the on, and derma.) blastoderm. (From Gr. endon,within, and Epididymis.-The convoluted mass of tubes blastos,agrowth or germ.) comprising some twenty folded bundles formed Endoderm or hypoblast.-The inner embryonic by the vas deferens. (Dufour.) (Gr. epi,upon, cell layer arising from twocell masses situated and didumos,atesticle.) at either end of the embryo in the neighbourhood of the fore-gut and the hind-gut. 3. Cassell'sEncyclopñdic Dictionary,1887, p. 344, par.3.

28 The Dictionary of Entomology

Epigastrium.-The first entire ventral segment. Eucone eyes.-Eyes which have the cones It includes the Mucro, and Tympana. (Gr. epi, perfectly developed though theymay vary on, and gaster,the belly.) much in form. (Gr. eu,well, and konos,a Epimerum,pl. Epimera.-The ªflanks,ºthe cone.) point of union of the legs to the lower arcs of Evagination.-Atubular organ, as if turned the segment formed by the pleurites. (Gr. epi, inside-out, protruding by eversion. (L. and meros,the thigh.) evaginatus.] [PM] Epiopticon.-The second swelling of the optic Ex-.-A Latin prefix signifying out, out of, tract. (Gr. epi,and optikos,pertaining to sight.) proceeding from, and sometimes beyond and Epipharynx.-A small valvesituated under the not. Labrum, that in manyHymenoptera closes the Exarate.-Having furrows with perpendicular Pharynx, and is an appendage of its upper margins. (L. ex,and arare,toplough.) margin. Synonymous with lingua. (Gr. epi, Exaratus.-Sulcated. (L. ex,and aro,toplough.) and pharnyx.) Exarticulate.-(Antennñ). Having but one joint; Epipleura.-The deflexedmargin of the elytra similarly biarticulate - twojointed; triarticulate immediately beneath the edge. (Gr. epi,and -three-jointed, etc. (L. ex,and artus,ajoint.) pleura.) Excaudate, Ecaudate.-(Wing.) Destitute of Episternum.-The plate situated between the tail-likeprocesses. (L. ex,and cauda,atail.) epimerum and sternum. (Gr. epi,and sternum, Excind, Excindate.-When the end has an the breast.) angular notch taken out. (L. ex,and, cœsum,to Epistoma.-That part of the face between the cut.) front and labrum, equivalent to the anticlypeus. Excision.-Apiece cut off, or out. (L. ex,and (Gr. epi,and stoma,amouth.) cœsum,tocut.) Epistomis.-Latreille'sterm for the clypeus. (Gr. Excurved.-Curved outwards. (L. ex,and epi,and stoma.) curvus,curved.) Epupillate.-Anocellate spot lacking a pupil. Exo-.-AGreek prefix signifying on the outside, (L, e,and pupillus,the pupil.) without. Equate.-Without larger partial elevations or Exochorion.-(Embryology.) - The remains of depressions. (L. æquus,equal, from Skt. eka, the epithelium of the ovarian follicle. (L. ex, one.) and chorion.) Equitant.-Folded one upon the other.(L. Exoderma.- The external covering, or skin. (L. equitans,riding.) exo,and derma,skin.) Eroded.-(Edge.) Possessing irregular teeth and Exopodite.-The third part of the maxillary palp - emarginations. Gnawed. (L. erodo,tognaw always three-jointed. (L. exo,and pous, podos, off.) foot, and suffix ite.) Erose.-Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into Explanate.-Widened out, expanded. (L. ex,and smaller irregular notches, as if gnawed. (From planus,aplain.) L. e,and rodo, rosum,tognaw.) Exscalpate.-Having a variety of irregular Erosus.-Having the appearance of being longitudinal depressions. (L. ex,and scalpo,to gnawed, due to the irregularity of the incisions. cut.) (From L. rodo, rosum.) Ex-scutellate.-Having no scutellum. (L. ex,and Erect.-Nearly vertical. - (L. e,and rectus, scutum.) straight.) Exserted.-Protruded, opposed to inclosed. (L. Eruca.-Larva. (L. acaterpillar.) exsero,tothrust out.) Eruciform Larva.-The soft-skinned worm-like Exsertum.-(Head.) Thrust forth; free. (L. grub which prevails among the most highly exsero.) See Free. developed insects-moths, flies, ants, bees, etc. Extensor Femoral.-One of the femoral muscles (L. eruca,and forma,model, and larva,a passing through the haunch and trochanter. mask.) (From L. extensor,and femur, femoris,the Escutellatus.-Without a scutellum. (L. e (ex), thigh.) and scutum,ashield.) Exterior Edge.-(Wing.) The edge of the wing Esoderma.-Afibrous cuticle lining the extending from the base to the apex. (L. exoderma. (Gr. eso,within, and derma,the exterior,from exter,onthe outside, and M.E. skin.) eg g e,edge.)

29 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Exterior Margin.-(Wing.) The exterior edge. curved in the form of a sickle. (L. falx,and (L. exterior,and margo,the margin.) forma,form.) Exterior Palpi.- The maxillary palpi. (L. Fallopian Tubes.-See oviduct. (The name exterior,and palp,the lip.) Fallopian tubes is so called after an Italian Exterior Region (regio exterior).-(Wing.) (L. anatomist, Fallopius,mistakenly regarded as exterior,and regio,aregion.) See Costal the discoverer.) region. Farinose.-Pertaining to a mealy appearance. External Chiasma.-The chiasmatic fibres of the (From L. farina,meal.) external medullary mass. (L. externus,and Gr. Fascia.-Acoloured band. Abroad transverse chiasma,the mark of a χ (chi)orcross.) band. (L. fascia,aband.) External Medullary Mass.-The second Fascia.-Abroad transverse stripe; a stripe, swelling of the optic tract, the epiopticon. which is broader than a line. (L. fascia.) External Ovipositor (ovipositor exertus). - (L. Fasciatus, Fasciate.-Having a broad transverse externus,external; ovum,anegg, and positum, stripe. (From L. fascia.) to place.) See Ovipositor. Fascicle, Fascicule.-Abundle of long hair.(L. External Paramera.- The whole group (except fasciculus.) the internal paramera) of the genital Fasciculate.-(Antennæ.) Every joint possessing appendages of the male: - the stipites, volsellæ, adistinct pencle, or long hair.(From L. and laciniæ. (Verhöffand Emery.) fasciculus,alittle bundle.) Extra-.-ALatin prefix denoting outside of; Fasiculate.-Possessing fascicules. (L, beyond usual; in excess. fasciculus.) Extra-ocular (ant. extra-ocularis). - (Antennæ.) Fastigiate.-Flat-topped; equal in height. (L. Placed very distant from the eyes; inserted on fastigiatus.) the outside of the eyes. (L. extra,and oculus, FatCells.-Large masses filling out all the the the eye.) spaces between the viscera. Theyare filled Extrorsum.-(Direction.) Outwards. (L. with fat globules, and are of mesodermal extrorsus,from extra,without.) origin. (A.S. fñt,and L. cella,acell.) Exuvia,pl. exuviñ.-Cast-offskin. (L.) Fatiscent.-Spontaneously mouldering and EyeofColour.- The term of comparison falling to pieces in the air.(Say.) (L. fatisco,to between the ocellus - the true eye, and the gape open.) ocellus - the eye of colour,sofrequently seen Fauna.-Animals indigenous to anyregion or upon the wings of Lepidoptera. (M.E. eye, period, as protected by the fauns. (L. faunus, eighe). from faun,-faveo,tofavour.) Fav ose.-Resembling honey-comb.(L. favus, honey-comb.) F Fecundation.-The act of impregnation. (From Facets.-The lenses or divisions of the eyes. - The L. fecundo,tomakefruitful.) eyes are said to be coarsely or finely faceted Feet.-Org ans of locomotion situated beneath the according to the number and size of these. (Fr. body.(Say.) (A.S. fet,singular fot.) facette). Female pronucleus.-The nucleus of the egg- Faceted Eye.-The compound eye. cell. (L, femina,awoman, and pro,and Facies.-General aspect of a species, genus, or nucleus,from nux,anut.) group of insects. (L. facies,aspect.) Femoris caput.-The head of the femur (L. Facies.- The face; the upper surface of the head, femur, femoris,and caput,head.) See Femur. it includes all the parts that lie between its Femoris scapus.-(L. femur, femoris,and scapus, junction with the prothorax and the labrum; ashaft.) See Femur. viz.,nasus, postnasus, frons, occiput, genæ, Femoris trochanter.-(L. femur, femoris,and Gr. tempora, oculi, stemmata, and antennæ. (L. trochanter,arunner.) See Femur. facies,face.) Femur.-The thigh, a long stout joint, connected Falcata.-(Lacinia.) Acute and bent overtow ards anteriorly with the trochanter,and posteriorly the opposite lacinia; sickle-shaped. (L. with the Tibia,itpossesses free movement, and falcatus,from falx, falcis,asickle.) is composed of three pieces the separation of Falcate.-Resembling a sickle. (L. falcatus.) which is marked by strong sutural lines, these Falciform.-(Mandibulæ). When long and are called the first, second, and third joints of

30 The Dictionary of Entomology

the femur - femoris caput; femoris trochanter, Flabellate, Flabelliform.-Fan-shaped., with the and femoris scapus.When twoparts only are upper portion prolonged into long branches. discernible, theyare the second and third parts; Having long thin processes lying flat on each when only one it is the third part, and is alone other likethe folds of a fan. (L. flabellum,a called the thigh, or femur.(L. femur, femoris, fan.) the thigh.) Flabellum.-A curious flattened, notched process Fenestrñ.-Tw o white patches situated at the which overhangs the base of certain thoracic inner side of the antennñ. (L. fenestra,a hairs of some of the Culicidñ larvñ. (L. a fan.) window.) Flagellate.-Possessing flagella; possessing a Fenestrate ocellus.-When the eyeofcolour has flagellum. (L. flagellatus,pa. par.offlagello, atransparent spot. (L. fenestra,and ocellus,an to whip.) eye.) Flagelliform.-Resembling a flagellum; whip- Fenestrate.-Anepithet applied to transparent like; whip-shaped. (L. flagelli,genitive of spots on the wings of insects. (L. fenestra.) flagellum.) Fenestrated.-Marked with, or having, Flagellum.-The terminal portion of the antennñ transparent spots, surrounded by a darker situated beyond the pedicellus; the apex. (L.) colour.(L. fenestra.) Flagellum.-The joints of the antennñ - the Ferreous.- Metallic greyofpolished iron. (L. scape, or first, being excepted - of the ferrum,iron.) Hymenoptera aculeata. (L.) Ferruginous.-Pertaining to a rust-red colour. Flasked-shaped sensillñ.- Ampullaceous (L. ferrum.) sensillñ of an exaggerated form. The chitinous Fetid.-(Scent.) A disagreeable smell. (L. ampulla being greatly lengthened and fútidus,stinking.) attenuated to form a narrowsac enclosing the Filñ.-Threads. (L. filum,athread.) sense hair,and to connect by means of a Filaceous.-Possessing filñ. (L. filum.) slender tube with the integumental pore. Filate.-(Margin.) When the edge is separated by Flavescent.-Being of a somewhat yellowcolour. achannel, often producing a very thin thread- (L. flavus,yellow.) likemargin. (L. filum.) Flavo-virens.-Bright green, with yellow Filiate, Filiform.-Thread-likeinappearance. predominating. (L. flavus,and virens,green.) (L. filum.) Flavus.-Pure, clear yellow. (L. flavus.) Filiform.-(Antennñ.) Uniform throughout, like Flegellum.-Awhip-likeappendage; a whip-like athread. (L. filum.) bristle. (L. awhip.) Filippi'sGlands.-Two whitish lobated masses in Flexor femoral.-The second femoral muscle, the labium on each side of the common duct of attached within the outer face of the trochanter. the spinning gland of larvñ. (Blanc.). (L. flexum,tobend, and femur.) Outgrowths of the spinning gland provided with Flexuous, Flexuose.-Almost zig-zag; winding; peculiar excretory cells, or evaginations of the wavering; curving. (L. flexum,tobend.) entire glandular epithelium. (Packard.) Floats.-Four respiratory sacs situated, twoonthe Fimbria.-Afringe; an ornamental appendage to thorax and twoonthe seventh segment of aborder; something resembling a fringe. (L.). Culicidñ (Corethra)larvñ, which as they Fimbriate.-(Antennñ.) Setaceous, and each mature become filled with air,and serveas joint furnished with a single hair on the side. floats. (Theobald.) (A.S. flotian.) (From L. fimbria.) Flocculus.-Ahairy or bristly appendage of the Fimbriate.-Fringed with hair of irregular length. posterior apophysis in a fewofthe (L. fimbria.) Hymenoptera. (L. floccus,aflock, of wool.) Fissate.-(Surface.) Appearing as if broken. (L. Fluviatile.-Inhabiting rivers, as the larvñ of fissum,tocleave.) manyinsects. (L. fluviatilis,pertaining to Fissure.-Acrevice. (L. fissura.) rivers.) Fistula.-The intermediate subquadrangular pipe, Fútid Glands.-(Orthoptera). Small sac-like formed by the union of the twobranches of the glands the walls of which possess numerous Antlia, which conveysthe nectar to the hypodermal and glandular cells, provided with pharynx. (L. fistula,apipe.) apassage through which the scent-fluid is Fistular.-Hollow, applied to a hollowcylinder. forced by the pressure exerted by the dermal (L. a pipe.) muscles. (Vosseler.) (L. fúteo,tostink.)

31 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Foliaceous.-Very thin, scarcely thicker than a nevercovered by the thorax. (M.E. fre;A.S. leaf; leaf-likeinappearance. (L. folium,aleaf.) freo,+,Ger. frei.) Foliolñ.- Leaf-likeappendages of the telum. (L. Free.-Unrestrained in articulated movement, not folium.) soldered at the point of contact. (E., M.E. fre; Follicle.-Asmall sac or bag. (L. folliculus.) A.S. freo,+,Ger. frei.) Follicular.-Possessing or made up of follicles. Free Pupñ.-Pupñ which have the appendages (L. folliculus) and limbs free, and not fused to the outer case; Folliculus.-(L. follis,alittle bag.) See for example, pupñ of the beetles, lace-wing Incunabulum. flies, caddis-flies, ants, wasps, and bees. (M.E. Food-reservoir.-The ªSucking stomach.º(A.S. fre,and L. pupa.) foda,and F. reservoir.) Frons.-The front, forehead, or brow; that portion ªFoot.º - The last part of the leg, the tarsus. of the head between the posterior margin of the (M.E. fot, foot,pl. fet, feet.A.S. fol,pl. fet.) clypeus between the eyes, to where the head See Tarsus. commences to be flattened out. That part of Foramen.-The orifice in the abdomen, through the facies which lies behind the postnasus and which the funiculus passes. (L. foro,tobore.) usually between the posterior part of the eyes. Foramen occipitale.-(L. foro,and occiput.) See The part of the skull between the orbits and the Occipital foramen. vertex. (L. frons, frontis,the forehead.) Forceps.-Pincers, organs for holding - the actual Front.-The fore-face, bounded by the eyes and function is unknown. (L. forceps,pinchers.) the vertex, and often beneath by the epistoma Forcipated.-Resembling forceps; formed likea or the clypeus. (L. frontis.) pair of pincers; to open and close likeforceps. Frontal.(ant. frontalis). - (Antennñ.) Inserted (From L. forceps.) directly upon the brow. (L. frontale - front Fore-stomach.-The Proventriculus. (A.S. fore, stem of frons.) before, and Gr. stomachos.) Frontal area.-Asmall triangular space, marked Fore wing.-See Androconia, Anterior wing, offbysutural lines, lying just above the clypeus Clavus, Elytra, Peritreme, Proalñ, Squamule, in the Hymenoptera Aculeata (ants). Te gmina, Tegula, Upper wing, Wing case. Frontal fissure.-The arcuate impressed line, [PM] seen in Diptera, immediately above the Forfex.-Apair of anal organs which open and antennñ, continuing overthe face to the border shut transversely,and cross each other,like of the mouth. scissors. (L. forfex,apair of shears.) Frontal ganglion.-The three-cornered nerve- Form.-Shape, form. (L. forma.) centre of the three nerves running from the Fornicate.-Concave within and convex with out. subúsophageal ganglion round the úsophagus (L. fornicatus,from fornix,avault.) and uniting above it. Fossorial.-Adapted for digging, burrowing. (L. Frontal lunule.- A small crescent-shaped piece fossio, onis,adigging.) above the antennñ, which in the case of Fossulate.-Furnished with fossulets; having long Cyclorrhapha is typically characteristic. and narrowtrench-likedepressions. (L. fossa, Frontal nerve.-Arises from the anterior border ñ,aditch.) of the frontal ganglion and extends into the Fossulet.-Asomewhat long and narrow clypeus, where it bifurcates. depression. (L. fossa.) Frontal stripe.-Sometimes termed vitta Fo v ea, Fo v eolet.-Alarge round depression on frontalis;the coloured stripe noticeable in some the surface. (L.) Diptera, on the middle of the frons. Fo v eate, Fo v eolate.-Having deep depressions Frontal suture.-The suture separating the which narrowtow ards the bottom. Possessed frontal lunule from that part of the head of foveñ. (L. fovea.) immediately above it. Frequently the suture Fractñ.-(Antennñ.) Broken. (L. fractus,from extends down on either side to as far as the frango,tobreak.) See Geniculate. mouth. Fractate.-(Antennñ.) Having one joint, usually Fulcrum.-The second part, constituting the legs the second from the base, very long, and the of the Hemiptera, it inosculates anteriorly with remaining joints attached to it at an angle. the Coxa, and posteriorly with the thigh or Bent with an elbowasifbroken. (L. fractus.) Femur.(Douglas and Scott.) (L. a prop.) Free.-(Head.) When it is distinctly visible, Fulcrum.-The tongue-bone. (L. fulcrum,a

32 The Dictionary of Entomology

prop.) See Os hyoideum. Gangliform, Ganglioform.- Having the form of Fulgid.-A bright, fiery red colour.(From L. ganglion. (L. ganglion and forma.) fulgidus,shining, glittering.) Ganglion.-Anervecentre; a healthy Fuliginosus.-Soot-likeincolour.(L. fuligo, enlargement of a nerve. (L.) soot.) Ganglion of Median nerve.-[See Median Fulvescent.-Shining-brown; of tawnylustre. nerve.] (From L. fulvus.) Ganglion ventriculare.-The unpaired ganglion, Fulvid, Fulvous.-Tawny;ofatawny yellow; situated in front of the proventriculus. The brownish-yellow, the yellowprevailing. (L. number of these ganglia varies in different fulvus.) orders of insects. Fulvo-ñneous.-Brazen; with a tinge of brownish Ganglionic Plate.-The Periopticon. yellow; (L. fulvus,tawny,and aeneus,brazen.) Gasterotheca.-The abdomen-case, that portion Fumeus.-The colour of smoke. (L.) of the theca enclosing the abdomen. (Gr. Funiculus.-(Antennñ) The joint of the antennñ gaster,the belly,and theca,acase.) between the Scape and the Club.(L. funiculus, Gastric.-Belonging to the stomach. (Gr. acord.) gaster.) Funiculus.-A small cartilaginous cord passing Gastro-ileal folds.-Twelveªdark spotsº lying at through a minute orifice of the post-forñnum the anterior end of the ileum; the boundary just above the point where the petiolus is fixed separating the intestine from the chylific to an opposite hole above it, which enables the stomach, and forming a peculiar valve. insect to elevate or depress the abdomen. (L.) (Minot.) (From Gr. gaster, ileo,and Dan. Furcate, Furcated.- Dividing into two. Forked. folde.) (L. furca,afork.) Gastrula.-The stage of the egg formed by the Furred.-When short decumbent hairs thickly presence of the primitive streak, the invaginated coverany space of the surface. - See Comate blastoderm, the ectoderm and the endoblast. for contradistinction. (F.-O.L.G.) M.E. forre. (From Gr. gaster.) -O.F. forre, fuerre,asheath, a case, whence the Gastrula stage.-(Embryology.) The stage of verb forrer,toline with fur.) embryology,when the primitive streak Fusco-testaceous.-Dull reddish brown on a hard invaginates to allowofthe formation of the background. (L. fuscus,swarthy, and testa,any inner layer.(Gr. gaster.) earthen vessel; tile, brick; shell, animal shell, Geminate.-Arranged in pairs; twin; disposed in etc.) pairs from the same point. (L. geminus,twin.) Fuscous.-Brown or tawny-brown; the colour of Geminous.-When spots, tubercles, puncta, etc., tanned leather; the colour of the otter; of a dark are geminate. (L. geminus.) colour.(L. fuscus,swarthy.) Gemmiparous.-Asexual generation of new Fusi.- The spinners;org ans consisting of two individuals, arising as buds from the body of retractile pieces, issuing from the mammulñ, the parent. (L. geminus,and pario,tobring and rendering threads. (L. fusus,aspindle.) forth.) Fusiform, Fusiformate.- Spindle-shaped, Gena.-The cheek, the lateral part of the head broadest portion at the middle and narrowing just belowthe eyes. (L.) towards the twopoints. (L. fusus,aspindle, Geniculate.-Elbowed, or kneed; having the joint and forma,shape.) alittle bent. (L. genu,the knee.) Genital.-Pertaining to the genitalia. (L. genitalia.) [PM] G Genitalia.-The extended organs of reproduction. Galea.-The outer portion of the endopodite. (L. (L. genitalis,genitals.) galea,ahelmet.) See Lobus Superior. Geometrñ.-Larvñ which alternately elevate and Galeate.-Situated on the dorsal side of the straighten the middle of the body when maxillñ. (L. galea.) See Endopodite. walking, as those constituting the genus Galla.-Aplant gall. (L. galla,agall.) Geometra; opposed to Rectigrade. (L. Galls.-Morbid enlargements of the affected parts geometra,aland measurer.) of a plant, due to parasitic agency. Theyvary Germarium.-The terminal portion of the enormously in form and colour.(L. galla,a ovariole. (F. germe,ayoung shoot, a sprout, gall-nut.) from L. germen.)

33 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Germinal vesicle.-The female pronucleus vegetable food. (L. gramen,and voro,toeat.) containing the germinal spot. (L. germino, Granule.-Avery minute elevation. (L. germinate, and versicula,avesicle.) granulus.) Gestation.-The period during which the female Granular, Granulate.-With small rounded-off is maturing the ova orembryos. (L. gesto,to elevations. (From L. granulus.) carry.) Gressorial.-Adapted for walking. (L. modified Gibbose, Gibbous.-Hump-backed, very convex. L. gressioius,from L. gressus,stepping.) Aterm applied to the surface when it presents Grinding teeth.-See Dentes molares. (E.) A.S. one or more large elevations. (L. gibbus,a grindan,past tense grand,pa. par. grunden. hump.) Allied to L. frendere,tognash; and L. dens,a Gills.-(Scand.) M.E. gille.-Dan. giælle,Swed. tooth.) gal,agill.) See Tracheal gills. Griseus.-Ofagreycolour; grizzled. (Fr. gris, Ginglymus.-Hinge-likearticulation; hinges. gray.) (Gr. ginglymus,amortice-joint.) Grossus.-Large, great in size, or bulk; wide; Gizzard.-The proventriculus, the muscular extensive;abundant; ample. (Fr. gros,from L. stomach designed for crushing the food. (F.- crassus,thick.) L.) M.E. giser (the d being added). - O.F. Guarded.-(Pupñ.) See Pupñ custodiatñ. gegier, jugier, juisier.(F. gésier). - L. (From Fr. garder,and ward.) gigerium,only in pl. gigeria.(Late L. gizeria), Gula.-The underside of the skull. The throat. cooked entrails of poultry.The Stomach. See (L. gula,the throat.) Stomach and Proventriculus. Gular.-Pertaining to the throat. (L. gula.) Glabrate.-Brilliantly glossy.(From L. glaber, Gullet.-The úsophagus, that part of the smooth.) alimentary canal which approaches the head, Glabrous.-Smooth, hairless, and without and the external opening of which is the throat, punctures and sculpture. (From L. glaber.) or pharynx. See Ventricosus, Compositus, and Glassotheca.-The proboscis-case; that portion of Simple. (L. gula,the throat.) the theca enclosing the protruding proboscis Gustatory nerves.-Two thread-likenerves often seen in the pupñ of Lepidoptera; the projecting from the anterior border of the tongue-case. (A.S. glæs,and Gr. theca,a subúsophageal ganglion, which innervate the case.) region of the salivary glands. (Krausse.) (L. Glaucous.-Grey; bluish-green; resembling the gusto,totaste.) colour of the sea. (L. glaucus,grey; blue; sea- Gutta.-Alight spot upon a light ground, viz., green.) white upon yellow; a roundish dot of colour, Globate, Globose.-(Egg.) Perfectly globose, intermediate in size between an atom and a round in all directions; spherical. (L. globus, macula. (L. gutta,aspot.) sphere, ball, etc.) Guttate.-Possessing guttñ; painted with guttñ. Glochis.-Abarbed point. (Gr.) (L. gutta.) Glossñ.-The first lobes of the second maxillñ or Gymnopterñ.-Membranaceous and transparent labium. (Taken from L. glossa,aword needing wings without scales. (Gr. gymno,naked, and explanation; from Gr.the tongue; the root is pteron,awing.) uncertain.) Gyri cerebrales.-(Gr. gyros,a ring; and Gonapophyses.-Processes situated in the genital cerebrum.) See Calyces. pouch of the female insect, which act as forceps for grasping the egg-capsule. (From Gr. gone,seed, physis,agenital power.) H Gonytheca.-The knee-pan; a cavity situated on Habit, Habitus.-The aspect; the general the underside of the apexofthe thigh, to appearance. Used comparatively to express a receive the base of the tibia. (Probably from resemblance in general appearance, apart from the Idg. related bases, which are genu (as in more important markings derivedfrom L.), gonu (as in Gr.), gneu (whence Tent. kneu), organisation. (L. habitus.) the knee, and Gr. theca,acase.) Habitat, Habitation.-The natural abode or Graminaceous.-Having the colour of grass. (L. locality.(L. habito,todwell.) gramen,grass.) Hair-fields.-Spinules. (A.S. hær, hér.) Graminivorus.-Subsisting on grass, or Hair-scales.-Spinules.

34 The Dictionary of Entomology

Halberd-shaped.-Triangular,hollowed out at Turreted, Versatile, Vertex. [PM] the base and sides. (Gr. helm,and barte,an ªHeart.º - A straight chambered tube running axe.) along the middle line of the thorax and Halteres.-Two small knobbed appendages rising abdomen under the chitinous covering. (A.S. from each side of the thorax in the order hoerte.) Diptera just where the posterior pair of wings Heels.-The term Leach uses for the spinulñ. would arise were theypresent, and to which (A.S. hela.) theyare analogous. Theytend to balance the Hemelytra.-The upper organs of flight, when insect in flight, and are sometimes termed the theyare corneous or coriaceous at the base, and balancers, or poisers, or malleoli. (Gr. membranous at the apex. (Gr. hemi,half, and halteres,weights held in the hand to give and elytron,from elyo,towrap up.) impetus whilst leaping; Gr. hallomai,toleap.) Hemi-.-AGreek prefix, signifying half. Hamule.-Asmall hook; having the end hooked. Hemimetabolous.-The term giventoinsects (L. hamus,hook.) which undergo an incomplete metamorphosis. Hamuli.-(L. hamus.) See Hooklets. (Gr. hemi,and metabole,change.) Hamus.-ªThe Hookº; a hook fixed to the base of Hemiptera.-Anorder or group of hexapoda. An the costal nerveonthe underside of the wings. order of insects with four wings, the upper (L.) being partly coriaceous, and partly Harpes.-Teeth and ridges situated on the inner membranous. (Gr. hemi,half, and pteron,a surface of the claspers. (Gr. harpe,a scimitar.) wing.) Hastate.-Halberd-shaped; triangular hollowed Hemisphñricum.-Hemispherical. (Gr. hemi, out at the base and sides with the posterior and sphaira,aball.) See Semiglobose. angles spreading. (L. hasta,aspear.) Hepatic.- The colour of liver; liver-brown. (L. Hastate pupil.-When the pupil of an eyeof hepaticus,diseased in the liver.) colour is a halberd-shaped spot of colour.(L. Hepatic cñca.-Convoluted club-shaped hasta,and pupilla.) diverticula. (Gr. hepar,the liver, and L. Hatching spines.-(Embryology.) A lowconical cñcus.) spine, for the purpose of rupturing the egg- Heteromerous.-With the posterior tarsi chorion, situated on the embryonal cuticle of composed of less joints than the anterior and the head in advanced embryo. intermediate ones. (Gr. heteros,another,and (Strongylosoma) Metschnikoff. These meros,apart.) structures vary in situation and shape according Hexapoda.-Aclass of the articulata, including to the insect. (M.E. hacchen,+Swed. hacka, all insects possessing six legs or feet. (Gr. hex, to hatch; and L. spina.) six, and pous,foot.) Haustellate.-Pertaining to the haustellum; Hexapoda.-Six legged. (Gr. hex,and pous.) suctorial. (L. haustum,todrawup.) Hexapodus.-Provided with six legs. - (Gr. hex Haustellum.-Asuctorial mouth, including the and pous.) valvula, cultelli and scapella. (L. haustum,to Hieroglyphic.-Painted with characters drink, swallow, etc.) somewhat resembling hieroglyphics. (Gr. Head.-The first segment of an insect. See hieros,sacred, and glypho,tocarve.) Absconditum, Antennñ inferiores, Brushes, Hind-intestine.-The tube lying between the Buccate, Capilli, Caput, Caput clypeatum, mid-intestine (or stomach) and the outgrowths Cardinales, Cephalic, Cephalophragma, (urinary tubes) of the proctodñum. It is lined Cephalotheca, Cerebral ganglion, Cerebellum, with a thick muscular layer.(A.S. hinden,at Clypeate head, Collum, Comate, Cranium, the back of; and L. intestinum.) Deutocerebrñ, Encephalum, Epicranium, Hind-wings.-See Metalñ, Poisers, Under Facies, Frons, Frontal suture, Genñ, Hatching wings. [PM] spines, Insertio of Maxilla, Insertio of Labium, Hirsute.-Set with thick long hairs. (L. hirsutus, Intercalary segment, Liberum, Maxillary hairy.) glands, Nutant, Occipital foramen, Occiput, Hirsutus.-Covered with long shaggy hairs. (L.) Perpendiculare, Porrect, Prominent, Hirsutiusculus.-Somewhat hairy; somewhat Perpendiculare, Retracted, Retractile, hairy at the base. (L. hirsutus,and culus,the Retractum, Sinciput, Subfacies, Subsegments, fundament.) Temple, Tempora, Tentorium, Tritocerebral, Hispid.-Set with short erect bristles. (L.

35 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

hispidus,shaggy.) Horn.-Along process resembling a horn. (A.S. Histology.-The science which treats of the finer horn +Icel. Dan. Swed. Ger. horn.) structure of the body-tissues. (Gr. histos,a Humeral.-Relating to the humerus. (L. tissue, and logos,science.) humerus.) Histolysis.-The process of histology.(Gr. histos, Humeral nerve or nervure.-Atransverse or and lyo.) cross nervure of the wing running from the Hoary.-Grey, with the white prevailing; greyish costa to the sub-costa. (L. humerus.) white, caused by very dense short hairs Humerus.-The shoulder; the region of the covering the surface. (A.S. has,hoarse, + Dan. exterior basal angle of the elytra. (Say). The hñs,Du. heesch.) anterior angles of the thorax in Diptera. Hoary.-[See Incanus.] (A.S.) (Meigen.) (L. the shoulder.) Holometabolous.-The term giventoinsects Hyaline.-Transparent; water-likeinhue. (Gr. which undergo a complete metamorphosis. hyalos,glass.) (Gr. holos,whole, and metabole,change.) Hyaline.-Glossy.(Gr. hyalos.) Holopneustic.-The term giventothe open or Hybrid.-The offspring of twodifferent species. normal type of tracheal system. This type is (L. hybrida.) distinguished by the presence and function of Hymenoptera.-Agroup of hexapoda, an order stigmata. (Gr. holos,whole, and pneuma,air.) of insects, likethe bee, having four Holoptic.-Whole-eyed; perfect eyed; in the case membranous wings. (Gr. hymen,amembrane, of the eyeofcolour,itisholoptic when it is in a and pteron,awing.) perfect state, i.e.,having one pupil surrounded Hymenopterous.-Pertaining to the by one ring of colour,and an Atmosphere. (Gr. Hymenoptera. [PM] holos,whole, and optikos,pertaining to the Hyper-.-AGreek prefix signifying over, beyond, eye.) or excess. Holosericeous.-Covered with thick set shining, Hypermetamorphosis.-When an insect passes short decumbent hairs, resembling satin in through more than the three normal stages of sheen. (This kind of pubescence has usually metamorphosis. Toexplain this the example of been denominated sericeous (sericea), but it the larvaofthe Oil Beetle is taken: - This certainly does not resemble silk, and is campodiform larvaliv esanactive life on plants different from the sericeous splendour.) (Gr. until it attaches itself to a bee, which carries it holos,and L. sericeus,silken.) to the hive,where it feeds on her eggs. After Homogeneous.-Forming a complete and casting the skin it becomes a short-legged grub, mutually related whole; of the same kind; and feeds on the honey. Another change of possessing a uniform nature, principle, skin leads to a third stage, in which no food is composition, or structure. (Gr. homos,the taken, the jaws being immovable, and the legs same, and genos,kind.) reduced to tubercles. Athird moult is Homotene.-Retaining the primitive form; succeeded by the fourth and final larval referring to those articulated animals with legs, condition; the Oil Beetle grub being nowa that do not change their form with their maggot resembling in appearance those of the vernantia, or skin-casting. (From Gr. homos, bees, living and feeding on honey. (Gr. hyper, the same.) metamorphosis,atransformation.) Honey-dew.-The excretion of hypodermal Hypistoma.-The hypopharynx. (Gr. hypo,and unicellular glands which open into a stomoma,the mouth.) modification of a pore-canal, the tubercles are Hypo-.-A Greek prefix signifying under,or an outgrowth of the cuticle. (A.S. hunig;and beneath. doew.) Hypoblast.-(Gr. hypo,and blastos,asprout.) Hooklets.(hamuli). - Very minute hooks in the See Endoderm. middle of the anterior margin of the wings by Hypochordria.-Two portions of segments, one which the under-wing is made to work in on each side; which in some genera (Carabus, unison with the upper one. (L. hamus,ahook.) Linn.) intervene between the first entire ventral Horizontal.-Parallel with the horizon. (From segment, and the posterior part of the post- Gr. horos,aboundary.) pectus. (Gr. hypo,and chorde,acord.) Horizontal.-(Motion.) When it is from side to Hypocrateriform.-Salver-shaped; in the form of side. (Gr. horos.) asalver.

36 The Dictionary of Entomology

Hypodermal.-Pertaining to the hypodermis. have a metallic splendour.(L. in,and aurum, (Gr. hypo,and derma,skin.) gold.) Hypodermic.-Under the skin. - (Gr. hypo,and Incanus.-White, with a small proportion of derma.) black; grey. (L. incanus,grey.) Hypodermis.-The under skin. (Gr. hypo,under, Incased.-(Pupñ.) (L. in,and O.F. casse,L. and derma,the skin.) capsa,abox, cover, L. capere,tohold.) See Hypopharynx.-Astructure of variable shape Pupñ folliculatñ. and form, originating, as a rule, just above the Incised.(Incision.) - Cut into equal marginal base of the labium and stretching down the segments. (L. incisus,pa. par.ofincisere,to labial groove,closing ventrally the slit-like cut into.) opening of the labrum-epipharynx. It is Incisura axillaris.-(Wing.) The axillary attached to the interior surface of the labrum. incision which terminates the posterior angle (Gr, hypo,and pharynx.) towards the base of the wing. (L.) Hypopygium.-The last ventral segment of the Incisure.-Adeep incision between the segments, abdomen. The male claspers for holding the when theyrecede from each other.(L. incisus.) female in copula (Loew.). (Gr. hypo,and Incomplete metamorphosis.-When there is no pygidium.) quiescent or sealed-pupal state in the life Hypostoma.-The term applied to the clypeus in history of an insect. When histolysis does not Diptera. (Gr. hypo,and stoma,the mouth.) takeplace. (L. in,and completus,complete; Hypoptere.-Another term for the tegulñ. (Gr. and metamorphosis.) hypopteros,winged.) Inconspicuous.-Not easily discernible. (L. in, Hystolysis.-The decay and dissolution of the con,and specio,tosee.) organic tissues and blood, it includes the Incrassate, Incrassated.- Thickened. (L. in,and numerous forms of retrograde metamorphosis crassus,thick.) and degeneration. The change of the organic Incrassate.-Having the margin rounded and tissues during pupation. (Gr. histos,and lusis, swollen. Disproportionately thick in part. (L. aparting from lyo,toloosen.) in,and crassus.) Incumbent.-(Wings.) Those wings, which, when the insect is at rest, coverthe back of the I abdomen horizontally.Resting against. One Ileum.-The proximal end of the small intestine. lying overthe other.(L. incumbo,tolie down.) (Gr. eilo,toroll.) Incunabulum.-Cocoon, the case in which the Imagal, Imaginal.-Pertaining to the imago. (L. pupa reposes, and which has been artificially imago.) prepared by the larva. (From L. incunabula, Imago.-The perfect state of the insect. (L. the cradle, birth-place, origin.) image.) Incurved.-Bowed inwards. (L. incurvo.) Imaginal buds.-Rudiment-groups of cells from Indurated.-Hardened. (L. induro,toharden.) which arise the organs of the imago during Indusium.-The membrane found between the pupation; and which may be seen in the larva. serosa and the amnion. The case or covering of (From L. imago,and Du. bot,abud.) certain larvñ. (L. indusium,anundergarment.) Imbricate.-Overlapping one another,liketiles Inermis, Inermous.-Unarmed, destitute of on a roof. (L. imbrex,agutter-tile, from imber, striñ, spines, and all sharp processes. (L.) ashower.) Inferior (antennñ inferiores). - (Antennñ.) Imperfect.-Not complete or perfect; unfinished. Placed beneath the head. (L. comparative of (L. im=in,not, and perfectus,finished.) See inferus,low.) Incomplete metamorphosis. Inferior Lobe.-(L. inferus,and Gr. lobos.) See Impression.-Punctuation; anymarking upon the Lobus Inferior. surface; an indentation; a depression. (L. Inferior region (regio inferior). - (Wing.) (L. impressare,from imprimere,topress upon.) inferus,and region, from, L. regio.) See Costal Impunctate.- Without punctuation. - (L. in,not, region. and punctum,toprick.) Inflated (capitulum compositum). - (Antennñ.) In-.-ALatin prefix signifying in, into, on, not, Having the knob of a capitate antenna in the etc. form of a bladder.(L. in,and flo,toblow.) Inaurate.-When striñ or other impressed parts Inflected.-Bent inwards at an angle. (L.

37 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

inflecto,tocurve.) Insectum, Insecte, Insect.-The derivation of the Infra-anal flaps.-The podical plates (Packard.) terms from the twolarge incrassated masses the (L. infra,underneath, and anus.) thorax and the abdomen. (L. insectum,literally Infra-anal lobe.-Athick, conical, fleshylobe, ªa thing cut into,ºi.e. nearly divided, from the often ending in a hard, chitinous point, and shape. - L. insectus,past participle of insecare, situated directly beneath the vent. (Packard.) is cut into. - L. in,into; secare,tocut.) Infra-buccal cavity.-Ashort compressed buccal Inserted.-(Head.) When it is partly,particularly tube, dilated ventrally to form a spheroidal sac, the occiput, concealed, within the thorax. (L. situated in the mouth of Ants, and used as a in,and sero, sertum,tojoin.) receptacle for the fine particles of food rasped Insertio of Maxilla.-The lowest portion of the offorpicked up by the tongue. (L. infra,and maxilla adjoining the head. (L. in,and sero, bucca,the mouth.) sertum,and maxilla,cheek-bone, chin.) Infracted.-Bent inwards abruptly,asifbroken. Insertio of Labium.-The lowest portion of the (L. in,and frango,tobreak.) labium adjoining the head. (L. in,and sero, Infra-ocular (ant. infra-oculares). - (Antennñ.) sertum,and labium,lip.) Inserted beneath the eyes. (L. infra, Insertion Insertio.-The point of attachment of underneath, and oculus,aneye.) movable parts. (L. in,and sero, sertum,to Infumated.-Clouded, as if smoked; coloured join.) likesmoke. (L. in,and fumus,tosmoke.) Insertum.-(Head.) (L. in,and sero, sertum.) Infundibulate, Infundibuliforme.- Having the See Inserted. shape of a funnel. (L. infundibulum,afunnel.) Instar.-The newstage after moulting, and Infuscate, Infuscated.-Darkened, with a casting of skin. (L. instar,image; form, figure, blackish tinge. (L. in,and fuscus,dark.) etc.) Ingluvies.-The Crop. (L.) Institia.-Striñ of equal breadth throughout. Ingurgitation.-The act of swallowing. (L. Instrumenta cibaria.-The mouth parts. (L. ingurgito,tosoak in.) instrumentum,and cibarius,offood.) See Inner.-Interior; nearer to the centre. (A.S. Partes oris. innera.) Instrumenta cibaria libera.-(L. instrumentum, Inner angle.-(Wing.) The angle situated at the cibarius,and liber,free.) See Instrumenta junctions of the outer edge and the inner edge. cibaria mordentia. Inner edge.-(Wing.) The interior angle. The Instrumenta masticandi.- The masticating extreme border running from the inner angle to organs, another name for Instrumenta cibaria the insertion of the wing in the thorax. mordentia. (L. instrumentum,and from mando, Inner margin, Interior margin.-(Wing.) The to masticate.) margin which extends from the base to the Instrumenta cibaria mordentia.-The biting posterior angle. organs; the Mandibles. (L. instrumentum, Inocular (antennñ inoculares). - (Antennñ.) cibarius,offood, and from mordeo,tobite.) When the eye surrounds the base of the Instrumenta cibaria suctoria.-The sucking antennñ. (L. in,and oculus,aneye.) mouth; the haustellum. (L. instrumentum, Inosculation.-[See Anastomosis.] [PM] cibarius,and suctus,sucking.) Inquiline.-A dweller in the nest of an alien Inter-.-ALatin prefix signifying among, or species. (L. inquilinus,atenant.) between. Inquilines.-The term giventothose insects Intercalary segment.- The third segment of the (species of Cinipidñ)which do not makegalls, head, tritocerebral. [PM] butdeposit their eggs in galls already formed, Interior.-Within; internal; within anylimits; the and live inthe gall tissues, killing the gall- opposite to exterior;the inside. (L. intra, maker as a rule. (L. inquilinus,atenant.) within.) Insecta, Insect.-The class Hexapoda; Interior edge, Inner edge.-(Wing.) The articulated animals with a body composed of boundary of the inner margin. three distinct parts, the head, the thorax, and a Interior margin.-(Wings.) The inner margin. segmented abdomen. (L. in,and seco, sectum, Interior palpi.-The labial palpi. to cut.) Intermaxillaire.-The maxillary lobe. (L. inter, Insectivorous.-Subsisting on insects. (Insect, and maxilla,the jawbone, jaw.)See Lobus and L. voro,todev our.) maxillñ.

38 The Dictionary of Entomology

Intermediate Area.-That part of the wing lying Intima.-The endotrachea. between the costal area, and the anal area. (L. Intorted.-Turned or twisted inwards. (L. in,and inter,medium,and area.) torqueo,totwist.) Internal Chiasma.-The chiasmatic fibres of the Intricate.-When elevations are placed internal medullary mass. irregularly and close together,orinv olved, or “Internal hairs”(?). - Internal hair-likebodies, complicated. (L. in,and tricæ,hindrance.) arising from the fold of the tænidia and Intro-.-ALatin prefix signifying to, within. projecting into the lumen of the tracheæ. Intromittent organ.-[See Ædeagus, Penis.] (Stokes.) [PM] Hollowhair-likestructures communicating with Introrsum.-(Direction). Inwards; introrse, the tænidia from which theyarise by an turned inwards. (L.) enlarged base, ending in a fine - sometimes Invaginate.-To form a pocket by turning in. bifid or trifid - point. (Packard.) [PM] Internal Medullary Mass.-The opticon, which Invertebral, Invertebrate.-Destitute of the connects with the median part of the vertebral or spinal column. (L. in,and procerebrum by direct fibres to form the optic vertebra,ajoint.) nerveortract. Involuted.-Rolled inwards spirally.(L. involvo, Internal maxillary palpi.-(L. internus, maxilla, to roll to, or upon.) and palpi.) See Palpi maxillares interni. Involvulus.-Acaterpillar that wraps itself in Internal paramera.-The inner pair of genital leaves. (L.) appendages of the Male; theyare closely Iridescent.-Exhibiting prismatic colours, like applied to each other,and function as a penis. those of the rainbow. (L. - Gr.L,iris -Gr. iris, Inter-ocular (antennæ interoculares). - iridis,the rainbow. Ders. irid-esc-ent, irid- (Antennæ.) Placed between both eyes. (L. ium;from irid-, stem of iris.) inter and oculus.) Iridicolorous.-Reflecting prismatic hues, Interrupted.-Suddenly stopped; broken; iridescent. (Gr. iris,and L. color.) intermittent. (L. inter,and ruptum,tobreak.) Iris.-The circle of colour which encloses the Interstices.-Spaces between striæ, or rows of pupil of an eyeofcolour.(Gr. iris, iridis,the punctures on the elytra. Spaces between things rainbow.) closely set. (L. inter,and status,aposition.) Iris tapetum.-[See Pigment.] Interstitial line.-The longitudinal space which Irregular (irregulares). - (Antennæ.) Having all intervenes between twostriæ of the elytra. (L. the joints different in shape. (L. in,and inter,and status.) regularis,according to rule.) Intervals.-Spaces between the striæ, or rows of Irrorate, Irrorated.-Freckled; covered with punctures on the head and thorax. (L. inter, atomi. (L. irroro, irrorare,tobedew, drop and vailum,arampart.) upon.) Interventricular valvule.-Aminute valve Islet.-Aspot of different colour,included in a working in conjunction with the auriculo- plaga, or macula. (Fr. île,from L. insula.) ventricular opening of the Dorsal vessel. (L. inter, ventriculus and valva.) Intestina parva.-The small intestine. [See J Intestines.] (L. intus,within, and parvus, Johnstonian organ.-Apeculiar organexisting in small.) the second antennal joint, and consisting of a Intestines.-Atube uniting with the stomach, number of sensillæ and scolopal bodies; the and consisting of twoportions, the small former being stretched through the cavity of intestine or intestina parva,and the terminal this joint and attached by the distal ends to the intestine, or rectum.Theyare neversubject to articulatory membranes of the second and third the convolutions so general in vertebrata. joints, while the proximal ends are innervated (There are several long tortuous filiform by the antennal nerve. appendages originating from the stomach, or Jubate.-Fringed with long pendent hairs; ex.the near its union with the intestines, which are intermediate legs of the male of Anthophora said to be bile vessels corresponding with the retusa.(L. juba,æ,mane, hair,tuft, crest.) liverofvertebrata.) (F. intestin,from L. Jugulum.-The throat, extending from the orifice intestinus,inwards, from intus,within.) of the mouth to the neck, and comprises the

39 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

whole of the middle portion of the lower-head. membranaceous valves, which embrace the (L. jugulum,the throat.) See Gular,and tongue at its entrance into the tube, seen in the Basilaire. family Apidñ. (L.) Justa-.-Incomposition indicates near,as Laciniate.-Divided into stripes. (L. lacinia.) justaocular - situated near the eye. (L. juxta, Laciniated.-Cut into irregular segments; jagged. near.) (L. lacinia.) Justaocular.-Situated near the eye. (L. justa, Lactescent.-Yielding or secreting a milkyfluid. and oculus.) (L. lactescens,from lac,milk.) Lacteus.-Ofashining white or milkycolour. (L. lac,milk.) L Lacuna.-Apit, a gap, a void space. (L.) Labella.-Liplets; a pair of tumid lobes, often Lacunose.-Having a fewscattered, irregular, corrugated and capable of tension and broadish, but shallowexcavations; furrowed or relaxation, which terminate the theca. (L. pitted. (L. lacuna,apit.) labium,lip.) Lactus.-Very bright in colour.(Evidently from Labellum.-The lower lip, the labium. (L. a lip.) L. laetus,bright.) Labial.-Pertaining to the lips. (L. labium.) Lageniform.-Bottle-shaped in form; bellying Labial nerves.-[See Nervi labii.] out and then ending in a narrowneck. (L. Labial palpi, Labipalpi.-Jointed feelers borne lagena,abottle, and form.) by the labium. (L. labium,and palpare, Lagenoid.-Flask-shaped. (L. lagena.) palpari,tofeel.) Lamellatñ.-(Antennñ.) Having only the apical Labium.-The underlip, which is that organthat portion flabellate. (L. lamella,athin plate or assists in the closing of the orifice of the mouth scale.) See Lamina. from below. Itisformed by the second Lamellate, Laminate.-Plated, sheet or leaf-like; maxillñ fusing together,and consists of two composed or covered with laminñ. (L. parts, the mentum and the lingula. (L. the lip.) lamella,plate.) Labium-hypopharynx.-Inthe male Anopheles Lamelliform.- Having the form of a plate, leaf or (A. maculipennis)the hypopharynx is fused scale. (L. lamella,and form.) with the labium, hence the term. Lamina, Laminñ, Lamella.-athin flat plate or Labium superius.-(L. labium and supero scale. (L. aplate, or scale.) above.) See Labrum. Lamina supra-analis.-The term Haase applies Labrum.-The upper lip, a somewhat convex to the suranal plate. (L.) corneous plate which is united posteriorly by a Laminñ.-The twocorneous plates which are membranous hinge with the clypeus. (L.) laterally affixedtothe mouth of Pulex. (L. Labrum-epipharynx.-Inthe mouth parts of the lamina.) mosquito, some anatomists maintain that the Lanate.-Covered with fine, very long, flexible labrum and epipharynx are combined, and the and rather curling hairs, resembling wool; term is used by those believing in this theory. wool-like. (L. lana,wool.) The term used to differentiate between the Lanceolate.-Straight, flat, and decreasing to a epipharynx of Diptera and the double organof point; lance-like; gradually tapering to the outer Lepidoptera. extremity.(L. lancea,alance.) Lacinia.-The inner portion of the endopodite; Laniarii.-Canine-teeth; very sharp, usually long the blade of the maxilla, being the fourth, or conical teeth. (L. lanio,totear.) apical portion. (L. the lappet.) See Blade. Lanuginosus, Lanuginose.-Covered with a Laciniñ.-The second pair of appendages thick down,orfine soft hair.(L. lana.) comprising with the volsellñ, the median pair Lanuginous.-Having long curled hairs. (L. of genital appendages. (L. the lappets.) lana.) Laciniñ Exteriores.- Two elongate, flattened or Large Intestine.-The tube immediately between concave biarticulate valves situated on the the small intestine (ileum) and the colon (or tongues of the members of the family Apidñ, rectum). (L. largus,great, and intestine.) and which support the labial palpi. Theyare Larva, Larvñ.-Aninsect after issuing from the distinguished from the labial palpi by being flat egg; the second stage of an insect'slife; the instead of cylindrical. (L.) caterpillar stage (the term ªcaterpillarº is Laciniñ Interiores.-Tw o inarticulate generally applied to the larvñ of butterflies and

40 The Dictionary of Entomology

moths). (L. amask.) Leucocytes.-The blood corpuscles; theyvary Larvñ aculeatñ.-Larvñ possessing dense hair, considerably in shape, from ovaltoround, but which is fur-likeinappearance. (L. larva, theyare usually elongate, with a rounded larvñ,and aculeatus.) nucleus. (Packard.) The originator of the name Larvñ cornutñ.- Larvñ possessing fleshyhorns wasRobin, who applied it to the lymph or processes. (L. larvñ,and cornu,ahorn.) corpuscles of vertebrates. (Gr. leukos,white, Larvñ furciferñ.-Larvñ possessing a furcate and kutos,ahollow, a vessel.) process, the branches of which are pierced, so Levigate.-Smooth surfaced, free from elevations that the larvñ have the faculty of protruding or depressions of anykind. (L. lñvis,smooth, slender threads through these tubes for the ago,tomake.) purpose - as is supposed - of scaring inimical Levigate, Levigatus, Levis.-Possessing a ichneumons. (L. larvñ,and furca,afork, and smooth surface. (L. lñvis,and ago.) fero,tobear.) Liberum.-(Head.) (L. liber,free.) See Free. Larvñ ursinñ.-Hirsute caterpillars, which are Ligneous, Ligniform.-Wood-like, inelastic in completely clothed with long hairs and bristles, substance. (L. lignum,wood.) and which, from their stiffness and sharp points Lignivorous.-Feeding on wood. (L. lignum, will often cause an unpleasant inflammation wood, and voro,todev our.) upon the skin. (L. larvñ,and ursus,abear.) Ligula.-The Lingula. (Saunders.) (L. lingua.) Larval.-Pertaining to the larva. - (L. larva.) Lilaceus.-The colour of lilac, or lilies. (L. Larvated.-Masked. (L. larva.) lilium,alily.) Larviparous.-Bringing forth larvñ. - (L. larva, Lilacinous.-Lilac colour; likeviolaceous, only and parous,from pario,tobring forth.) duller and tinged with red. (L. lilium.) Laterad.-An abbreviated form of laterally,or Limb.-(Superficies.) The circumference; the lateral. edge or border.(L. limbus,aborder.) Lateral.-Pertaining to the side. (L. latus, Limbate.-When one colour is surrounded by a lateris,aside.) margin of a different colour; bordered. (L. Lateral Sympathetic System.-Apair of small limbus.) ganglia situated one on each side of the Limbus.-The border surrounding the disc. (L. a úsophagus. The nerves are small and confined border.) to the dorsal and lateral portions of the anterior Line.-A very slight, generally straight, but also region of the úsophagus. sometimes bent, different coloured stripe. (L. Latericius.-Resembling bricks in colour.(L. linea,astring of flax, from linum,flax.) consisting of brick.) Linear.-Having the lateral margins very close Lateritius.-Brick-red in colour.(L. laterculus,a together,and parallel throughout. (L. linea.) brick.) Lineate, Lineated, Lineatus.-With longitudinal Latticed.-Cancellated. (Fr. lattis,lath-work.) stripes; marked longitudinally with depressed Leg.-One of the six chief organs of locomotion, parallel lines. (L. linea.) arising from the segments of the thorax, and Lineate, Lineatus.-Raised lines on the surface which are made up of four main portions, the Provided with line-likemarks. - (L. linea.) coxa, femur,tibia, and tarsus. The tibia (Say). Lingua, Lingula.-The endopodites together; the (Icel. leggr,aleg,ahollowbone.) tongue; the second piece constituting the Lenticular.-Lens-shaped. The horizontal labium, it reposes internally upon the mentum. section is circular,and the vertical lanceolate; It is generally a more or less fleshyorg an, resembling a lentil in shape; having the form of which frequently protrudes beyond the anterior adouble-convex lense. (L. lens,alentil.) margin of the mentum, in which case the Lenticulate.-Having the opposite sides convex; exterior inferior side is horny(see Os meeting in a sharp point. (L. lens.) hyoideum). A capillary instrument between the Lenticulate.-(Egg.) Depressed, circular,and lancets of an haustellum. Lingula, the apical frequently ribbed. (L. lens.) portion of the labium. (L. lingua,the tongue.) Lepidoptera.-Agroup of Hexapoda; an order of Lingua Spiralis.-The tongue of those insects insects, including butterflies and moths, which constituting the Lepidoptera. (L. lingua,and possess four wings, covered with minute, spiro ?) See Spiral Tongue. powder-likescales. (Gr. lepis,ascale, and Linguiform.-Having the form or shape of a pteron,awing.) tongue. (L. lingua,and form.)

41 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Literate.-Ornamented with characters longitudo,from longus.) resembling letters. (L. litera,aletter.) Longitudinal Sternñ.-Muscles stretched Litura, Liturñ.-An indistinct spot, paler at its lengthwise along the lower wall of the margins, generally of colour.Having the abdomen, from the front edge of the second appearance of being blotted. (L. litura,ablot; sternite to the front edge of the seventh. (L. indistinct.) longus,and sternum,breast-bone.) Liturate.-Possessing liturñ. (L.) Longitudinal Tergñ.-Muscles beneath the Lividus.-Black and blue; of a lead colour; upper wall of the abdomen, each set connecting discoloured; the colour of liver. (L.) with the front edge of a segment with the front Lobate.-Having the margin divided by deep edge of that next behind. (L. longus,and undulating and successive incisions. (Gr. tergum,the back.) lobos,lobe of the ear.) Loopers.-The larvñ of Geometridñ,called Lobate.-Divided to the middle into parts with loopers because theyform a loop-likeposition convex margins, which recede from each other. by alternately elevating and straightening the (Gr. lobos.) body while walking. (Gael, lub,abow.) Lobes.-The parts of an organseparated one Lora.-Acorneous angular machine observable from another by a more or less deep division. in the mouth of some insects, upon the (F.-Low L.-Gr. Fr. lobe.-Late L. lobus.- intermediate angle of which the mentum sits, lobos,alobe of the ear or liver.) and on the lateral ones the cardines of the Lobes, Lobi.-The lobes,the parts of the maxilla maxillñ; and by means of which the trophi are above the palpus. Theyinclude the lobus pushed forward or retracted. (From L. lorum,a superior, lobus inferior,and the ungues. (Gr. thong.) lobos.) Lozenged.-Being similar in shape to a lozenge; Lobes, Lobuli.-Rounded portions of the base of having twoopposite angles acute and two the wing. (Gr. lobos.) obtuse, forming a quadrangular figure; in the Lobiform.-Inthe form of a lobe. (Gr. lobos and form of a rhombus. (F.Formerly losenge, L. forma.) [PM] especially a shield of a diamond shape [in Lobus maxillñ. 4 -The maxillary lobe, the heraldry] - O.F. losenge, lozenge [F. losange], a fourth piece constituting the maxilla, it is lozenge. Origin disputed; probably from O.F. generally completely horny, and hooked, its lauze,aflat stone.) interior margin concave,orstalked; but it is Lubricous.-Slippery as if lubricated; smooth, of varying in structure according to the ashinysmoothness. (L. lubricus,slippery.) genealogical position of the insect. (Gr. lobos, Lucidate, Lucidus.-Shining; mirror-likein and L. maxilla.) appearance; bright; clear; radiant. (L. lux, Lobus Inferior.-The lower-lobe. The lower lobe lucis,light.) of the maxilla, covered by the lobus superior. Lumen.-The enclosed space. Lumen of the (Gr. lobos,and L. comparative of inferus,low.) tubes, the space enclosed by the tracheal tubes. Lobus Superior.-The upper lobe.5 The outer (L. space for admission of light.) lobe of the maxilla, incumbent on the inner Lunare, Lunate.-Inthe form of a half-moon; one. (Gr. lobos,and L. comparative of superus, crescent-shaped. (L. luna,the moon.) high, from super.) Lunulate.-Crescent-shaped, likethe newmoon Longiores.-(Antennñ.) The term is used when in shape. (L. lunula.) the antennñ are longer than the body.(L. Lunule, Lunulet.-Acrescent-shaped spot or longus,long.) mark of a different colour from the rest. (L. Longissimñ.-(Antennñ.) The term is used lunula,alittle moon, or crescent.) when the antennñ are very much longer than Luridus.-Yellowy-brown; pale in colour,even the body.(L. longus.) resembling a ghastly hue. (L. pale; yellowish.) Longipennate.-With long wings. (L. longus, Luteous.-Light in colour; of a brownish-yellow and penna,afeather.) or clay colour; yellow, likethe yolk of an egg. Longitudinal.-Running lengthwise; the (L. luteus,yellowish; gold-coloured; saffron.) direction of the longest diameter.(L. Lutose.-Apparently or absolutely covered with dirt. (Manybeetles that live inclay soil are always thus covered, for example the species of 4. Intermaxillaire according to Straus. the genera Arida, Meleus variolosus.) (L. luto, 5. It is called the Galea by Fabricius.

42 The Dictionary of Entomology

lutare,tobesmear.) mando,tochew.) Lutosus.-The colour of yellow-clay.(L. luteus.) Mandibular.-Belonging to, or pertaining to the Lyrate.-Lyre-shaped; cut into several transverse mandibles, or the biting mouth generally. segments, and gradually enlarging towards the Mandibular Glands.-Awell developed cluster extremity.(L. lyra,alyre.) of cells situated on each side of the bead just in front of the optic ganglia. The ducts are grouped in bundles and open separately on to M the cribellum of the mandibles. Macrolabia.-The term applied to the longer Mandibular Nerves.-[See Nervi forms of forceps of the Forficulidñ (Earwigs) mandibularum.] when these organs are of variable length. Mandibulate, Mandibulated.-Provided with (Burr.) (Gr. mackros,long, and L. labia,alip biting jaws. (L. mando.) [?]). Manducate.-Pertaining to the mandibles; Macula.-Alarge angular spot, of a dark colour, capable of biting. (L. manduco,tochew.) upon a uniform surface. (L. aspot.) Manitrunk, Manitruncus.-The anterior portion Maculate.-Possessing maculñ. (L. macula.) of the trunk bearing the anterior legs, and in Macular fascia.-Afascia consisting of distinct which the head inosculates. It includes the spots. (L. macula,and fascia,aband.) prothorax and antepectus. (L. manus,the hand, Maculate.-Possessing maculñ. (L. macula.) and truncus.) Maerianum.-The segment of the post-pectus Manus.-The ªhandº; the articulated termination situated one on each side behind the of the anterior legs. The anterior tarsi acetabulum and parapleurum; it supports the including the palma. (L. the hand.) posterior legs (Say). Marcescent.-Shrivelling; decaying. (L. Magaritaceous.-(Splendour.) Glossy white marcescens,from marcesco,tofade.) with changeable tints of purple, green, and Margin.-The outer edge. (L. margo.) blue. Likethe splendour of pearls; likemother- Marginal cells (cellulæ marginales). - The cells of-pearl. (Gr. margarites,apearl.) of the wing immediately beyond the stigma, Maggot.-The term applies to a grub when all towards the extreme point of the wing, theyare trace of limbs has disappeared. (M.E. magot, generally twoorthree in number.(L. margo, magat,from Welsh maceiad, macia,amaggot; and cella). magiaid,grubs.) Marginal Cellule.-[See Radical cellule.] Maggot.-The term applied to larvñ when all Margined.-Furnished with a distinctly trace of limbs has disappeared. pronounced outer edge. Male pronucleus.-The nucleated head of the Margo.-The margin. (L.) active sperm-cell. (Fr. mâle,from L. masculus, Marmorate, Marmoraceous.-Marble-likein and pro, nucleus,anut.) colour and marking; variegated likemarble. Malpighian tubules.- Exceedingly fine (Gr. marmaros,marble.) glandular tubes for excretory purposes. Marsupium.-The cradle-likepouch, formed by Generally sixty to seventy in number,opening the anal plates of the Coccidñ (genus Orthezia) into the food canal where the stomach joins the for carrying the young and eggs. (Gr. small intestine. (Malpighi is the name of the marsupion,abag.) celebrated Italian anatomist, the discoverer of Mask.-Apeculiar modification of the labium of the tubes, and L. tubus,atube.) the Dragon-fly-nymph. The structure is Malleoli.-Halteres. (L. malleolus,asmall attached by its base to a point belowthe mouth, hammer.) hiding the face (hence the term). The function Mammulñ.-Anal protuberances connected with of the mask is to assist the insect to catch its the spinning of web.Ex. Araneidñ. (From L. prey. (Fr. masque.) mammosus,protuberant.) Masked.-(Pupñ.) (Fr. masque.) See Pupñ Mandibles, Mandibulñ.-The biting jaws, larvatñ. which are twostrong corneous bent hooks, Mastagia.-Two anal organs from which arise a their inner margin being more or less dentate; retractile thread, seen in some larvñ, and with and which articulate with the genñ at their which theylash their sides, endeavouring to broad basis, and move byginglymus opposed drive off Ichneumons. (Kirby and Spence.) to each other likethe blades of scissors. (L. Maxillñ.-The under jaws, which in many

43 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

respects resemble the mandibles, but are furca,afork.) smaller,and more delicate in structure, Medipectus.-The underside of the anterior consisting of four pieces. Jointed processes division of the alitruncus. (L. medius,and following the mandibles behind. (L. maxilla, pectus,the breast.) the jaw, jaw-bone.) Meliphagus.-Honey-sucking. (Gr. meli,honey, Maxillñ lanceolatñ.-Lanceolate maxillñ. (L., and phago,toeat.) and lancea,alance.) Melissaeus.-(Scent.) Balm-scented. (Gr. Maxillñ setosñ (setñ rostri inferiores). - Setosed melissa,honey.) maxillñ; maxillñ carrying bristles or hair.(L. Melliferous.-Producing honey. (L. mel,honey, and seta,abristle.) and fero,tobear.) Maxillñ unguiculatñ.-(L., and unguis,aclaw.) Membrana.-The membranous parts of the See Unguiculate. hemelytra. (L., amembrane.) Maxillary.-Pertaining to the maxillñ. Membrana vitelli.-The thin skin covering the Maxillary Glands.-Two groups of cells situated yolk of the egg, and which lies immediately near the median plane of the head, above the above the blastoderm. (L. membrana,and buccal tube, and near the infra-buccal cavity. vitellus,the yolk of an egg.) Maxillary Lobes.-[See Lobus maxillñ.] Membranaceous, Membranous.-Thin; semi- Maxillary Nerves.-[See Nervi maxillarum.] transparent; parchment-like; resembling Maxillary palp,pl. palpi; Maxipalpi.-Afiv e- membrane in consistency. (L. membrana.) jointed process carried on the outer edge of the Membrane.-Athin, white animal tissue, distal end of the stipes. serving to line or coverthe parts or organs. (L. Mayrian Furrow.- The large Y-shaped groove membrana,askin covering a member.) which the mesonotum in some male ants Membrane.-The membranaceous apical portion presents when viewed from above. of the elytra of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Media.-The area lying between the cubitus and (Saunders.) (L. membrana.) the radius of the wing. (L. medius,the middle.) Membranous.-Pertaining to membrane; of the Median.-Central. (L. medius.) consistencyofmembrane. (L. membrana.) Median.-(Wing). A cross or radiating nervure Meniscoidal.-Somewhat globular,with one side of the wing. (L. medius.) concave;concavo-convex;crescent-shaped; Median Nerve.-The small nerveconstituting the having the form or appearance of a meniscus. superadded nervous system, and from which (Gr. meniskos,alittle moon.) the respiratory nerves arise. It originates from Mentum.-The smaller of the two-jointed plates the subúsophageal ganglion, and is formed by the twobasal parts of the comparatively short, in some instances being protopodites fusing together.(L., the chin.) only an enlargement of the subúsophageal Mentum.-The chin, one of the twoparts ganglion.6 constituting the labium, being a corneous plate Median Pair of genital appendages of the Ant, of varying form, connected to the clypeus, by are composed of the volsellñ and the laciniñ, means of a membrane, with the margin of the and are situated between the stipites and the gula, and forms from beneath the inferior internal paramera. covering of the mouth. (L.) Median Segment.-The Propodeum. Meriñum.-The plate or plates constituting the Median Yoke-ridge.-(Embryology.) The free anterior surface of the sockets of the posterior median space formed by an incomplete legs, situated behind the acetabulum and withdrawalofthe mesodermal cells from the parapleura. (Knoch.) median line. Meroblastic.-The term giventoeggs which Medio-cubital Nerve.- A transverse or cross- undergo a partial segmentation. (Gr. meros,a nervure of the wing, connecting the medial and part and blastos,asprout.) See Partial cubital systems. (L. medius, cubitus,abend, segmentation. and neuron.) Mesenteron.-Ashort thin tube following the Medifurca.-Aforked process of the anterior gizzard which connects the original anterior surface of the medipectus. (L. medius,and and posterior invaginators of the embryo. The mid gut comprising only the stomach. (Gr. mesos,middle, and enteron,intestines.) 6. In these instances it is called by Brandt the ganglion of Mesepimeron.-[See Mesepisternum.] the median nerve.

44 The Dictionary of Entomology

Mesepisternum.-One of the twoelements mesothorax. (Gr. meso,and L. thorax;and placed on each side of the thorax of Ants, scutum,ashield.) between the mesonotum and the mesosternum; Mesothoracotheca.-The mesothoracic-case; that the other element is the mesepimeron. The portion of the theca enclosing the mesothorax. mesepisternum is placed ventrally while the (Gr. meso, thorax,and theca,acase.) mesepimeron is dorsal. (Wheeler.) (Gr. mesos, Mesothorax.-The third segment in insects. The middle, and epi,on, and sternum.) middle segment of the thorax. (Gr. meso,and Meso-.-AGreek prefix signifying the middle. L. thorax.) Mesoblast.-(Gr. meso,and blastos,asprout.) Meta-.-AGreek prefix signifying with, beyond, See Mesoderm. after,and among. Mesoderm,orMesoblast.-The middle Metabolous.-With complete metamorphosis. embryonic cell-layer lying between the (Gr. metabole,change.) See Holometabolous. endoderm and the ectoderm. (Gr. meso,and Metalñ.-The posterior or hind wings, arising derma,skin.) from the sides of the metathorax,one behind Mesodermal Streaks.-(Embryology.) The two each of the fore-wings (proalñ); they lateral streaks formed by the mesoderm occasionally possess characters the fore-wings dividing, due to the withdrawalofits cells from have not. (Gr. meta,and L. ala,awing.) the median line. Metameres.-The typical rings or segments of Mesonotum.-The upper surface of the the insect body.(Gr. meta,and meros,apart.) mesothorax. (Gr. meso,and notum,from notos, Metameric Sacs.-The osmeteria which the the back.) caterpillars of Orgyia and its allies protrude Mesothoracis cerebroida.-The third cerebroida. when aggravated. Theyare red, eversible (L. meso,and thorax,and from cerebrum,a tubercles, situated on the sixth and seventh brain.) [PM] abdominal segments. Mesoparapteron.-Asmall sclerite placed Metamorphosis.-The transformation from the behind the mesonotum of Ants; the imperfect or larval state to the perfect or imagal prñscutellum. (Wheeler.) (Gr. meso, para, state. An alteration in the appearance of an beside, beyond, and pteron,awing.) insect, owing to the development of parts Mesopedes.-The middle or intermediate legs. previously concealed, by a sudden vernantia, or (Gr. meso,and pedes,from pous,afoot.) casting of the skin. There are only two Mesopedum nervi.-The twonerves descending divisions of metamorphosis recognised in to the feet from the mesothoracis cerebroida. Entomology: - perfect,when the pupa is (Gr. meso,and pedum,from pous,afoot; and quiescent, and imperfect,when it is active.(Gr. neuron,acord.) meta and morphe,shape; L. a transformation.) Mesophragma.-Aseparating partition running Metanotum.-The upper surface of the parallel with the prophragma, and descending metathorax. (Gr. meta,and notos,the back.) from the anterior margin of the metathorax. Metaparapteron.-The term giventothe post- (Gr. meso,and phragma,anenclosure.) scutellum of Ants. (Wheeler.) (Gr. meta, para, Mesopleura.-The lateral surfaces of the beside, beyond, and pteron,awing.) mesothorax. (Gr. meso,and pleura,side.) Metapedes.-The posterior or hind legs. (Gr. Mesoscutellum.-The scutellum of the meta,and pous,afoot.) mesothorax. (Gr. meso,and scutellum.) Metaphragma.-Aseparating partition running Mesoscutum.-The scutum of the mesothorax. parallel with the mesophragma, and descending (Gr. meso,and scutum.) from the anterior margin of the first abdominal Mesosternum.-The prominent central ridge of segment. (Gr. meta,and phragma,an the medipectus. (Gr. meso,and L. sternum.) enclosure.) [PM] Mesostethium.-The central piece between the Metaplanta.-The second joint of the tarsus. intermediate and posterior legs. (Gr. meso, (Gr. meta,and L. planta,asprout.) middle, and stethos,the breast.) See Metapleura.-The lateral surfaces of the Acetabulum. metathorax. (Gr. meta,and pleura,side.) Mesothoracis scutellum.-The scutellum of the Metapneustic.-Aterm giventoone of the mesothorax. (Gr. meso,and L. thorax;and intermediate types between the holopneustic scutella,aflat plate.) and apneustic tracheal systems: - When only a Mesothoracis scutum.-The scutum of the single pair of open stigmata are situated at the

45 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

end of the body.(Larvñ of Tipula, Culex, daktulos,afinger.) Coleoptera, Dyticus.) (Gr. meta,and pneuma, Monogamous.-Propagating by the union of one air.) male and one female only.(Gr. monos,and Metapnystega.-Acorneous scale covering the gamos,marriage.) pneumatic organs in the metathorax. (Kirby.) Moniliform.-(Antennñ.) Having each joint oval Metapodeon.-The seventh segment in insects. or globose, resembling a necklace; bead-likein (Gr. meta,and podeon.) shape. (L. monile,anecklace, and form.) Metascutellum.-The scutellum of the Monomerous.-Ofasingle piece or joint. (Gr. metathorax. (Gr. meta,and scutellum.) mono,and meros apart.) Metascutum.-The scutum of the metathorax. Monothelious.-That kind of polygamy in which (Gr. meta,and scutum.) the female is fecundated by manymales (Say). Metasternum.-The under surface of the (Gr. monos,one, and thelos,female.) See metathorax. (Gr. meta,and L. sternum breast- Monarsenous. bone.) Monotypic.-Having one representative only,asa Metatarsus.-The first joint of the tarsus. genus with a single species. (Gr. mono,and (Theobald.) (Gr. meta,and tarsus.) typos,animpression, from typto,tostrike.) Metathoracis cerebroida.-The second Moschaite.-Possessing a musk-likesmell. (L. cerebroida; the cerebroida of the metathorax. moschus,musk.) (Gr. meta, thorax,and L. cerebrum,the brain.) Moula.-ªThe knee-ballº; the convex and Methathoracis scutum.-The scutum of the sometimes bent head of the tibia, armed with a metathorax. (Gr. meta,L.thorax,and scutum, hornyprocess on either side for its attachment ashield.) to the femur.(L.) Metathorax.-The fourth segment in insects. Moult, Moulting.-See Ecdysis. [PM] (Gr. meta,and L. thorax.) Mucro.-Ashort, stout, sharp-pointed process. Metazona.-The posterior portion of the (L., a point.) pronotum of Forficulidñ (Earwigs). (Gr. meta, Mucro.-The central posterior point of the and zone,abelt, girdle, etc.) epigastrium - seen in manyofthe orders - Micropyles.-The openings in the chorion of ova, which reposes between the posterior legs; and through which the spermatozoa may enter.(Gr. according to some authorities is useful to the micro,small, and pule,anopening.) insect during flight. (L.) Mid-intestine (or stomach). - A simple tube Mucronate.-Abruptly terminating in a sharp varying much in size and shape, and not point; possessing pointed processes. (L. usually lined with chitin as are the fore- and mucro.) hind-intestines. Generally twoormore cñcal Multi-.-ALatin prefix for multus,signifying tubes (compound stomach) open into the many, much. anterior end, or the whole outer surface is beset Multiarticulate.-Possessing manyjoints. (L. with villi. (A.S. mid, midd,and intestine). multi,and articulo, articulare,todivide into Miniatus.- Ofthe colour of red-lead. (L., of a joints.) vermilion red.) Multifid, Multifidous.-(Incision.) Cut into Modioliform.-Somewhat globular,but truncated more than four,ormanymarginal segments. at both ends likethe nave ofawheel. (L. (L. multus,many, and findo,tocleave.) modius,the Roman corn measure, and forma, Multipartite.-Divided into more than four form.) partita. (L. multi,and pars,apart.) Mola.-The grinding surf ace of the mandibles. Mumia.-See See Pupñ excaratñ. [PM] (L. mola,amill.) Mumiñ pseudonymphñ.-The term Lamarck Monarsenous.-That kind of polygamy in which givestothose pupñ which in their last stage of one male suffices for manyfemales (Say). (Gr. pupation possess some degree of locomotion. monos,single, and arsen,amale.) Muricate.-Having dispersed elevations rising in Mono-.-AGreek prefix for monos,signifying sharp points. (L. murex,apointed rock.) alone. Muricatus.-When the surface is covered with Monodactyle.-Armed with a movable nail or pointed pustules. (L. murex.) clawwhich closes on the tip (Say); it differs Murinus.-Greywith a yellowish tinge; of the from chelate in having but one process. (Gr. colour of the mouse. (L. mus, muris,amouse.) monodaktulos,one fingered; mono,and Musculis antlia.-The muscles of the antlia. (L.

46 The Dictionary of Entomology

muscles;and Gr. antlia.) in the first case pass overthe tendons of the Mushroom Bodies rise from each side of the mandibles, and in the second proceed central mass caused by the procerebral lobes contiguously to the great flexors of the fusing together; these bodies consist of a mandibles, to the root of the antennñ, rounded lobular mass (called the trabecula) of immediately beneath the membrane connecting the procerebral lobe from which arises a double them to the clypeus, but without sending off stalk, the larger being called the cauliculus, the branches. Theyrun from the base of the smaller the peduncle or pedicel; these support antennñ to the apexes, giving offonall sides the cup or calyx. (O.F. mouscheron;F. delicate auxiliary branches to the muscles. mousseron,from mousse,moss.) (Burmeister.) (L.) Mutic.-Without point or spine; unarmed. (From Nervi labii.-The labial nerves; these nerves L. mutilus,maimed.) come, when separated from those of the Muticum.-(From L. mutilus.) See Inermis. maxillñ, from the centre of the anterior Myoglyphides.-The muscle-notches; notches in margins of the cerebellum, and run direct to the the posterior margin of the collum, usually two labium, and here divide into several-generally in number,towhich the elevator muscles are two- main branches, the inner ones going to the attached. It is chiefly observable in Coleoptera. tongue, and the outer ones to the labial palpi. (Gr. mys,amuscle, and glyphis,anotch.) (Burmeister.) (L.) Myriapoda.-Aclass of the Articulata, including Nervi mandibularum.-The mandibular nerves. such as have anindeterminate number of Theypass out of the anterior portion of the jointed feet. (Gr. myrios,many, and pous,a cerebellum; theygiv e offsev eral delicate foot.) auxiliary branches to the flexors and extendors Mystax.-Hair situated on the clypeus, overthe of the mandibles, and lastly,accompanied by mouth; whiskers. (Gr.the beard upon the upper branches of the trachea, pass into the cavity of lip.) the mandibles. (Burmeister.) (L.) Nervi maxillarum.-The maxillary nerves. They sometimes originate in front, and sometimes N behind the nerves of the mandibles, from the Naked.- (Pupñ.) - (A.S. nacod,+Du. noakt,Ger. cerebellum, and run closely to them, passing nackt.) See Pupñ nudñ. between the muscles to the maxillñ. Nasus.-The nose; that portion of the face often (Burmeister.) (L.) elevated and remarkable, situated between the Nervi oculorum.-The optic nerves. They labrum, postnasus, and genñ, and with which originate from the lateral margins of the the labrum articulates. It includes the hemispheres of the cerebrum, and extend to the rhinarium. (L., the nose.) orbits, becoming gradually clavate, where they Natatorial.-Adapted for swimming. (L. no, radiate into manybranches. (Burmeister.) (L.) natum,toswim.) Nervi optici secundarii.-The auxiliary optic Navicular.-When twosides meet and form an nerves. Theyare peculiar only to insects angle, likethe keel of a boat. (L. navicula,a possessing stemmata, and originate from the little ship.) central portion of the cerebrum, and extend as Nebulose.-Cloud-likeincolouring, having, simple and very fine filaments to the spot lighter,darker,and paler markings resembling where the stemmata are situated, and then the irregular colouring of a cloud. (Gr. gradually divergefrom each other. nephele,amist, a cloud.) (Burmeister.) (L.) Necrophagous.-Feeding on dead or decaying Nervous System.-[See Cerebral ganglion.] matter.(Gr. nekros,dead, and phago,toeat.) Nervures,orNerves (Nervi). - (Wing.) Corneous Nectaries.-The Cornicles. - (From L. nectar, tubes for expanding the wing, and keeping it nectar.) tense. (L. nervus,from Gr. neuron,asinew, a Nervi antennarum.-The antennary nerves. chord.) Theyoriginate from the anterior margin of each Neurilemma.-The hardish sheath formed of hemisphere of the cerebrum, but more laterally cells and nuclei covering the ganglii. (Gr. when the antennñ are lateral, and centrically neuron,and lemma,ahusk, or rind.) when those organs are inserted in the face. Neuroptera.-Afamily of Hexapoda. An order of Theyrun as simple undivided filaments, which insects having four transparent, finely

47 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

reticulated, membranous wings. (Gr. neuron,a Nymph.-The pupal stage of an insect which nerve, and pteron,awing.) undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. An Nictitant ocellus.-When the eyeofcolour ancient term for pupa. (L. nympha,apupa.) includes a lunar spot of a different colour. (From L. nicto,towink, and oculus,aneye.) Niger.-The colour of lamp-black. (L. black.) O Nigrescent.-Approaching to black in colour.(L. Ob-.-ALatin prefix signifying in the way of, nigresco,togrowblack.) toward, and also reversal. Nigricanite.-Blackish; a bright black inclining Obconical.-Ofarev ersed cone-shape-thickest to grey. (L. nigror, oris,blackness; dark part in front. (L. ob,and M.F. cone,-L.conus, colour.) acone.) Nigricans.-Animpure black colour.(L. niger.) Obcordate.-Inv ersely heart-shaped. (L. ob,and Nitid.-Shining. - (L. nitidus,shining, from niteo, cor,the heart.) to shine.) Obese.-Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if Nitidum, Nitidus.-Shinyand glossy likemetal. from disease or too much food; fat; fleshy; (L. (L. niteo,toshine.) obesus, ob, esum,toeat.) Niveus.-White; snow-like. (L., snow.) Oblate.-Flattened this term is applied to a Nodding Horn.-When a horn bends forwards. spheroid of which the diameter is shortened at (M.E. nodden;not in A.S.; but the original twoopposite ends. (L. ob,and latus,broad.) form beganwith hn;and A.S. horn.) Oblique.-Running sideways; when the Nodose (Nodosum.) - (Antennñ.) Having the longitudinal line is cut through at acute angles; intermediate and terminal joints thicker than slanting; neither perpendicular nor parallel. (L. the remainder.Knotted, having knots or obliquus,slanting.) swelling joints. (L. nodosus,knotty; nodus,a Oblique tergals.- Short muscles connecting the knot.) edges of the tergites of the abdomen. (L. Nodular.-Pertaining to a nodule or knot. (L. obliquus,and tergum,the hinder part.) nodus.) Oblique sternals.-Very short muscles Nodule.-Asmall knot or swelling. (L. nodus.) connecting the adjacent edge of the sternites of Nodulose, Nodulous.-Possessing knots. (L. the abdomen. (L. obliquus,and from sternum, nodus.) the breast-bone.) Normal.-This term is used loosely,but its Obliterate.-When the borders of spots, puncta, meaning in comparison is always easily granules, etc., fade into the general ground understood from the context. (L. normalis,adj. colour,and when elevations and depressions, -L.norma,acarpenter'ssquare.) etc., are so little raised or sunk from the surface Nostril.-(E. nostril = nose-thrill,ornose-thirl; as to be almost erased. (L. ob,and litera,a A.S. nos-u,nose.) See Rhinarium. letter.) Notum.-The dorsal surface of a segment - the Oblongum.-Oblong. (L.) term is little used in this form, it is generally Oblong.-having the longitudinal diameter more taken with its preceding part, ex.pronotum, etc. than twice the length of the transverse (Gr. notum,from notos,the back.) diameter; longer than broad. (L. oblongus.) Nucha.-The nape; the upper part of the collum. Obovate, Obovatus.-Rev ersed egg-shaped; it includes the myoglyphides. (Arabic.) inversely ovate. (L. ob,and ovum,anegg.) Nucleat, Nucleiform.-Possessing a nucleus; in Obscure.-Dark; abstruse; remote from the form of a nucleus. (L. nucleus,small nut, observation; indistinct. (L. obscurus,from Skt. kernel. - L. nut,stem of nux,anut.) sku,tocover.) Nucleus.-Anerve-centre. (L.) Obscure-aeneus.-Ofanindistinct bronze colour. Nudum.-Naked; having no markings or dust (L. obscurus and aeneus,brazen.) covering. (L. nudus,naked.) Obsolete.-When a spot, tubercle, etc., is scarcely Nutant.-(Head.) In observing the relations of apparent. N.B. -This term is often employed the head to the thorax, the term is used when its where one sex, kindred species, or genera, longitudinal diameter forms an obtuse angle want, or nearly so, a character which is with the axis of the body.Nodding; bent down. conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species (L. nutans from nuto,tonod.) or genus to which theyare most closely allied. Nutant.-Bending overatthe apex. (L. nutans.) (L. ob,and soleo,tobewont to.)

48 The Dictionary of Entomology

Obsolete.-Almost or entirely effaced; not fully Oculi nudi.-Naked eyes, eyes without hair, developed; indistinct. (L. obsoletus,obsolete.) marks, or covering. (L. oculus,and nudus, Obtect pupæ.-Pupæ which have the limbs and naked.) wings immovably fixed by a general hardening Oculi pilosi.-Eyes which have the margins of and fusing of the outer skin, or theca. (L. ob, separation thickly set with hair.(L. oculus,and and tectum,tocover.) pilus,hair.) Obtected.-Covered. (L. ob,and tectum.) Oculi simplices.-Ocelli, simple eyes. - (L. Obtusa.-(Lacinia.) Rounded and not produced oculus,and simplex,simple.) into a prominent or active point. (L. obtusus, Odoratus.-(Scent.) An undefined sweet smell. blunt, obtuse.) (L., sweet smelling.) Obtuse.-Having a rounded termination; blunt; Œnocytes.-Large, yellowish cells, situated on not pointed or acute. (L. obtusus,blunt.) each side of the abdomen (rarely found in the Obverse.-When an object is viewed with its thorax) and held in place by the trachea. They head towards you. (L. ob,and verto, versum, are associated with the blood and fat. to turn.) (Wielowiejski.) (Gr. oinos,wine, and kustis,a Occipital foramen.-Alarge shield-shaped cyst.) opening behind the head through which the Œnocytes.-Glandular cells arising in segmental œsophagus, nervecords, and air tubes pass clusters from the ectoderm of the embryo just back to the body.(L. ob,and caput;and behind the tracheal invaginations. In the adult foramen, from L. foro,tobore.) theyare very small, and scattered about among Occiput.-The back of the head, around the the fat cells. Their function is not exactly commencement of the collum. (L. ob,and known. (Gr. oinos,and kustis.) caput,the head.) Œruginous.-Bright green. (L. ñrugo,rust of Ocelli.-Simple eyes, small extra eyes, usually copper,verdigris.) See Æruginous. situated on the top of the head. The cuticle Œsophageal valve.-Aninv agination of the fore- covering the eye is thickened likealens. stomach which projects into the cavity of the Belowthe lens there is a layer of transparent mid-intestine. (Schneider.) cells, continuous with the adjacent epidermal Atubular prolongation of the posterior end cells. (L. ocellus,alittle eye.) of the œsophagus which passes through the Ocellate, Ocellated, Ocelloid.-Furnished with proventriculus and opens at various positions in round spots surrounded by a ring of lighter the anterior part of the chylific stomach. colour; resembling ocelli in appearance. (L., (Gehuchten.) ocellus.) Œsophagus.-Asmall tube of the digestive Ocellus.-Aneye-likespot of colour,consisting system commencing at the posterior end of the of annuli of different colours, enclosing a buccal cavity,passing upwards and backwards central spot or pupil.(L. an eye.) directly under the brain, and merging into the Ochraceus.-Brownish-yellowincolour.(Gr. crop or proventriculus, either at the back part of ochra,from ochros,yellowish.) the head or in the thorax. (Gr. oiso,tocarry, Octoon.-The eighth segment in insects. (L. and phago,toeat). octo,eight.) Olfactory.-Pertaining to, or,used in smell. (L. Oculi.-Compound eyes. Theyconsist of a large oleo,tosmell, and facio,tomake.) number (as manyassev eral thousand) of Olfactory nerve centres.-Paired swellings simple eyes, closely packed together in the constituting the deutocerebron. form of hexagons. The compound eye is, Olivaceous.-Olive green, resembling the green however, peculiar,inthat the ommatidia are colour of olives. (Gr. elaia,anolive.) very narrowand elongate, and each one Ommateum.-The compound eye. (Gr. consists of only a fewretinal (6-8) and vitreous ommatos,the eye.) cells. (Boas.) (L. oculus,aneye; L. oculeus, Ommatidia.-The eye elements, those parts of full of eyes.) the eye constituting its structure. (Boas.) (Gr. Oculi approximati.- Eyes closely set together. ommatoo,tofurnish with eyes.) (L. oculus,and a,and proximus,near.) Onischiform.-Shaped likeanOniscus or Wood Oculi distantes.-Eyes when separated by the Louse. (Onischus,awood louse, and form.) brow. (L. oculus,and dis,separation, and sto, Onyches.-Claws, the movable hooks usually to stand.) situated at the tip of the tarsi. (From Gr. onyx,

49 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

the nail.) Orbiculate.-Adepressed globe in form, whose Onychia.-Foot-pads. (Gr. onyx.) See Pulvilli. horizontal section is circular,and vertical oval; Onychium.-The last joint of the tarsus which being in the form of an orb.(L. orbiculatus, carry the onychia or onyches. (Gr. onyx.) from orbis.) Ootheca.-The egg-envelope, or egg case; the Orbital.- Relating to the upper border of the eye. membrane exuded by the female during (L. orbis,and eo,togo.) oviposition, and with which she covers the Ordinate.-When spots, puncta, etc., are placed deposited eggs. (Gr. oon,anegg, and theca,a in rows. Thus the terms ordinato-punctate, case.) etc., are constructed. (L. ordinatus,inorder.) Oothecal membrane.-[See Ootheca.] Orichalceous.-Resembling gold in colour.A Oothecal plates.-Two chitinous plates situated splendour intermediate between that of gold at the external orifice, within the lower lip, of and brass. (Gr. oros,amountain; and chalkos, the cloacal chamber,and exercised by the brass.) female while laying her eggs, to cut the Orthoptera.- A family of Hexapoda. An order oothecal membrane. of insects having four wings, the first pair being Opacus.-Clouded, not transparent. (L. dark.) leathery with longitudinal veins, and the second Opalino.-(Splendour.) Of abluish-white, pair fan-shaped. (Gr. orthos,straight, and reflecting prismatic colours. Likethe pteron,awing.) splendour of opals. (L. opal.) Os.-Amouth; a bone. (L.) Opalizans.-Opaline. - (L. opal.) Os hyoideum.-The tongue bone, the horny Opercula.-The covering of the spiracles of the portion of the lingula, which often protrudes metathorax. (L. operculum,alid or cover, from beyond the anterior margin of the mentum. (L. operio,tocover.) os,and Gr. uoides,ªabone on the top of the Operculiform.-Having the shape or form of a windpipe, shaped likethe letter U.º) lid or cover. (L. operculum,and forma.) Osmeterium.-The large coloured V-shaped Operculum.-Alid; a small valvular appendage. fleshyprocess, which the caterpillars of the (L.) swallow-tailed butterflies protrude from a Ophthalmothecñ.-The eye-cases, that portion transverse slit on the dorsal surface of the of the theca enclosing the eyes. (Gr. prothoracic segment. ophthalmos,the eye, and theca,acase.) Osseous.-Resembling bone; bony. (L. osseus, Optic ganglia.-The twonervecentres from from os, ossis,abone.) which the optic nerves arise, each is formed of Ostia.-Lateral slit-likeopenings, along the sides aseries of ganglionic masses situated between of the ªheart.º(L. ostium,adoor,entrance.) the compound eyes and the procerebral mass, - Outer.-Being on the outside; external; opposed the ganglionic plate, external medullary mass, to inner.(M.E. utter,acomparative form of ut, and the internal medullary mass. (Gr. optikos, out.) and ganglion.) Outer edge.-(Wing.) The extreme border Optic nerve.-The nerveofthe eye, which running from the apextothe inner angle. conveysthe impressions of vision to the Ovalav osa.-Eggs which are placed in closed cerebral ganglion, and which is formed by the cells formed by the parents for the reception of fibres of the internal medullary mass, and the the ova;for ex. Apis, Vespa. (L. ova,eggs, procerebrum uniting. (Fr. optique,from Gr. and favus,honeycomb.) optikos,pertaining to sight, and neuron,a Ovagallata.- Eggs which are placed in the galls cord.) See Nervi oculorum. of plants; for ex. Cynips, Diplolepis. (L. ova, Optic tract,ortrunk.-The optic nerve. (Fr. eggs, and galla,agall-nut.) optique,and L. traho, tractum,todraw; or Ovaglebata.-Eggs which are concealed in truncus.) lumps of dung; for ex. Gymnopl pilularius.(L. Opticon.-The first swelling of the optic tract. ova,and gleba,aclod, soil, etc.) (Gr. optikos.) Ovagummosa.-Eggs which adhere owing to the Ora.-The broad lateral margin of the prothorax. presence of a gummy secretion. (L. ova,and (L., edge, cable, etc.) gummis,gum.) Orb.-Aglobe; a circle. (L. orbis,acircle.) Ovaimposita.-Eggs which are deposited within Orbicular.-Inthe form of an orb.(L. the food of the young; for ex. the eggs of orbicularis,from orbis.) Ichneumons in the bodies of larvñ. (L. ova,

50 The Dictionary of Entomology

and impositus,part. of impono,tolay,set, or pono,toplace.) place in.) Ovipositor.-Anappendage of the telum Ovanuda.-Eggs which lie dispersed in any whereby the female insect lays her eggs. The direction; for ex. the eggs of Musca domestica ovipositors of insects vary,theymay be L. (L. ova,and nudus,naked, disclosed.) external,asinthe Ichneumon; or tubular Ovapilosa.-Eggs deposited in irregular heaps retractile, as in the bot-flies, or saw-like overwhich the female spreads hair from her (terebella). (L. ovi,and positor,from pono,to posterior abdominal segments to secure them lay down.) from adverse elements; for ex. the eggs of Ovisac.-The cavity in the ovary which holds the Anisopteryx aescularia L. (L. ova,and pilosus, eggs. (Coccidñ.) The envelope in which the hairy.) eggs are laid; sometimes spoken of as sac.(L. Ovasolitaria.-Eggs which are placed singly ovum,and sac;A.S. sacc -L.saccus,abag.) upon the food plant; for ex. the eggs of Sphinx Ovi-viviparous,orovo-viviparous.-Producing convolvuli L. (L. ova,and solitarius,solitary.) living young, i.e.,the egg is hatched in the Ovaspiraliter deposita.-Eggs which are placed mother,and the young thus born are well in a spiral line around the young shoots of the developed; a species of propagation to which food plant; for ex. the eggs of Clissiocampa the ancients applied the name Insecta ovo- neustria L. (L. ova,spiral, and depositus,from vivipara.(L. ovum,and viviparous,from L. depano,tolay.) uiui-parous,producing living young. - L. vivus, Oval, Ovate, Ovoid.-Ofthe shape of an egg, living; parere,toproduce.) elliptical. (L. ovum,anegg.) Ovoid, Ovoidal.-Egg-like; egg-likeinshape. Ovaliform.-Having the longitudinal section (L. ovum,and Gr. eidos,like.) oval, and the transverse circular; in the form of Ovum (ova). - The egg; the bodies in the ovaries an oval. (L. ovum,and form; ovi-form,egg- which, when impregnated, become the shaped.) embryos. (L.) Ovarian tubules.-The ovarioles. (L. ova,and tubula,tubes.) Ovaries.-Part of the female genitalia. Theyare P apair,consisting of a varying number of Pñdogenesis.-Aform of virgin reproduction; tubules (ovarioles) which usually extend like when the ovaries become mature daring larval fingers from the anterior end of the oviduct. life, so that eggs are produced which, without Each ovariole is surrounded by a thin fertilization, develop within the body of the membrane and is immature anteriorly, grub; young larvñ being born in an active consisting of small homogeneous cells; further condition of a larval mother.(From Gr. pais,a back there are larger cells, young ova,lying in child, and genesis,production.) the middle of the tube, and surrounded by Pagina inferior.-The lower surface of a wing. smaller cells, which provide them with (L. a leaf or page, and inferior.) See Prone nutriment, and also secrete the shell (chorion), Surface. for the fully developed egg. (Der, ov-ar-y;Late Pagina superior.- The upper surface of a wing. L. ouaria,that part of the body in which the (L. and superior.) See Supine Surface. eggs are formed.) Paired ganglia.-The twonervecentres situated Ovarioles.-Tubes or tubules which carry the on either side of the recurrent nervejust behind ovaries. [See Ovaries.] the supraúsophageal ganglion and connected Ovate.-Egg-shaped. (L. ova.) with cords to one another.Theygiv e offnerves Oviduct.-The tube formed by the eight tubules to the salivary glands. (L. pars,equal, and of the ovary.Two innumber.(L. ovum and ganglion.) duct.) Paired Sympathetic Nervous System.-The Ovigerous.-The term applied to a female insect lateral sympathetic nervous system. after copulation and the first moult after Paleaceous.-Chaffy (Say). Abounding with copulation has taken place. (L. ovi,and gero, chaffy scales. (From L. palea,chaff.) to bear.) Pallide-flavens.-Pale or whitish yellow. (L. Oviparous.-Producing eggs. (Oviparous, ovi- pallidus,pale, and flavus,yellow.) parous,from L. oui-parous,egg-producing.) Pallidus.-Very pale in colour.(L.) Oviposition.-The laying of eggs. (L. ovum,and Palma.-The ªPalm,ºthe basal tarsal joint of the

51 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

anterior legs, sometimes furnished with in a sharp, line point. (L. and subula,anawl.) strigilis. (L. the palm of the hand.) See Palpi turgidi.-Turgid palpi, the last joint being Manus. turgid, or bladder likeinshape. (L. and Palmate.-Widened and divided likethe hand. turgidus,swollen.) (L. palma.) See Digitate. Palpifer.-The Palpiger.(L. palpi,and fero,to Palmate hairs.-Tensmall conical branched bear.) hairs, situated one on each side of the upper Palpiformis.-(Galea.) When distinct from the surface of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and lacinia and composed of several cylindrical seventh abdominal segments of the Anopheles joints. (L. palpi,and forma,shape.) larvñ. The hairs form a more or less cup- Palpiger.-The process situated outwardly at the shaped organonthe end of a delicate but base of the Stipes and bearing the palp. (L. distinct stalk, by means of which the larvais palpi,and gero,tobear.) supported horizontally,close under the surface Palpiger of labium.-The third portion of the of the water. labium, bearing the labial palpi. (L. palpi,and Palp, Palpi.-Are the auxiliary organs of a gero,and labium,lip.) masticating or mandibulate mouth; theyare Palpiger of maxillñ.-The third portion of the seldom simple appendages, inserted upon the maxillñ, distinguished by bearing maxillary maxillñ and labium. (L. palpi,from palpo,to palpi. (L. palpi,and gero,and maxillñ,the feel.) cheeks.) Palpi ñquales.-Equal palpi, opposite of palpi Panduriform.-Fiddle-shaped; oblong, broad at inñquales. Palpi possessing equal joints. (L. the twoextremities, and contracted in the palpi,and ñqualis,equal.) middle. (L. pandura,abandore, and forma, Palpi brevissimi.-Very short, hardly shape.) distinguishable palpi. (L. and brevis,short). Papilionaceous.-Butterfly-like; butterfly- Palpi clavati.-Clavate palpi. (L. and clavus,a shaped. (L. papilio,abutterfly.) club.) Papillñ.-Small rounded tubercles, or pustules. Palpi cunciformes.-Wedge-shaped palpi; when (L. small pustules.) the last joint is wedge-shaped, which is Papillate.-Covered with papillñ; possessing attached by its sharp end to the preceding joint. papillñ or soft tubercles. (L. papilla.) (L. and cuneus,awedge, and forma,shape.) Papilliform.-Having the shape or form of a Palpi excavati.-Palpi which have the last joint nipple or tubercle. (L. papilla,and forma, concave atthe extremity.(L. and ex,and shape, form.) cavus,hollow.) Papillulate.-Resembling papillñ; having Palpi fasciculati.-Palpi which have the terminal depressions or elevations with a small elevation joint split into manythreads and processes. (L. in their centres. (L. papillñ,small pustules.) and fasciculus,asmall bundle, etc.) Papillule.-Atubercle or variole with an Palpi fissi.-Divided palpi; when the last joint is elevation in its centre. (L. papillulus.) divided longitudinally.(L. and fissum,cleft.) Pappus.-Down. (L. down.) Palpi inñquales.-Unequal palpi; when single Para-.-AGreek prefix, signifying beside or joints takeadifferent form. (L. and inñqualis, beyond. unequal.) Paraglossñ.-The short lateral lobes of a Palpi lamellati.-Lamellate palpi. (L. and setiform lingula. The lobes of the second lamina,aplate.) maxillñ. (Gr. para,and glossa,the tongue.) Palpi lunati.-Lunate palpi; palpi in the form of a Paraglossñ.-Filaments growing on the tongue in crescent. (L. and luna,the moon.) Hymenoptera. Palpi maxillares interni.-Internal maxillary Parallelopipedous.-Six-sided, with four palpi, which are found only in the tiger beetles parallelogramical and two quadrate sides; an and the water beetles, and which is analogous oblong body with a square cross-section. (Gr. to the galea of the Orthropoda. (L. and maxilla, para,and allelon,one another,parallel; and and internus,internal.) epi,upon, and pedon,the ground.) Palpi pilosi.-Pilose palpi; palpi covered with Paramera.-The genital appendages of the male, soft down or hairs; hairy palpi. (L. and pilus, theyare divided into the external and internal hair.) mera (parts). (Gr. para,and meros,apart.) Palpi subulati.-Subulate palpi; palpi terminating See External, and Internal Paramera.

52 The Dictionary of Entomology

Paranal lobes.-The podical plates. (Gr. para Parencyhma.-The soft tissues of organs, and L. anus.) generally applied to that of glands. (Owen.) Parapleurñ.-The lateral pieces on each side of Applied to the proper substance of viscera, the mesostethium. (Gr. para,and pleura,arib, excluding connective tissue, blood-vessels, and aside.) other accessory organs. (Huxley.)(Gr. para, Parapleurñ.-Side pieces, situated near to, or on and enychuma,aninfusion; en,in, and cheo,to either side of the acetabulum, limited anteriorly pour.) by the scapulñ. Theyare often divided into Parietes.-Walls; the perpendicular sides of two. (Knoch.) honeycomb; the sides of elevated bodies; the Parapleurum.-The Parapleurñ. - Those pieces inside walls of anyanatomical cavity.(L. of the post-pectus which are situated one on paries,awall.) each side of the acetabulum, behind the Pars basalis. 7 -(L. pars,apart, and basis,base scapula; in some genera there are twooneach or foot.) See Cardo. side, and may be distinguished into anterior Partes oris.-The oral organs, or mouth parts. and posterior parapleurñ (Say). (L. pars,apart, and oris,amouth.) Parapodium.-Afoot-tubercle. (Gr. para,and Parthenogenesis.-Production by means of podion,diminutive of pour,afoot.) unimpregnated ova.(Gr. parthenos,avirgin, Parapsidal suture.-The suture which separates and gennao,toproduce.) each side of the mesonotum from the median Parthenogenetic.-Relating to parthenogenesis. portion of the segment in Ants. (Wheeler.) (Gr. Partial segmentation.-Egg division; where a para,and A.S. side.) layer of germinal cells is formed at one side of Parapsides.-The lateral portions of the the egg or round the central yolk. (From L. scutellum of the mesothorax when it is divided parti-,declined stem of pars,apart, and into three by longitudinal sutural lines. segment, from seco,tocut.) Parapsis.-The area cut offfrom each side of the Partite.-Divided to, or almost to, the base; pl. mesonotum by the parapsidal suture. partita. (L. partiri,todivide.) (Wheeler.) Parturition.-The period during which the Paraptera,(pl. -ñ). - The term McLeay givesto female is producing ova,orlarvñ, as in the the tegulñ. (Gr. para,and pteron,awing.) case of Coccidñ. (L. pario, partum,tobring Parasite.-Ananimal which livesin, on, or at the forth.) expense of the substance of another.Leuckhart Patagium,pl. Patagia.-Two hornyerectile divided parasites into ecto- and endo-parasites, plates sometimes densely covered with hair,on according as theyliv e on, or in, their hosts. the prothorax of Lepidoptera. (L. patagium,a (Gr. para,and sitos,food.) gold edging or border on the tunic of a Roman Parasitical.-Living on, or at the expense of lady.) See Te gula. another organism, likeaparasite. (Gr. para, Patagium.-Asausage-shaped body situated on and sitos.) each side of the prothorax, in front of the first Parasitised.-Containing parasites. Affected or pair of spiracles, of mosquitoes. attacked by parasites. (Gr. para,and sitos.) (Christophers.) (L.) Parastigma.-Adarkened spot between the costal Patella.-Abowlorcup. (L.) and post-costal nerves. (Gr. para,and stigma,a Patelliform.-Cup or bowl-like. (L. patella,and mark.) forma.) Parastigmatic glands.-Circular glands Patulous.-Spreading; open; having a spreading sometimes present around the openings of the aperture. (L. patulus,from pateo,tolie upon.) spiracles. Pearlaceous.-Having the appearance of a pearl. Parateli corculum.-The twelfth corculum. (Gr. (A.S. pñrl;Fr. perle.-Low L. perula.) para,beside, and telos,end, and L. corculum,a Pecten.-Rigid, incurved setñ, which arm the little heart.) exterior margin of the upper part of the base of Paratellum.-The twelfth or penultimate segment the maxillñ, and the valvulñ. (L. acomb.) in insects. (Gr. para,and tellum,from telos, Pectinate.-Toothed; resembling the teeth of a the end.) comb.(L. pectin,stem of pecten,acomb.) Paratype.-Aspecimen which has been Pectinato-fimbriatñ.-(Antennñ). Being compared with the type of a species. (Gr. para, and typos,from typto,tostrike.) 7. According to Straus it is named Branche transversale.

53 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

pectinate, and fimbriate at the same time. (L. hanging.) pectin,and fimbria,afringe.) Penecelli, Penicelli.- Long flexible hairs. (L. Pectines.- Two movable processes fixed one on penecillus [see pencil] a brush or pencil.) each side, belowthe posterior legs, to the Penicillate.-(Maxillñ.) When the whole metasternum. (From L. pectin.) superior process of the under jawisclothed Pectiniformate.-(Antennñ.) Having joints with hair. furnished on one side with slender processes Penicilli.-Small hairy appendages of the resembling a comb.(L. pectin,and forma.) genitalia of Ants attached to the tergite, or Pectus.-ªThe breastº; that portion of the trunk dorsal plate of the tenth abdominal segment. which lies between the neck and the abdomen, These organs are frequently used as diagnostic butwhich above iscovered by the elytra. characters for the classification. (Knoch) (L.) Penicilliform.-Pencil-shaped. Pedal.-Pertaining to the foot or leg. (L. pedalis, Penis.-Aportion of the male genitalia. It is an belonging to the foot, from ped-,stem of pes, evagination of the body-wall through which the foot.) terminal portion of the seminal duct is Pedalian.-Pertaining to the foot, or leg. (L. pes, continued, and is capable of partial or complete pedis,the foot.) retraction when not in use; in manyinsects it Pedicel.-The peduncle. (Fr. pedicelle,O.F. may possess hard chitinous portions, and lies pedicule,from L. pedis,afoot.) hidden within the cloaca, from which it may be Pedis.-Pl. pedes. Afoot, or leg. (L.) protruded during copulation. (L.) Pedes natatorii.-Legsadapted to swimming. Pennaceous.-Feathered, likethe web of a quill. (L. pedis,and no, natum,toswim.) (L. penna,afeather.) Pedes spurii.-Spurious legs, prolegs. (L. pedes, Pentamerous.-Having fiv e joints. (Gr. pente, and spurius.) See propedes. five,and meros,apart.) Pedes raptorii.-Legsadapted to the seizing of Penultimate.-The last but one. (L. pene, pñne, prey. - (L. pedes,and raptor,from rapio,to almost, and ultimus,last.) rob.) Per-.-ALatin prefix denoting through, by,very, Pedicellate.-Supported by a pedicel. (L. overthe whole extent. pediculus,afoot stalk, a pedicel.) Perfect.-Possessing all properties or qualities Pedicellus.-The second joint of the antennñ. (L. necessary for its complete state; complete in all pediculus,astalk.) parts. (L. perfectus.) pediform.-Foot shaped. (L. pedis, forma.) Perfoliate.-Formed of joints which appear to be [PM]. strung together by a common thread. (L. per, Peduncle.-Apiece supporting an organ, or and folium,aleaf.) joining one organtoanother,likeaneck. (Low Perforatñ, Perforate.-(Antennñ.) When a L. pedunculus,from pedis,afoot.) portion of each joint is dilated and flattened Peduncle.-The smaller of the twostalks arising and the remaining portion cylindrical, appears from the trabecula and which support the calyx likeathread on which the dilated parts are of the mushroom bodies. (L. pedunculus.) strung. (L. per,and foro,tobore.) Peduncular.-Pertaining to a peduncle. Pergameneous.-Ofathin, tough, semi- Pedunculate.-Having a peduncle; supported by, transparent substance, - parchment-like. (The or supporting a peduncle. term is derivedfrom Pergamos,inMysia, Pedunculate.-Having the podeon slender and where parchment was invented.) thread-like. Peri-.-AGreek prefix signifying around, near. Pellucid, Pellucidate.-Coloured, but Pericardial, Pericardian.-Relating to the transparent; clear,transparent. (L. per,very, pericardium. (Gr. peri,and kardia,the heart.) and lucidus,clear.) Pericardial cells.-Small cells attached to the Peltate.-Target-shaped (Say.). (L. pelta,from suspensory filaments and muscles of the Gr. pelte,ashield.) circulatory system; their function is not exactly Pencil.-Along flexible hair.(L. penecillus, known. (Gr. peri,and kardia.) diminutive of peneculus,from penis,atail.) Pericardial diaphragm.-Adelicate perforated Pencillate.-Possessing pencils; when long membrane lining the lower surface of the flexible hair is placed upon a thin stalk. pericardium. (Gr. peri,and kardia; dia, Pendent.-Hanging down. (Fr. pendant, through, and phragma,anenclosure.)

54 The Dictionary of Entomology

Pericardium.-The irregular chamber which is little stalk.) bounded above bythe upper body-wall, and its Petiolate.-(Egg). Stalked; placed upon a stalk. muscles, and belowbythe pericardial (L. petiolus.) diaphragm, and in which the ªheartº lies. (Gr. Petiole.- A stalk. (F. petiole,afoot-stalk of a peri,and kardia,the heart.) leaf. L. petiolum,acc. of petiolus,little stalk.) Periopticon.-Anobject of retinal structure, Petiolule.-Asmall petiole. consisting of a series of rod-likepigmented Petiolus.-The foot stalk; a slender part by which nerve-cells surrounded by small ªchaplet-cellsº the abdomen of manyHymenoptera is united to with a large nucleus, and connecting the nerve- the trunk; it includes the funiculus, and fibres which pass out through the perforated foramen. (L.) membrane to the retinulñ surrounding the eye- Phallus.-The male organofgeneration. (Gr. rods. (Gr. peri,and optikos,pertaining to the phallos.) sight.) Pharyngeal nerve.-Two small nerves arising Peripheria.-The contour surface. (Gr. peri,and from each side of the frontal ganglion, phero,tobear.) extending latero-ventrally to the lower portions Peripneustic.-Aterm giventoone of the of the pharynx. (Hammar.) (From Gr. intermediate types between the holopneustic pharungx,the pharynx.) and apneustic tracheal systems. When the Pharyngeal pump.-The antlia. prothoracic and abdominal spiracles are open, Pharynx.-The opening into the gullet; it while the mesothoracic pair are closed or includes the epipharynx and hypopharynx. (L. atrophied. (Larvñ of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, from Gr. pharungx.) Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, and Phial.-Alittle sac to receive fluid at the will of Trichoptera.) (Gr. peri,and from pneuma air.) the insect, by which the weight of the wing is Peristñthium.-The Peristethium. That portion increased. (Gr. phiale,asmall vessel, or of the post-pectus anterior to the insertion of bottle.) the legs; it extends laterally to the scapulñ, and Phosphorescent.-Lucid; emitting light in the is generally connected to the pectus by a dark. (From L. phosphorus.) membrane (Say.) Phragma.-The posterior margin of the prothorax Peristethium.-The anterior central part of the descending in front of the alitrunk. (Gr.an medipectus, lying in front of the sockets of the enclosure.) intermediate legs. (Gr. peri,and stethos,the Phylogenetic.-Pertaining to the history of the breast.) race. (Gr. phule,atribe, and gennao,tobring Peristomium.-The oral margin or border of the forth.) mouth of Diptera. (Loew.)(Gr. peri,and Phytophagus.-Feeding on plants. (Gr. phyton,a stoma,the mouth.) plant and phago,toeat.) Peritracheal membrane.-The ectotrachea. (Gr. Piceous, Piceus.-Black with a greenish tint; the peri and trachys;and membrane.) colour of pitch. (L. piceus,black as pitch.) Peritreme.-The small plate which is perforated Pigment.-The substance in which the cones or by the external opening of the spiracles directly pseudocones of the eye are buried, it forms two under the fore-wing. (Audouin.) (Gr. peri,and layers, the iris pigment (iris tapetum) and the trema,ahole.) inner retinal pigment. (L. pigmentum,from Peritrophic membrane.-Afunnel-shaped fold pig-,root of pingo,topaint.) of membrane situated on the hinder end of the Piliferous, Piligerous.-Bearing hair; covered proventriculus and enclosing its outlet, with hair.(L. pilus, hair,and fero,and gero,to extending back likeatube to the anus. (Gr. bear.) peri,and trepo,toturn.) Pilose.-Covered with soft down or short hairs; Perpendicular.-Atright angles to the horizon. hairy.(L. pilus,hair.) (Gr. perpendiculum,aplumbline.) Pinguis.-Naturally and proportionately plump. Perpendiculare.-(Head.) Observing the (L. fat.) relations of the head to the thorax; the term is Pinnate.-Having thornyprocesses, or stiffhairs. used when its longitudinal diameter forms a Branching or cleft likeafeather.(L. penna,a right angle with the axis of the body. feather.) Persistent.-Permanent. (L. persisto,topersist.) Pinnatifid.-With winged clefts. (L. penna.) Petiolar.-Pertaining to a petiole. (L. petiolus,a Pinnulate.-(L. penna.) See pinnate.

55 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Pitchy.-Blackish-brown; the term is used or less simple duct to the poison-sac. loosely.(A.S. pic,and L. pix,pitch, tar.) Poison-sac.-The bag or sac for the reception of Plaga.-Along spot of irregular form, and the poison secreted by the poison-glands. (Fr. colour.(L. a bruise). poison,from L. potionem,acc. of potio,a Plagate.-Possessing plagñ. draught.) Plane.-Asurface destitute of elevations, Polar cells.-While the primitive-cell depressions and markings. (Fr.from LowL. segmentation is still in progress, before the planus,aplane.) formation of the inner-layer,aªpolar-cellº is Planta.-The first joint of the tarsus. (L. sole of separated from the hinder pole of the egg. This the foot.) by successive halving divides into eight, which Plantula.-Aminute accessory joint, sometimes after the formation of the blastoderm, pass attached within the claws to the apexofthe through it, and divide into twogroups, taking ungula; to be seen in the stag-beetles. up positions on either side of the hind gut, from (Diminutive ofL.planta.) these cells the eggs or sperm cells of the Pleurñ.-Lateral plates of the segment; lateral developing insect arise. (Gr. polos,apole.) equivalents of the tergñ. - The lateral surfaces Polex.-The last dorsal segment of the abdomen. of the segments. (Gr. pleura,the side). See (Gr. polos.) Prñpleura. Pollen-brushes.-The hairs situated on the Pleural.-Pertaining to the lateral surfaces of the proximal or first joint of the tarsus of bees. (L. segments. (Gr. pleura.) very fine flour; and F. brosse,brush.) Pleural region.-The region separating the upper Pollex.-ªAn inchº; the width of the thumb, an and ventral arcs, formed by the tergites and obsolete measure for the determination of the sternites, of a segment. length of large insects. (L. the thumb.) Pleurites.-Another term for the pleurñ. Polliniferous.-Formed for collecting the pollen (Packard.) of plants; the tarsi of manyofthe Plicate.-Furnished with a fold, or folds; likea Hymenoptera. (L. pollen,and fero,tobear.) fan. (L. plico,tofold.) Pollinose.-Having yellowdust, likethe pollen of Plumbeus.-Lead-likeincolour,ofablue-grey flowers. (L. pollen,fine flour.) colour.(L. plumbum,lead.) Politum.-Polished, shining. (L. politus, Plumose, Plumous.- Feather-like; feathery; polished) See Nitidum. resembling feathers. (L. pluma,afeather.) Poly-.-Greek, many. Plumiliform.-Shaped likeafeather or plume. Polygonal, Polygonous.-Having manyangles. (L. pluma,and forma.) (Gr. poly,many, and gonia,anangle.) Plump.-Fleshy; swollen; of a stout, solid nature; Polymorphous.-Having various and many thick; bulky. (E. or O.L.G., M.E. plomp; plim, forms. (Gr. poly,and morphe,shape.) verb to swell out. O.L.G. plump,bulky, thick.) Porcate.-Having several elevated longitudinal See Pinguis. parallel ridges; formed in ridges. (L. porca,a Plumulose.-When the hairs branch out laterally ridge.) likefeathers. (L. plumula,alittle feather.) Porcate.-Possessing deep, broad sulcations. (L. Poculiform.-Cup-shaped. (L. poculum,cup, and porca.) forma,shape.) See Proculiform. Pore.-Aminute orifice in the membranous Podeon.-The sixth segment in insects. (Gr.) surface by which fluids are exhaled or Podical plates.-Apair of small plates situated at absorbed; a small interstice between the the side of the posterior ventral anus. molecules or particles of bodies. (Gr. poros,a (Theobald.) (L. podicus,pertaining to a foot.) passage.) Podothecñ.-Leg-cases, that portion of the theca Pores.-Large isolated punctures. (Gr. poros.) enclosing the legs. (Gr. pous, podus,afoot, Porose.-Possessing pores. (Gr. poros.) and theca,acase.) Poriform.-Resembling a pore. - (Gr. poros,and Poisers.-Appendages in the place of hind wings, forma,form.) originating directly beneath the callosity of the Porrect.-(Head.) In observing the relations of metanotum. (O.F. poiser,toweigh.) See the head to the thorax; the term is used when it Halteres. projects. Extending forth horizontally.(L. Poison-glands.-The glands secreting the poison, porrigo, porrectum,tostretch forth.) generally twoinnumber connected by a more Post-.-ALatin prefix signifying after,behind.

56 The Dictionary of Entomology

Post-antennal organ.-Acurious and variably insect. (L. pre,and Gr. pleura,side.) shaped organsituated between the eyes and Prñputium.-The large spherical muscular mass antennñ of the Collembola (Lipurñ). In Lipura into which the ductus ejaculatorius passes. maritima,itisseen to be composed of from Prñscutellum, Prñscutum.-The plate nearest seventoeight spaces or areas of colour,which the head, in the supper surface of the segment in the young individuals amount to as manyas when it is divided into four pieces. (L. pre,and twenty-twototwenty-four,and are arranged scutellum;and scutum.) likethe seeds of the malvaceous plants. Prñsternum.-The plate nearest the head in the (Tullberg,8 Laboulbene.) (L. post, antenna,and lower surface of the segment when it is divided Gr. ergon.) into four plates. (L. pre,and sternum.) Post-clypeus.-The posterior part of the clypeus. Prasinous, Prosinus.-The colour of the leaves (L. post,and clypeus.) of leeks; light green inclining to yellow; grass Post-costal nerve.-The second principal nerve green. (Gr. prason,aleek.) of the wing, and often the strongest. (L. post, Pre-.-ALatin prefix signifying before, or prior and costa,arib, and Gr. neuron,anerve.) in space, time, or degree. Post-dorsolum.-The intermediate piece between Prebasilaire.-The term applied to the basilaire the mesophragma and the post-scutellum. (L. when it is sloped, and its anterior raised margin post and dorsum,back.) swollen into a thick callosity.(L. pre,and Posterior.-After in place; succeeding. (L. post, basilairis.) after.) [PM] Premorse.-Having the end bitten offin Post-furca.-The internal descending process of appearance, or splintery.(L. pre,and morsum, the metathorax. (L. post,and furca,afork.) to bite.) Postnasus.-That part of the face immediately Preocular (ant. prñoculares). - (Antennñ). contiguous to the antennñ, that lies behind the Inserted close to the front of the eyes. (L. pre, nasus, when distinctly marked out. (L. post, and oculus,aneye.) and nasus,the nose.) Primitive streak or band.-The formation of the Post-pectus.-The underside of the posterior embryo in an elongated thickened region of the division of the alitruncus, which is divided into blastoderm. (L. primus,first, and striga,a the mesostethium, parapleurñ, metasternum, furrow, a streak.) post-furca, and the opercula. (L. post,and Pro-.-ALatin prefix signifying before, fore, pectus,the breast.) forward, or forth. Post-pharyngeal glands.-Two groups of finger- Proalñ.-The anterior or fore wings, arising from shaped salivary glands situated immediately the sides of the mesothorax;theyvary greatly behind the pharynx, and opening into the in composition, covering and form. (L. pro, alimentary duct by a pair of tubular orifices. and ala,awing.) (L. post, pharynx,and glans,agland.) Proboscis.-Asuctorial instrument for conveying Postretinal fibres.-The fibres arising from the food to the mouth. (L. proboscis,asnout.) facets of the compound eye and which pass into Proboscis.- The oral instrument of Diptera, in the ganglionic plate, which is united within by which the ordinary trophi are replaced by an the chiasmatic fibres of the external medullary articulated sheath, terminated by the labella, mass. (L. post, retina,and fibra,afibre.) and containing one or more scapella covered by Post-scutellum.-The fourth section of the upper avalve. (L.) surface of the segment. (L. post,and scutum,a Procephalic lobes.-(Embryology.) The two shield, plate.) flaps formed by the first segments of the Post-sternellum.-The fourth section of the lower embryo, dividing; the segments being formed surface of the segment. (L. post,and sternum.) by the primitive streak dividing by transversely Prñ-.-[See Pre.] impressed lines into segments. (L. pro,and Gr. Prñpleura, Pleura, Pleurella, Post pleurella.- kephale,the head.) The first, second, third, and fourth sections Procerebral bridge.-Aband uniting the two respectively of the pleura. These portions are halves of the brain. (L. pro,and cerebrum.) divided by sutural lines, and are rarely Procerebral lobes.-The twofused nervelobes distinguishable in more than one segment of an of the procerebrum. Procerebral mass.-The mass of nervecentres, nerves, and ganglia constituting the 8. ªOm Skandinavesken Podurider,º Upsala, 1869, p. 14.

57 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

procerebrum, theyare the procerebral lobes; Propleura.-The twolateral surfaces of the optic ganglia; postretinal fibres; ganglionic prothorax. (Gr. pro,and pleura,aside.) plate; external chiasma; external medullary Propneustic.-Aterm giventoone of the mass; internal chiasma; internal medullary intermediate types between the holopneustic mass; mushroom bodies; procerebral bridge, and apneustic tracheal systems: - When only and the central body. the most anterior pair of spiracles are open. Procerebrum.-The fore-brain composed of the (Pupa of Culex, Corethra,etc.) (L. pro,and Gr. procerebral mass. (L. pro,fore, and cerebrum, pneuma,air.) brain.) Propodeon.-The fifth segment in insects. (L. Process.-Aprojection, or anyprotuberance. (L. pro,and Gr. pous,from podus,foot.) pro,before, and cedere,togo. Der. process, Propodeonis scutum.- The scutum of the mod. F. procès.) propodeon. (L. propodeon,and scutum,a Proctodñum.-The hind gut, comprising the shield.) small intestine, colon, and rectum. (L.). Propodeum.-The first abdominal segment, Proculiform.-Hollowand cylindrical, with a which in Hymenoptera exclusive ofthe hemispherical base, the sides at the top being Phytophaga, forms a part of the thorax. (L. straight and not curved. pro,and Gr. pous,from podos,foot.) Procumbent.-Trailing; prostrate; lying flat. (L. Propolis.-Asubstance formed and used by bees pro,and cumbo,tolie.) in the hives; the product of resinous substances Produced.-Drawn out, prolonged, extended, of the buds of trees, etc. (Gr. pro,and polis,a exhibited. (L. pro,and duco,todraworlead.) city.) Productile.-Capable of being lengthened out. Propygidium.-Penultimate dorsal segment of (L. pro,and ductus.) the abdomen, visible in certain Histeridñ, etc., Prolegs.-Fleshypediform organs, which serve to which it is applied. (L. pro,and Gr. various larvñ in place of legs. (L. propedes.) pygidium.) Prominent.-(Head.) In observing the relations Prostheca.-Asubcartilaginous process attached, of the head to the thorax; the term is used when to the inner side, near the base, of the theyform one plane. (L. pro,and mineo,to mandibulñ; seen in some of the Coleoptera. jut.) (Gr. pro,and theca,acase.) Promuscis.-Rostrum, proboscis; the oral Prosternum.-The under surface of the instrument of ªflies.º(L. pro,and musca,a prothorax. The central prominent ridge of the fly.) antepectus. (L. pro,and sternum.) Promuscis.-The oral instrument of Hemiptera in Protellum.-The eleventh segment in insects. which the ordinary trophi are replaced by a (Gr. pro,before, and from telos,the end.) jointed sheath, covered above atthe base by the Prothroacis cerebroida.-The second labrum, without labella at the end, and cerebroida. (L. pro,and thorax,and from containing four long capillary lancelets, and a cerebrum,abrain.) short tongue. It includes the vagina and Prothroacis nervi dorsalis.-The twonerves scapella. (L. pro,and musca,a fly; apparently ascending to the back from the mesothoracis the word fly is used for anyinsect that might cerebroida. (L. prothorax,and nervus,anerve, look likeafly.) and dorsum,the back.) Prone.-When an object lies upon its belly.(M.F. Prothoracis scutum.-The scutum of the prone -L.pronum,acc. of pronus,not erect.) prothorax. (Gr. protos,first, and thorax,and L. Prone surface.-(Superficies.) The under- scutum,ashield.) surface. Prothoracotheca.-The prothoracic-case, that Pronotum.-The upper surface of the prothorax. portion of the theca enclosing the prothorax. Propedes.-The fore or anterior legs. (L) (Gr. protos, thorax,and theca,acase.) Propedes.-(Larvñ). Ventral and anal legs, or Prothorax.- The second segment in insects; the prolegs. (L.) See Prolegs. first or anterior segment of the thorax. (L. - Gr. Prophragma.-Athin partition which descends protos,first, and thorax,the breast, breast- from the anterior margin of the mesothorax into plate, chest, etc.) the cavity of the trunk and separates the Protocerebral lobes.-The head nervelobes anterior segment from the intermediate one. situated in front of the mouth. (Gr. protos,first; (Gr. pro,and phragma,anenclosure.) cerebron,the brain; and lobos,alobe.) See

58 The Dictionary of Entomology

Protocerebron. pous,the foot.) Protocerebron.-The fore brain, consisting of the Pterostigma.-The name giventothe second central masses-the mushroom bodies, optic costal cell of the wing when it is opaque. (Gr. trunk, and lobes. (Gr. protos,first, and ptero,awing, and stigma,amark.) cerebron,the brain.) Pterothecñ.-(Pupñ.) The wing cases, that Protopodite.-The first part of the maxilla. (Gr. portion of the theca enclosing the wings. (Gr. protos,first, and podos,afoot.) pteron,awing, and theca,acase.) Protuberant.-Projecting; of anyirregularity of Pterygium.-Small wing-lobes seen upon the the surface. (L. protuberans,from protubero, base of the under wings. ex. Lepidoptera. to bulge out.) (From Gr. pteron,awing.) Proventricular valvule.-The úsophageal valve. Pterygodes.-Latreille'sterm for the tegulñ. (?) (From Gr. pteron.) Proventriculus.-The fore-stomach; it is very Pterygoid.-Wing-like. (Gr. pteron,a wing, and muscular,being lined with chitin, which is eidos,like.) usually provided with numerous teeth arising Ptilinum.-Alarge bladder-likeorg anwhich is from the folds. These folds begin in the pushed out through the frontal suture when the úsophagus or crop, and end at the adult is going to emerge from the puparium. commencement of the mid-intestine. (L. pro, Pubescent.-Furnished with shining hairs or and ventriculus,the belly.) down. (L. pubes,hair, Der. pubescence,sb. due Prozona.-The anterior portion of the pronotum to pubescent-,stem of the present participle of of the Elatidñ. (L. pro,and zona,abelt.) See pubescere,toarrive atpuberty.) Metazona. Pulmonaria.-The pulmonary spaces. (L. Pruinose.-Covered with minute dust, as if pulmonarius,from pulmo,alung.) See frosted. (L. pruina,hoar-frost.) Pulmonary space. Prunus, Prunosus.-Reddish-blue, with a Pulmonary space.-Two longitudinal soft places whitish covering, likethe bloom of ripe plums. on each side of the back of the abdomen, which (L. prunus,aplum tree.) are capable of tension and relaxation, and Pselaphotheca.-Palpi-cases, twoconical where theyexist, the dorsal spiracles are processes arising in front of the eyes of pupñ; planted. (L. pulmonarius.) that portion of the theca enclosing the palpi. Pulverulent.-Dusty; consisting of fine powder; (Gr. pselaphao,tofeel (palpi-feelers), and (L. pulverulentus,from pulvis, pulveris,dust, theca,acase.) powder.) See Pollinose. Pseudo-.-AGreek prefix signifying false, or Pulvilli.-Soft cushions on the underside of the spurious. tarsi. (L. pulvinus,acushion.) Pseudocone.-Eyes that have the four cone-cells Pulvinulus.-Soft balls at the ends of the tarsi. filled with transparent fluid, but are not fused (L. pulvinus.) together to form one true cone. (Eyes of Puncto-striatus.-Punctured longitudinal straight Diptera.) (Gr. pseudo,and konos,acone.) lines. (L. pungo, punctum,toprick, and stria,a Pseudonychia.-Spurious claws; twostiffclaw- furrow.) likebristles which terminate the plantula. (Gr. Punctum.-Aspot. (L.) pseudo,and onyx,the nail.) Puncture.-Asmall depression on the surface, Pseudotetramerous.-Having apparently four usually round. (L. punctura,aprick, a joints, though in reality fiv e are present. (Gr. puncture.) pseudo, tetra,four,and meros,apart.) Punctate.-Furnished with punctures. (L. Pseudotrimerous.-Having apparently three punctura. joints, though in reality four are present. (Gr. Punctate-striate.-Rowsofpunctures imitating pseudo, tri,three, and meros,apart.) and taking the place of striñ, opposed to Pseudova.-Unimpregnated eggs which produce striate-punctate, with loose punctured striñ. young; virgin ova.(Gr. pseudo,and L. ova, (L. punctum,and stria,afurrow.) eggs.) Punctation, Punctuation, Puncturation.- Pterigostia.-ªWing bones,ºthe nervures. (Gr. Covered with punctures; possessing punctures. pteri,awing, and osteon,ahone.) (L. punctura.) Pteropega.-The wing-sockets, situated on the Punctiform.-Possessing a small impression or dorsolum. (Gr. pteron,awing, peza,from fovea, larger than an ordinary puncture. (L.

59 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

punctum,aspot, and forma,form.) See Obtect pupñ. Punktsubstanz.-The fibrillar substance Pupñ subterraneñ.-Subterraneous pupñ; pupñ composing the calyces of the mushroom which pass this period of their life buried bodies. (Kenyon.) underground. (L. pupa; sub,under,and terra, Puniceus.-Bright red with a violet tint. (L. red, the earth.) reddish.) Pupal.-Pertaining to the pupa. (L. pupa.) [PM] Pupa -The third stage of an insect'slife; the Pupal sac.-The thin, semi-transparent chrysalis stage, the apparently torpid state membrane enveloping the head and thorax of before an insect assumes its wings. (L. pupa,a the pupñ of Anopheles maculipennis.(Nuttall chrysalis. L. pupa,agirl, hence undeveloped and Shipley.)(L. pupa.and sac.) insect.) Puparium.-The secretionary covering of many Pupñ adhñrenñ.-Adherent pupñ; pupñ which Coccidñ. The last larval skin which, in the hang perpendicularly with their heads case of Diptera, protects the pupa. (L. pupa.) downward. (L. pupa,and ad,and hñreo, Pupation.-The period occupied in changing hñsum,tostick.) from the larvaornymph into the imago. The Pupñ angulares.-Pupñ possessing a process third stage of an insect'slife; the period of likeapyramid, or nose, on the back. (L. pupa, histology.(L. pupa.) and angulus,anangle.) Pupil, Pupilla.-The central spot of the ocellus. Pupñ conicñ.-Conical pupñ in (L. pupillus.) contradistinction to angular pupñ. (L. pupa, Pupiparous.-Bringing forth pupñ. (L. pupa, and conicus,conical.) See Pupñ angulares. and pario,tobring forth.) Pupñ contignñ.- Bound pupñ; pupñ which Purpureal.-Purple. (Gr. purpura.) remain upright against a vertical object, and Purpureus.-(Gr. purpura.) See Puniceus. supported thus by a delicate filament passed Pustule.-Apoint of large circumference. (L. transversely across the thorax. (L. pupa,and pustula,ablister,pimple, etc.) contigno,tobind.) Pustulate, Pustulosus, Pustulous.-Covered Pupñ custodiatñ.-Guarded pupñ; pupñ which with pustules; poc-like. (L. pustula.) are incased, but the cocoon remains partially Pygidium.-The last dorsal segment of the open. (L. pupa,and custos,akeeper.) abdomen. (Gr. pygidion,diminutive from of Pupñ excaratñ. 9 -Excarate or sculptured pupa; puge,the the rump.) pupñ in which the limbs of the perfect insect Pygidium.-Ahornychitinous organofvery are observed to lie free, though still closely variable shape, situated between the last dorsal attached to the body.(L. pupa; ex,out, and and ventral sclerites; between the branches of caro,flesh.) See Mumiñ pseudonymphñ. the forceps of the Elatidñ. Pupñ folliculatñ.-Incased pupñ; pupñ which Pygidium.-(Coccidñ.) The compound terminal repose in cases artificially prepared by the segment of the Diaspinñ and Conchaspinñ; the larvñ. (L. pupa,and follis,abag.) last ventral segment. (Gr. pygidion.) Pupñ larvatñ.- Masked pupñ, pupñ whose Pygofer.-The compound terminal segment of the general enclosure is a hornycase, but upon abdomen of the Homoptera. which the different parts of the future insect are Pyramidal, Pyramidale, Pyramidate.- traced in lines. (L. pupa,and larva,amask.) Resembling a pyramid in shape; angular.(L. Pupñ nudñ.-Naked pupñ; pupñ which freely pyramis,apyramid.) lie, hang, or are in no way fastened or attached Pyramidate fascia.-Anangled fascia. (L. in their particular element. (L. pupa,and nudus pyramis,and fascia.) naked.) Pyriform, Pyriforme.-Pear-shaped. (L. pyrum, Pupñ obtectñ coarctatñ.-Coarctate and apear,and forma.) obtected pupñ; pupñ which are closed in a firm, egg-shaped, corneous case, and which do not in the least indicate the parts of the perfect Q insect. The surrounding case is the dried skin Qua.-Latin adjective meaning as being. of the larva, and the true pupa lies inclosed Quadrate.-Square. - (L. quadratus,square, from beneath it. (L. pupa; ob., and tectum,tocover.) quatuor,four.) Quadri-.-Incomposition indicates four, i.e. quadrimaculate, with four spots. 9. Mumia,socalled by Lamarck.

60 The Dictionary of Entomology

Quadricapsular.-Having four capsules. (L. ova. (L. receptaculum,and ovum.) quadri,four,and capsula,acapsule.) Reclivate.-Curved in a convex,then in a concave Quadridentate.-Having four teeth. (L. quadri, line. (L. re,and clivus,aprojection, a bill.) and dens,atooth.) Recondite.-(Aculeus.) - Concealed within the Quadrimaculate.-Possessing four maculñ. (L. abdomen, seldom exposed to view. (L. re,and quadri and macula, maculñ,aspot.) condo,toput together.) Quadripartite.-Divided into four parts to the Rectate.-Straight; straightly upright. (L. rectus, base. (L. quadri,and pars,apart.) See Partite. straight.) Quadripinnate.-With four feather-like Rectigrade.-Larvñ which have sixteen legs, and branches, or clefts. (L. quadri,and penna,a can walk with a rectilinear body.(L. rectus, feather.) and gradus,astep.) See Geometrñ. Quadrivalvate, Quadrivalvula.-Four-valved. Rectum.-The short dilated terminal part of the (L. quadri,and valvñ,afolding-door.) intestines connecting with the anus. (L.) See Intestines. Recurrent nerve.-Asingle median nervecord R arising from the caudal border of the frontal Radial cellule.-Aportion of the membrane of ganglion, extending back beneath the the wing, situated near the apex, included supraúsophageal ganglion to the vagus, or between the exterior margin and a nervure ventricular ganglion. (L. re,and curro,to which originates at the carpus and passes, with run.)' various degrees of curvature, towards the apex. Recurvate, Recurved.-Bent or bowed (From L. radius,aray,and cella,acell.) backwards. (L. re,and curvus,curved.) Radial nervure.-Aradiating or cross nervure of Recurvate.-Bowed, or bent downward. (L. re, the wing. (L. radius,and Gr. neuron,anerve, and curvus.) cord.) Recuspine.-Having the points in a backward Radiate.-When a dot, spot, etc., appears to direction. (L. re,and cuspis,apoint.) throwoff rays; ex. the large blue area common Reflex.-Bent up, opposed to deflex. (L. re,and to the wings of Papilio. (L. radius.) flecto, flectum,tobend.) Radicle.-The basal joint of the antennñ. (Fr. Reflexed.-Having raised margins. (L. re,and from L. radix,aroot.) flecto, flectum.) Radicula.-The radicle. The basal joint of the Remiform.-Oar-shaped. (L. remus,anoar,and antennñ (Say). (L. a small root.) forma.) Radio-medial nerve.-Atransverse or cross- Remiped.-With oar-shaped feet; ex. aquatic nervure of the wing connecting the radial and insects whose legs serveasoars. (L. remus, medial nervesystems. (L. radius, medius,the and pes,foot.) middle, and nerve.) Remote.-Further removedthan distant; not near. Radius.-The area lying between the costal cell (L. remotus,from removeo,toremove.) or area, and the media of the wing. (L. a ray.) Reniculus.-Asmall kidney-shaped spot of Radius.-The first nervure of the exterior edge of colour.(L. renis,akidney.) the superior wing; it extends from the base to Reniform.-Having the form or shape of the the carpus, and is separated from the cubitus, kidneys. (L. renes,kidneys, and forma form.) by a membrane. (L.) Repand.-Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to Ramosñ.-(Antennñ.) When setaceous or run in a serpentine direction; having an uneven moniliform, but having long branches from sinuous margin. (L. re,and pando,tospread.) several of the joints. (L. ramosus,full of Repandous.-Bent upward; crooked. (L. re,and branches.) pando.) Ramose.-Branching; branched; possessing Repicate.-Refolded, doubled back or down, branches; resembling branches. (L. ramosus.) capable of being folded back. (L. re,and plico, Raptorial, Raptorious.-Adapted for seizing and to fold.) devouring prey. (L. raptor,arobber,from Resilient.-Having the property of springing rapio,torob.) back. (L. resilio,toleap back.) Re-.-ALatin prefix, signifying back. Respiratory nerves.-The lateral branches Receptacula ovorum.- Portion of the female arising from the median nerveand extending genitalia, the receptacle holding the eggs or laterally overthe nerves of the central or main

61 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

nervous system. (L. respiro,tobreathe, from re-,back, and uertere,toturn.) re,again, and spiro,toblow; and nerve.) Reviviscence.-The awakening from torpidity,the Resuspinate.-Upside down; horizontally restoration from suspended animation. (L. reversed. (From L. re,and suscito,toraise.) re viviscens,from re vivisco,tocome to life Retecious.-Resembling network. (L. rete,a again, to revive.) net.) Revoluted.-Rolled or curled back. (L. re,and Reticular.-Having the form of network. (L. from voluto,toroll.) reticulum,alittle net.) Rhabdites.-The three pairs of slender non- Reticulate.-Covered with a network of lines or articulated tubercles constituting the ovipositor. cross striñ; netted; resembling network. (L. (Gr. rhabdos,arod.) reticulatus,from reticulum.) Rhabdom.-The nerverod supporting the apexof Reticulate.-(Egg.) Sculptured. (L. reticulatus a the blunt crystalline cone of the eye. (Gr. net.) rhabdos.) Reticulose, Reticulated.-Having a number of Rhabdomeres.-The sections of the rhabdom. minute impressed lines which intersect one (From Gr. rhabdos.) another likethe meshes of a net. (L. Rhabdopoda.-The genital claspers. (Packard.) reticulatus.) (Gr. rhabdos,and pod, pedis,afoot.) Retina.-Aretiform expansion of the optic nerve Rhinarium.-The nostril-piece; the space of the eye, which receivesthe impressions between the anterior margin of the nasus and conveyed through the transparent facets, cones, the labrum. This is remarkable in some and rods,and givesrise to vision. (L. retina,so Lamellicorn beetles, as Anoplognathus, Leach. called because it resembles network. Coined (Gr. rhis, rhinos,the nose.) from reti -for rete,anet.) Rhomboid, Rbomboidal.-Quadrilateral with the Retinal.-Pertaining to the retina. (L. retina.) sides equal, but twoopposite angles acute and Retinaculum.-Hornymovable scales with which two obtuse.Lozenge-shaped. (Gr. rhombos, the spicula are furnished, serving instead of from rhembo,towhirl round.) See Lozenged. muscles to prevent it being darted out too far. Rigid.-Hard, which does not bend or yield to (L. a stay; from retino,tohold back, and pressure; stiff, not pliant; inflexible. (L. rigeo, aculeus,asting.) to be stiff.) Retinula.-Elongate nerve-cells in the structure Rimose, Rimous.-Chinky, resembling the bark of the eye. (L. retina.) of a tree. Having a number of minute, narrow, Retracted (retractum). - (Head.) When it is and nearly parallel excavations, which run into concealed as far as the browwithin the thorax. each other.(L. rimosus,from rima,acleft.) (L. re, traho, tractum,todrawback.) Rivose.-When furrows do not run in a parallel Retractile.-Capable of being produced and direction, and are rather sinuate; marked with withdrawn. (L. retractum.) sinuate furrows. (L. rivus,astream.) Retractile.-(Head.) When a concealed head can Rod (of the eye).-[See Rhabdom.] be pushed forwards at the will of the insect. (L. Rorulent.-Likedew-drops. (L. ros, roris,dew.) re,and traho,todraw.) See Pollinose, and Pulverulent. Retractores ventriculi.-The delicate retractor Rorulent.-Covered with a bloom, likethat of a muscles which assist in supporting the plum, which may be rubbed off. (L. rorulentus, alimentary canal. (L.) from ros, roris.) Retractum.-(Head.) [See Retracted.] Rosaceous.-(Scent.) A smell of roses. (L. rosa, Retro-.-ALatin prefix signifying backwards. arose.) Retrorsum.-(Direction.) Backwards; in a Roseous, Roseus.-Rose colour.(L. rosa.) backward direction. (L.) Rostellum.-The oral instruments of Pediculus, Retrose.-Backward; in a backward direction. and some other Aptera, in which the ordinary (L. retro.) trophi are replaced by an exarticulate retractile Retuse.-Possessing blunt impressions, as if tube, which controls a retractile siphuncle. It beaten into the surface. (L. re,and from tundo, includes the tubulus, and siphunculus. (From tusum,tobeat.) L. rostrum,abeak, mouth.) Reverse.-When an object is viewed with the Rostral filaments.-The four hair-likeprocesses anus towards you. (M.E. reuers (re vers). - O.F. which together form the sucking-tube or re vers.-L.reuersus,lit, turned backwards. L. sucking mouth of the Coccidñ. (L. rostrum,

62 The Dictionary of Entomology

and filum,athread.) Sagittñ.-The inner pair of forceps of the Rostrate.-Inthe form of a rostrum. (L. Hymenopterous genitalia, lying between the rostrum.) stipites. (L. sagitta,anarrow.) Rostrulum.-The oral instrument of Aphaniptera Sagittate.-Shaped likethe head of an arrow. (L. (PulexL.), in which the ordinary trophi are sagitta.) replaced by a bivalvebeak, between the valves Salebrous, Salebrosa.-Rough, rugged. (L. of which there appear to be three lancets. It salebra,anunevenroad.) See Rugged. includes the laminñ, scalpella, and lingula. (L. Saliva.-Fluid excreted by the salivary glands. rostrum.) (L.) Rostrum.-Prolongation of the head between the Salivary glands.-Athin, leaf-likemass eyes to a nose or beak. (L. a mouth.) See composed of twolarge lobes, and a thin, Proboscis. smaller lobe situated on either side of the Rostrum.-The upper part of the mouth of gullet. (L. saliva,the fluid excreted by the Coccidñ, from which spring the rostral salivary glands, and glans,anacorn.) filaments. (L.) Salivary nerves.-Two thread-likenerves arising Rotative, Rotatory.-(Motion.) When capable of from the caudo-lateral border of the turning wholly round, describing a circle. (L. úsophageal ganglion, entering the prothorax, rota,awheel.) where theyturn and branch offtothe sides. (L. Rotundate.-When the margins pass gradually saliva,and nervi,anerve.) into each other,and do not meet in sharp Saltatorial.-Adapted for leaping; possessing the angles. (L. rotundus,round.) ability to leap. (L. saltatorius,from saltator,a Ruber.-Clear unmixed red. (L. red.) dancer.) Rubescent.-Possessing a rose-coloured Saltatorial appendage.-The great appendage, pubescence. (From L. rubeo,tobered.) attached, in most cases, to the penultimate Rubineous.-(Splendour.) The red splendour of segment of the Collembola, and consists of a the ruby.(From L. ruber.) basal segment, and twobranches, which are Rubrican.-Abay or gray-black colour.(L. sometimes two-jointed, and sometimes of a ruber,red.) single piece only.The appendage is usually Rudimentary.-Undeveloped. (L. rudimentum.) turned forwards, the basal portion reaching as Rufescent.-Somewhat reddish. (L. rufus,red.) farforward as the catch. Rufose, Rufous.-Abrownish-red colour.(L. Sanguine.- Having the colour of blood. (L. rufus.) sanguis,blood.) Rufus.-Coppery in colour.(L.) Sanguineous.-Blood-likeincolour.(L. Rugged.-When a surface shows a raggedness or sanguis.) roughness due to mucros, spines, and tubercles Sanguinivorus.-Subsisting on blood. (L. being intermixed. (M.E. rugged.) sanguis,and voro,todev our.) Rugose, Rugous.- Wrinkled; full of wrinkles. Saprophagous.-Feeding on putrid animal and (L. rugosus,full of wrinkles, adj. from ruga,a vegetable substances. (Gr. sapros,putrid, and wrinkle.) phago,toeat.) Rugosissimus.-Very uneven. (L.) Saprophitic.-Living on dead or decaying matter. Rugulose.-Slightly wrinkled. (L. ruga.) (Gr. sapros.) Rumules.-Teat-likefleshyprotuberances Saprophyte.- That which livesondead or observable on the bodies of various larvñ. decaying vegetable matter.(Gr. sapros,and (Kirby and Spence.) (L. ruma,ateat.) phyton,aplant.) Rursus.-(Direction). - Backwards. (L. rursus, Sarcolemma.-The thin transparent sheath-like backwards.) See Antrorsum. membrane surrounding the muscle-fibres. Rypophagous.-Filth-eating. (Gr. rupos,filth, (Newman.) (Gr. sarx,flesh, and lemma,a and phago,toeat.) scale, that which is peeled off.) Sarcophagous.-Feeding on flesh. (Gr. sarx,and phago,toeat.) S Saturatus.-Implies a colour is deep and full. (L. Sac.-Asmall bag or bladder.(L. saccus,abag.) satur,full.) Saccate.-Gibbous, or inflated towards one end. Scabbed, Scabby.-Possessing roughnesses; (L. saccus.) rough. (L. scabo,toscratch.)

63 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Scaber.-Covered with an irregular rugosity. secreted by the chordotonal organs and retained (A.S. scñb;from L. scabo,toscratch.) in the crytoplasm. (Scale). Scabrous.-With small raised dots; rough, likea Scopa.-Asmall brush-likeappendage, or file; rough, rugged; having sharp points. (L. variation of the surface markings; the hair of scabo.) the brush being short, stiff, and of equal length. Scale.-The secretionary covering of various (L. a brush, broom.) coccids. Used also as a general term for scale- Scopate.-Covered with scopñ. - (L. scopa,a insects. brush or broom.) Scales.-Small thin variously shaped Scopiferous.-(Antennñ.) Possessing athick membranous or hornyoutgrowths, or brush of hair upon some place or part of its modifications of the cuticle. The scales of the structure. (L. scopa;and fero,tobear.) Culicidñ vary much in shape, and are of great Scopiform.- Inthe form of a brush. (L. scopa, importance, for the classification of this group and forma,form.) of Diptera is chiefly based upon the differences Scopiped.-When the pulvilli or pulvinuli are so of the scales, and their positions upon the body. covered with hair as to appear brush-like. (L. (M.E. scale.- O.F. escale.-O.H.G. scala.- scopa,and pes,afoot.) A.S. scealu, scalu,shell, husk, scale.) Scoriaceous.-Ash-likeincolour; when the Scalloped.-Having the edge marked by rounded granulations of the surface resemble ashes. hollows, without intervening angles. (M.E. (Gr. scoria,dross, ashes.) skalop.-O.F. escalope,ashell. Allied to scale. Scorpionidñ.-Afamily of Arachnoida, Der.verb, to cut an edge into scallop-like including scorpions, etc. (F.-L.-Gr.) (F. curves.) scorpion.-L. scorpionem,acc. of scorpio,the Scalpella.-The lancets, a pair of instruments same as scorpius.-Gr. skorpios,ascorpion.) more slender than the cultelli, found in the Scriptus.-Lettered, marked, with characters structure of the haustellum. (L. scalpellum, resembling letters. (L. from scribo,towrite.) diminutive of scalprum,aknife.) Scrobes.-Lateral furrows on the rostrum, Scansorial.-Adapted to climbing. (L. scansum, holding the base of the antennñ, when at rest. to climb.) (L. scrobs,atrench.) Scape, Scapus.-The first joint of the antennñ, it Scrobiculate.-Pitted; having the surface covered includes the bulbus. (L. scapus,ashaft.) with hollows; with deep round pits. (L. Scapella.- The lancets; four pieces adapted for scrobiculus,alittle ditch.) See Foveolate. perforating the food, which, when united, form Scrotiform.-Purse-shaped. (L. scrotum,abag, a atube for sucking purposes. The upper pair purse, and forma,shape.) represent the mandibulñ, and the lower the Sculpture.-Modifications of the surface. (L. maxillñ. (L.) sculpo, sculptum,tocarve.) Scaphiform.-Boat-shaped. (Gr. skaphe, Sculpture.-(Pupñ.) (L. sculpo, sculptum.) See anything hollow(skaph-boat-shaped), and Pupñ excaratñ. forma,shape.) Scuta.-Corneous plates on the segments. (L. Scapulae, Scapularia.-Small plates situated on scutum,ashield.) either side of the peristethium exteriorly,and Scutate.-Covered with large flat scales. (L. which are sometimes soldered to it. (Knoch.) scutatus,from scutum.) (L. scapula,the shoulder plate or blade.) Scutcheon.-The scutellum. (From L. scutum.) Scelerites, Sclerites.-The chitinous plates Scutel.-The scutellum (Say.) (L. scutum.) constituting the hard surface of an insect. The Scutellary.-Pertaining to the scutellum. (L. chitinous plates into which certain parts of the scutum.) external skeleton (e.g.,the mesonotum of Scutellate.-Divided into surfaces likelittle Coleoptera) are divided. (Gr. skeleros,hard.) plates. (L. scutella,asalver.) Sclerites of the hypopharynx.-(Hymenoptera). Scutellum.-The third section of the upper Tw o narrowscelerites extending from the oral surface of a segment, very prominent on the groove,close to the articulation of the cardines, thorax, especially in Colcoptera of which it is down to the base of the mentum, passing the only visible portion of the mesonotum. between the maxillñ, to whose basal membrane (From L. scutum.) theyappear to be attached. (Saunders.) Scutiform.-Having the form of a shield, or plate. Scolopal body.-The chitinous cone or rod (L. scutum,and form,shape.)

64 The Dictionary of Entomology

Scutum. 10 -The upper or dorsal surface of a due to the presence of minute dense hairs. (L. segment. The plate lying between the sericum,silk.) prñscutum and scutellum on the upper surface Sericate, Sericatus, Sericeous.-aCovered with of a segment when it is divided into four soft, short, thick, silkydown, resembling silk or pieces. (L. ashield.) satin, in splendour.(L. sericum.) See Second maxillñ.-The labium. Holosericeous. Secretion.-Matter produced by the various Serosa.-The outer membrane continuous with glands of the body.(L. secretus,set apart; past the blastoderm which protects the developing participle of secernere,toseparate. Der. embryo. (From L. serum.) secrete,verb, from L. secretus,secretion.) Serrate, Serrulate.-Notched on the edge likea Secretionary covering.-That part of a Diaspid saw. (L. serra,asaw.) puparium covering the exuviñ. Serriform.-Saw-like; possessing notches, Sectores coconis.-Acocoon-breaker,ofthe markings, etc., likethe teeth of a saw. (L. attacine moths, a pair of large stout spines, one serra,and forma.) on each side of the thorax, at the base of the Serrulate.-Finely serrate, having very minute fore-wings, and provided with fiv e or six teeth teeth or notches. (L. serra.) on the cutting edge. (L. sector,acutter,and Sesqui-.-ALatin prefix signifying a whole and a coconis.) half. Securiform.-Having the form of an axe. (L. Sesquialter.-One and a half. (L.) securis,anaxe,and forma,form.) Sesquialterous ocellus.-Aneye of colour with a Securi palpata.-Palpi which have the last joint smaller one near it, which is called broadly triangular,and which hangs by a point sequiocellus.(L. sesqui,and alter,another.) to the preceding joint. (L. securus,from se, Sesquialterous fascia.-When both wings are free, and cura, care,and palpa,a jointed traversed by a continued fascia. (L. sesqui; feeler). alter,and fascia.) Segmentation nucleus.-The nucleus formed by Sesquiocellus.-Alarge ocellus including a the union of the male pronucleus with the smaller one. - (L. sesqui,and ocellus,aneye.) female pronucleus. (L. segmentum,apiece cut Sesquitertial.-Occupying the fourth part. (L. off, - secare,tocut; nucleus,from nux,anut.) sesqui,and tertius,third.) Segments.-The great inosculating joints of the Sesquitertious fascia.-When a wing or elytrum body.(L. segmentum,from secare,tocut.) contains a fascia, and the third of a fascia. (L. Semen.-The seed or prolific fluid of males; sesqui,and tertius,third, and fascia.) sperm; seminal fluid or spermatozoa; the Sessile.-Without a notch, or stalk. (L. sessilis, secretion of the testes. (L. seed.) that stands firmly.) Semi-.-ALatin prefix signifying half. Seta.-Along outstanding bristle or hair.(L. a Semiglobate, Semiglobose.-Having the form of bristle.) half a globe; semi-spherical. (L. semi,half, and Setaceous.-Gradually tapering to the tip. Likea globus,aglobe, sphere, etc.) Semiglobosum, bristle. (L. seta.) Hemispherical. Setiferous, Setiform, Setigerous, Setose.-Set Seminal tubes,orpouches.-Sev eral tubes or with, or bearing setñ. pouches situated at the end of the vas deferens. Setiform.-Bristle-shaped. (L. seta,and form, (L. semen,seed.) shape.) Seminal vesicles.-[See Sperm vesicles.] Setiformis.-When the central lobe of a trifid sensillñ.-Sense hairs. (L. sensus,the sense.) lingula is very long, and appears to resemble a [PM] bristle. (L. seta,and forma.) Septum.-Adivision separating twocavities. (L. Setigerae.-(Antennñ.) When the basal joints an enclosure.) are large, and the remainder form into a kind of Septula.-The lesser ridges and partitions raised bristle. (L. seta,and gero,tobear.) on the surfaces of the metaphragma, and on Setulose.-With truncated setñ. (Diminutive of those of other parts of the cavities of the trunk L. seta.) for the attachment of muscles. (L.) Shadow.-(M.E. shade, shadwe.) See Umbra. Seriaceous.-Possessing a silk-likegloss, usually Shagreened.-Covered with closely set roughnesses or unevennesses, likeashark's teeth, giving the appearance of rough-grained 10. The scutellum of some authors.

65 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

leather.(F. - Turkish. F. chagrin.This leather body; the end being provided with valved and wasoriginally made of the skin of the back of guarded openings. (Gr. siphon,atube.) the horse. Turk. saghri,shagreen.) Siphuncles.-The cornicles. Shank.-The tibia. (Dan. shank.Swed. shank,a Siphunculus.-The siphuncle; the real instrument bone of the leg. Der. skink.) See Tibia. of suction, which when unemployed is Sheath.-Anorg angenerally pertaining to the retracted within the tubulus. (Gr. siphuncule, instrumenta suctoria. (A.S. sceath.) diminutive of siphon.) Shellac.-Asecretion formed by insects Siphunculate.-Possessing a siphon, or tube, as a (coccidñ) which is of a glutinous nature. valve. (Gr. siphon.) Valuable in the manufacture of hats. Used for Smaragdinus, Smaragdine.-Anintensely bright varnishes, sealing wax, lacquer work, etc. gold-green colour,likethe emerald in colour. (A.S. scell,and Pers. lac.) (L. smaragdus,emerald.) Sigma.-The name of the Greek letter Σ, σ, ς, Solea.-The sole, the underside of the tarsus; it equal to the English S. includes the pulvilli. (L. the sole of the foot.) Sigmoidal.-S-shaped, curved likethe Greek Solenaria.-The twolateral sub-cylindrical air- sigma. Lanceolate and concave onone side at tubes of the antlia. (Gr. solen,apipe, or tube.) the base, and on the other side at the apex. (Gr. Solid.-One mass, having no vacant interstices. sigma,and eidos,like.) (L. solidus.) Signatures.-Markings (of colour chiefly) upon a Somite.-Asegment. surface, resembling in some degree letters and Sparsate, Sparse.-Scattered; spread irregularly, characters. (L. signatura,from signo,tomark, and at a distance from each other.(L. sparsus, sign, etc.) from spargo,toscatter.) Signate.-Marked with signatures. - (L. signo.) Spatha.-Org ans of the Hymenopterous female Simple.-(Antennñ.) The term used when a genitalia, which lie overthe base of the stipites capitate antennñ is so formed by one joint only. and the sagittñ, and between which the [See Compound in contradistinction.] (L. intromittent organisinserted. (L. a simplex,one fold, from semel,once, and plico broadsword.) to fold.) Spathulate.-Narrowand flat at the base and Simple (simplex). - With no unusual addition or enlarged towards the apex. (L. spatha.) modification. Sperm vesicles.-The seminal vesicles; vessels Simple ocellus.- When the eyeofcolour consists containing the spermatozoa. (Gr. sperma,seed, only of an iris and pupil. (L. simplex and and L. vesica,abladder.) ocellus.) Spermatheca.-A more or less heart-shaped Sinciput.-The middle head or frons. Nitzch's protective sac or pouch, situated upon the term for the frons. (L. semi,half, and caput, dorsal wall of the vagina and opening by a the head.) narrowish neck into the oviduct; it functions as Sinuate.-Having large curved breaks in the aprotective case for the semen. margin resembling bays. (L. sinus,ahollow, a Spermatheca.-The outer covering membrane of bay,etc.) the spermatozoa. (Gr. sperma,and theca.) Sinuate.-Slightly wav ed. (L. sinus.) Spermatoblasts, Spermatids.-Sperm-cells Sinuato-undulate.-When fasciñ, strigñ, lines, formed by the spermatocytes dividing into two etc., curveinto obtuse sinuses. (L. sinuo,to and then four.(Gr. sperma,and blastos,abud.) bend, curve, and undula,diminutive of unda,a Spermatocysts.-The hollowglobes formed by wave.) the spermatospores dividing. (Gr. sperma,and Sinuatus.-Sinuate; a margin with a rounded kystis,abladder.) incision. (L. sinus.) Spermatocytes.-The sperm mother-cells lying Sinus.-Ahollow, a bay,acavity; a fistula, a in the spermatocysts. (Gr. sperma and kystis). groove.Acurved break in an otherwise Spermatogonium.-The primordial germ cell straight margin. (L.) from which the spermatozoa arise and which Siphon.-The respiratory tube of the mosquito contains a large and pale nucleus and a dark larvñ. It is a more or less simple tube, but body (the accessory nucleus of Butschli). The varies considerably in shape, according to the spermatogonia (spermatospores) are converted larvñ. - Tw o trachea run through the siphon into spermatocysts, which divide into and and feed the main tracheal system of the spermatocytes, these last divide and form the

66 The Dictionary of Entomology

spermatids which directly transform into Spinulñ.-Spinous processes at the base of the spermatozoon or spermatozoa. tibia in Hymenopterous insects. (L. spinula, Spermatospores.-Germinal cells lining the diminutive of spina,aspine, a thorn.) chambers of the testes. (Gr. sperma,and Spinules.-Small, fine, scale-likestructures sporos,aspore.) which occur on the thickened veins of the Spermatozoa.-The active sperm-cells formed by wings of numerous insects. Minute spines. (L. the spermatids escaping through the split wall spinula.) of the spermatocyst. (Gr. sperma,seed, and Spiracles.-Breathing apertures occurring at zoa,animals.) See Spermatozoon. intervals along the sides of insects, and which Spermatozoon.-A single, small, active,male communicate with the air tubes or tracheñ. sperm-cell. (Gr. sperma and zoon.) The number of spiracles is generally eighteen, Sphaericum.-Spherical. (L. sphaera,around nine on each side, but the number is not body,sphere, etc.) See Globose. uniform. The names depend wholly on the Spherulate.-Having one or more rows of minute segment in which theyhappen to be situated; tubercles. (Gr. sphaira,aball.) ex. the right spiracle of the prothorax is Sphincter.-Amore or less circular muscle prothoracis spiraculum dextrum.The spiracles which opens and shuts anyorifice round which vary greatly in form, position, and number.(L. it is placed. (Gr. sphingkter,that which binds spiritus,breath, from spiro,tobreathe.) tight.) Spiracula antepectoralla.-Apair of spiracles Spicula.-The sting darts. (L. sting.) fixedinthe membrane that connects the Spine.-Afine, long, rigid, pointed process. (L. antepectus with the medipectus. (L. spiritus; spina,athorn.) ante,before, and pectus,the breast.) Spinneret.-(Larva). A tube-likeorg anobliquely Spiraculñ.-The spiracles. (L.) truncated at its apexarising from the anterior Spiral Tongue.-The sucker of Lepidoptera; the portion of the labium, and composed of several third form of a suctorial mouth. (L. spiritus; alternately corneous and membranous slips. It A.S. tunge,the tongue.) is through this tube that a clammy liquid Spiritrompe.-Latreille'sterm for a spiral passes, which has been secreted by two tongue. granular organs for the preparation of the silk Splendent.-Shining, coloured; possessing a which can be spun into thicker or thinner metallic lustre. (L. splendeo,toshine.) filaments at the will of the larva, by the power Spilt (capitum fissum). - (Antennñ.) When the it possesses of distending or contracting the joints upon one side are divided as by incisures. cavity of the tube. Some larvñ such as those of (Apparently coined from M. Dut. splitten,to some Coleoptera and Dictyotoptera, do not split.) possess this organ, but do possess an apparatus Spoile.-The cast skin. (L. spolium,the skin of for spinning at the anus. (A.S. spinnan,to an animal.) See Exuvia. drawout threads, to spin.) Spungeous, Spongiose.- Spongy; sponge-like; Spinnerets.-(Coccidñ.) - Organs concerned in somewhat elastic in substance. (L. spongia,a the emission of matter of which the puparia and sponge.) ovisacs are composed. (Newstead.) (A.S. Spongiform.-Resembling a sponge; soft and spinnan.) porous. (L. spongia,and forma,like.) Spinnerettes.-The spinning organs of Araneina Spur.-Aspine that is not a process of the cuticle, (Spiders). Theyare four to six fairly large but implanted in it. (A.S. spura.) processes situated belowthe anus and beset Spurious ocellus.- A circular spot of colour with a larger or smaller number of short, fine without anydefined iris or pupil. (L. spurius, tubes; at the apexofeach is the aperture of a of illegitimate birth.) silk gland, which lies in the abdomen. These Spurious suture.- Animpressed line which spinning glands may vary considerably in resembles a suture, but does not divide the structure eveninthe same insect, and may give crust. (L. spurius,and suture,from suo,to rise to different secretions. (A.S. spinnan.) sew.) Spinous.-Armed with spines. (L. spina,a Squamñ.-Scales. (L.) thorn.) Squamate, Squamose, Squamulose, Spinous-radiate.-Beset with spines in a circle. Squamulate, Squamosus.-Covered with (L. spina.) squamñ. - (L. squama,ascale.)

67 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Squama palpifere.-The third piece constituting breast.) the maxilla, which is a corneous scale, at the Stethidium.-The term used by Illiger,Bouché, anterior margin of which the palpus is inserted, and others for the thorax. (Derivedfrom Gr. and which forms beneath, the case or covering stethos,the breast.) of the maxilla. (L. squama,and palpi;and fero, Stigma.-Adarkened spot upon the anterior to bear.) See Exopodite. margin of the upper wings, being an incrassated Squamopygidium.-A term sometimes used to portion of the costal nerve.The term is the anal processes, chiefly of the Elatidæ. (L. sometimes used for spiracle. (L.) squama,and Gr. pygidion,the pygidium.) Stigma metathoracis.-The metathoracic Squamule.-Asmall raised lump or tubercle at spiracle situated on each side of the the base of each fore-wing. (Diminutive ofL. metanotum, and in front of the halteres or squama.) poisers. (L.) Squarrose, Squarrous.-Ragged; full of loose Stigmata.-Apertures in the body communicating scales; cut into. Laciniæ that are elevated above with the trachea. (L. stigma,amark by the plane of the surface, and which are cut into. puncture.) Consisting of rough scales. (L. squarrosus, Stigmatic.-Pertaining to the stigma. scurfy.) Stilt prolegs.-Prolegs which are unnaturally Stellate, Stellated.-Resembling a star; long and elevate the insect. (M.E. stilte,and possessing a star-shaped organ; star-shaped; prolegs.) with four or fiv e radiating lines. (L. stella,a Stink glands.-Inconnection with the skin, there star.) are frequently skin-glands; of these may be Stemmata.-The eyelets; two, or three convex, mentioned the stink-glands on the ventral side crystalline, simple eyes, observable in the frons of the thorax, in Hemiptera; the anal-glands of or vertex, or common to both. Ocelli. (From the Carabidæ; the wax-glands of Aphidæ and Gr. stemma,anything that crowns.) of Cocci. Some are gland-cells, some true Stem-mother.-The agamic female, which glands, and sometimes theyare represented by hatches from the pseudova ofAphids in the simple, flat, thickened portions of the epidermis spring, and from which the summer generations (wax glands of bees). (A.S. stincan.) See arise. (M.E. stem,and moder.) Coxal-glands, Fœtid-glands, Anal-glands, Stercoraceous.-Inhabiting dung. (L. stercoris, Metameric-glands, and Osmeteria. dung.) Stipes.-The second or distal joint of the Sternñ.-Ventral plates; ventral equivalents of protopodite. The second piece which with the the tergæ. (From L. sternum,the breast bone.) cardo constitutes the two-jointed basal portion Sternal.-Pertaining to the sternum. (L. of the maxillæ in the mouth of the cockroach. sternum.) [PM]. (L. a stock, or trunk.) Sternellum.- The third section of the lower Stipites.-The outer pair of forceps of the surface of segments of insects. (From L. Hymenopterous genitalia; theyarise from a sternum.) basal ring called the cardo. (L. stipes,atrunk.) Sternites.-Another term for the sternæ. Stomach (ventriculus). - The pouch which (Packard.) (From L. sternum.) receivesthe food from the gullet, and digests it, Sterno-rhabdites.-The elements or tubercles passing it to the intestines with which it is seen in Hymenopterous larvæ, which are united at its posterior extremity.The stomach destined to form the ovipositor.(Lacaze- varies greatly in its form, both of its main Duthiers.) (From L. sternum,and Gr. rhabdos, cavity and of the numerous appendages with arod.) which it is occasionally furnished. It is termed Sternum.-The inferior or ventral surface of a simple or simplex when it is a mere segment. (L. the breast bone.) continuation of the gullet in an enlarged form, Sternum collare.-The collar-bone, a prominent being slightly constricted at the union with the narrowportion in the underside of the jugulum. gullet, and more so at its junction with the Cartilago ensiformis. (L. sternum,and collare, intestines, where an elastic ring is placed, collar.) which, when contracted, nearly closes the Sternum pectorale.-The breast-bone, a aperture. It is said to be double, or duplex, prominent carina situated on the breast. when it is divided into twodistinct portions, (Knoch.) (L. sternum,and pectus pectoris,the one preceding the other.Itistriple, or triplex,

68 The Dictionary of Entomology

when it possesses three separate divisions Style.-Apointed process. (L. stilus,apointed following each other longitudinally; it instrument.) sometimes, but rarely,has four divisions. It is Styles.-Rigid, exarticulate, long, narrowanal called compound or compositus,when it throws organs. - (L. stilus.) offtwo ormore minor stomachs, or cñca, Stylose.-Furnished with a style. (L. stilus.) resembling little purses at or near its union with Styliform.-Likeastyle. (L. stilus and forma, the gullet; these are particularly observable in form.) the voracious herbivorous insects. (Gr. Stylus.-The outer sheath of the genital armature stomachos,from stoma,abreathing pore.) of the male coccids. Another term giventothe Stomatotheca.-The mouth-case, that portion of ovipositor,when it is not a boring apparatus - the theca enclosing the mandibles and palpi. Terebella. (L.) (Gr. stoma,and theca,acase.) Sub-.-ALatin prefix signifying under, Stomodñum.-The fore-gut, comprising the extensively used to express a subordinate gullet, crop, and gizzard. (From Gr. stomachos, degree, or imperfect state of quality. the gullet.) Subacute.-Moderately acute. (L. sub,and from Stomogastric nerves.-Tw o parallel cords arising acuo,tosharpen.) from the vagus ganglion, feeding the Subaduncate.-Somewhat hooked or curved. (L. alimentary canal, on the route to their sub, ad,to, and uncus,ahook.) termination in the mid-intestine. (Gr. stoma, Subanal laminñ.- Heymon'sterm for the and gaster,the belly.) podical plates. (L. sub, anus,and lamina,a Stomogastric nervous system.-[See Vagus plate.) Nervous System.] Subcordate.-Heart-shape; resembling somewhat Stramineus.-Pale yellow, straw-likeincolour. the shape of a heart. (L. sub,and cor,the (L. of straw.) heart.) Strangulate.-Strongly constricted, and Sub-costal nervure or nerve.-The radiating or contracted, forming a waist. (L. strangulatus, cross nervure of the wing. (L. sub,and costa,a from strangulo,tostrangle.) rib.) Stria.-An impressed line or scratch; the term is Subcostal nerves.- Nerves arising from the rarely used for an elevated line. (L. a furrow.) underside of the post-costal nerve, or from each Striate.-Furnished with striae. (L. stria.) other,called the first, second, third, etc., in Striate-punctate.-Possessing loose punctured order of their occurrence. (L. sub,and costa,a striae. (L. stria,and punctum,apuncture.) See rib.) Punctate-striate. Subcutaneous.-Placed under the skin; applied to Stridulation.-Noise produced by the friction of parasitic larvñ which feed under the skins of one surface upon another.(L. strideo,tograte their hosts, and to those which feed in the inner or creak.) tissues of plants, leaves, etc. (L. sub,and from Stridulatory.-Connected with stridulation. (L. cutis,the skin.) strideo.) Suberoded.-(Wings.) Somewhat indented. (L. Striga.-Atransverse band. (L.) sub,and erosus,from erodo,tognaw.) Strigate, Strigose, Strigous.-Possessing strigñ. Suberouse.-Cork-like, somewhat resilient in (L. striga.) substance. (L. suber,cork). Strigilis.-Adeep sinus near the base of the Suberose.-Having the appearance of being palma; in some Hymenoptera it is often gnawed. (L. sub,and erodo, erosus,tognaw pectinate. (L. a scraper.) off.) Strigose.-Scratched, or lined. (L. stria.) Subfacies.- The subface; the lower surface or Strio-punctate.-[See Punctate-striate.] underside of the head. It includes the lora and Striole.-Arudimentary stria. (From L. stria.) jugulum. (L. sub,and facies,aspect.) Striolate.-Furnished with rudimentary stria. (L. Subgalea.-Aportion of the mouth-parts, situated stria.) at the base of the stipes, and bounded on the Stupeous, Stupose.-Full of matted filaments; inner side by the lacinia of the maxilla, and on covered with long, loose scales resembling tow. the outer side by the palpiger of the maxilla. (L. stuppa,tow.) (L. sub,and galea,ahelmet.) Stupulose.-Covered with coarse decumbent Subgeneric.-Pertaining to a sub-genus. (L. sub, hairs. (L. stuppa.) and genus,akind.)

69 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Subgenus.-The sub-division of a genus, forma.) comprehending one or more species. (L. sub, Sulphureus.-The colour of brimstone; yellow. and genus.) (L. sulphur,sulphur.) Subglobose.-Partially spherical. (L. sub,and Super-.-ALatin prefix signifying over, above, globus.) beyond. Submargin.-Animaginary portion of a surface, Superadded nervous system.-Consists of a situated exterior to the disc and within the small median nerveextending from each of the margin. (Say). (L. sub,and margo,the first elevenventral ganglia. As arule the margin.) median nervegiv esrise to the respiratory Submarginal cells (cellulñ submarginales). - nerves. (L. super, addo,toadd.) The cells of the wing immediately belowthe Superciliary.-Placed above the eyes. (L. super, marginal cells.The cubital cells. (L. sub,and and cilium,the eyelid.) margo,the margin.) Supercilium.-Anarched line somewhat Subocellate.-Applied to a spot on the wing of a resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes Lepidopterous insect, when it resembles an surmounts an eye, or eyelet. (L. super,and ocellate spot, but is destitute of a pupil, blind. cilium.) (L. sub,and ocellus,aneye.) Superficies (superficies externa). - The exterior Sub-úsophageal commissure.-The cross nerve surface. (L.) (Burgess) connected the lower portions of the Superficies inferia.-The prone, or under cura cerebri, and forming a semi-circle round surface. (L.) See prone surface. the ventral part of the úsophagus. (L. sub,and Superficies interna.-The interior surface. (L.) Gr. úsophagus.) Superior (ant. superiores). - (Antennñ.) Placed, Subúsophageal ganglion.-Athick nervering as is usual, upon the upper part of the head. connecting the supraúsophageal ganglion with (L.) the tritocerebron. (L. sub,and Gr. oisophagos, Superior lobe.- (L. comparative of superus, and ganglion.) See Cerebral ganglion. high, from super;and lobus.) See Lobus Subpunctatus.-Slightly punctured. L. sub,and superior. punctum,apuncture.) Supine surface.-(Superficies.) The upper Subsegments.-The term giventothe four surface. sections comprising the head of an insect. Supra-.-ALatin prefix signifying above,over, (Newport.) (L. sub,and segment.) or beyond. Subsinuate.-Having small curved bays or breaks Supra-anal plate.-[See Suranal plate.] in the margin. (L. sub,and sinus,abay.) Supra-clypeus.-Asubdivision of the clypeus, Substriatus.- Slightly striate. (L. sub,and stria, especially observable in the Hymenoptera. afurrow.) Supraúsophageal ganglion.-Alarge nerve- Subterranean.-(Pupñ.) (L. sub,and terra,the centre situated in front of the gullet, and known earth.) See Pupñ subterraneñ. as the ªbrainº; it givesoff nerves to the eyes Subulate.-Awl-shaped; linear; narrowand and the antennñ. (Rabl-Ruckard). (L. supra, tapering; terminating in a sharp point. (L. and Gr. oisophagos,the gullet.) See Cerebral subula,anawl.) ganglion. Subulate.-Having a long thin cone slightly bent Supra-spinal Cord.-Alongitudinal cord of throughout its whole course; awl-like. (L. connective tissue forming a yellowish-white subula.) band, and which seems to be an outgrowth of ªSucking stomach.º - A thin muscular pocket the dorsal portion of the neurilemma of the connected by a slender neck with the end of the ventral cord. úsophagus, or the crop, when the latter is Supra-spinal vessel.-One of the pulsating present. (A.S. sucan,and stomach.) organs lying as a ventral sinus upon the Suffulted pupil.-When the pupil of the eyeof nervous cord, and closed by a pulsating colour shades into another colour.(L. suffultus, diaphragm. propped or supported, and pupil.) Suranal plate.-Atriangular,often thick, solid Sulcate.-Deeply furrowed. Possessing groove- plate of the male genital armature, the remnant likeexcavations longitudinally arranged. (L. of the tergum of the last, usually tenth, segment sulcus,afurrow.) of the abdomen. (Packard.) Sulciform.-Furrowshaped. (L. sulcus,and Sursum.-(Direction.) Upwards. (L.)

70 The Dictionary of Entomology

Sutural.-Pertaining to the suture. (L. suo,to cerebroida. (Gr. telos,the end, and L. sew.) cerebrum.) Suture.-The dividing line or space. (L. suo.) Tell corculum.-The corcula of the telum. (Gr. Swimming fan.-Arowof(generally twenty- telos,and L. corculum,alittle heart.) five)long feathered bristles situated on the Telson.-The last segment. (Gr.the limit.) venter of the ninth segment of Corethra larvñ. Telum.-The thirteenth and last segment in (Theobald.) (A.S. swimman,and fann.) insects the last segment of the abdomen. (From Sympathetic nervous system.-[See Vagus Gr. telos,the end.) nervous system.] [PM] Temple.-The side of the head. (A.S. tempel,- Syn-.-AGreek prefix signifying with, or LowL.templum,atemple.) See Tempora. together. Tempora.-The temples, the posterior portion of Syntype.-All the specimens, except the type, the sides of the head lying approximate to the upon which a species is based and described. eyes. (L.) (Gr. syn,and typos,type.) Tendon.-Astrong bristle, or bristles, seen at the Syringes.- Org ans situated in various parts of base underneath in the under-wings of larvñ, from which theyeject fluid. (Kirby and Lepidoptera. (L. tendo,tostretch.) Spence.) (Fr. syrinque,from L. syrinx,atube.) Tenent.-Hairs which exude a thin mucilaginous fluid. (From L. teneo,tohold, to stick.) Teneral.-Astate of the imago after exclusion T from the pupa, in which it has not fully Tñnidia.-The ªspiral threads,ºthe flat completed its clothing, colouring, etc. (From concavoconvex,sometimes solid, rings found L. tener,soft, young, tender.) in the tracheñ, and which are sometimes seen Tentaculñ.-Retractile processes on the larvñ of to be spirally arranged; theyare a thickening of some species of Lepidoptera. (L. tentacula, the chitinised folds of the endotracheal tentacles.) membrane. (Gr.little bands.) Tentaculate.-Having soft tensile excrescences. Tail.-The terminal segment of the abdomen. An (L. tentacula.) elongation of the tip of the inferior wings in Tentacules.-Delicate organs of touch; soft some Lepidoptera. (A.S. tæg, tægel,hair.) tensile excrescences. (L. tentacula.) Talus.-The ankle; the apexofthe tibia, where it Tentaculiferous.-Bearing tentacula or tentacles. is united to the tarsus. (L. the ankle.) (L. tentacula,and fero,tobear.) Tarsal.-Pertaining to the tarsus. (Gr. tarsos,the Tentorium.-Asemi-transparent chitinous flat of the foot.) septum of the complexinner skeleton in the Tarsus.-The foot or last part of the leg, head capsule formed by inpushing of the chitin; consisting of fiv e joints called the first, second, which givesattachment to the muscles used in third, fourth and fifth joint of the tarsus,or moving the head and jaws. (Burmeister.) (L.) planta,11 Metatarsus of Theobald. metaplanta, Terebella.-The saw-likeovipositor with which allux, arthricum,and ungula,the planta being manyfemales bore holes to deposit their eggs. nearest to the tibia, the others in regular (From L. terebro,tobore.) succession. (Gr. tarsos.) Terebrantia.-Atribe of hymenopterous insects, Taster.-Palpus or feeler.(Fr.tohandle, to feel.) the borers, the females of which have an Tawny.-Ofayellowish-dark colour.(Fr. tanné, ovipositor.(L. terebrans,from terebro,to tawny.) bore.) Teeth.-Ahornysubstance growing out of the Teres.-When the circumference is circular,but jaws of insects, and serving in the act of its thickness indeterminate, nearly cylindrical. mastication. A series of projections resembling (L. round.) teeth. (A.S. toth.) Terete.-Cylindrical and smooth. (L. teres.) Tegmina.-The roof-shaped thickened fore- Tergñ.-Dorsal plates; plates borne on the wings in Orthoptera and Homoptera. (L. tergum. (From L. tergum,the back.) tegmen,acovering.) Tergal.-Pertaining to the tergñ. (L. tergum.) Tegula.-Asmall tubercular plate immediately at [PM] the base of each fore-wing, which covers the Tergiferous.-Carrying on the back. (L. tergum, metathoracic spiracle. (L. tegula,atile.) and fero,tobear.) Tell cerebroida.-The thirteenth and last Tergites.-The different tergalpieces

71 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

constituting the genital armature. (Lacaze - Thoracotheca. 12 -The trunk-case, that portion Duthiers.) (Another term for tergæ.) of the theca enclosing the thorax. (Gr. thorax, Tergo-sternal.-The muscles connecting the and theca.) tergites with their corresponding sternites. (L. Thorax.-The anterior mass in pedunculated tergum,and sternum.) insects; that part of the body between the head Tergum.-The superior,upper or dorsal portion and the abdomen. (Gr.) of a segment, separated from the venter by See also Acetabula, Alitrunk, Antepectus, sutural lines, and divided into segments which Anterior angle, Apodema, Brachial nervures, are generally,especially in the case of the Breast, Cingulate, Collare, Concealed head, abdomen, perforated on each side, by the Coxa, Crop, Elevators, Entothorax, Facies, spiraculæ. It is the collective term for the four Floats, Free head, Halteres, Heart, Humerus, tergal, or dorsal pieces of the præscutum, Inner edge, Inserted head, Intervals, Leg, scutum, scutellum, and post-scutellum. (L. the Manitrunk, Mesepisternum, Mesonotum, back.) Mesophragma, Mesopleura, Mesoscutellum, Termen.-The hinder muscles of the wing. (L. Mesothoracis scutellum, Mesothorax, Metalæ, terminus,aboundary.) Metanotum, Metapleura, Metapnystega, Tessellate.-Marked with chequer-work. (L. Metascutellum, Metascutum, Metasternum, tessellatus,chequered.) Metathoracis cerebroida, Methathoracis Test.-The secretionary covering which is scutum, Metathorax, Œnocytes, Œsophagus, attached to the bodies of female coccids. (L. Opercula, Ora, Parapsides, Patagia, Patagium, testa.) Perpendiculare head, Phragma, Porrect, Post- Testa.-The chitinous covering of a testaceous furca, Proalæ, Prominent head, Pronotum, insect. (L. an earthen pot or shell.) Prophragma, Propleura, Propodeum, Testaceous.-Consisting of a hard, outer Prosternum, Prothroacis nervi dorsalis, covering. Brownish-yellow, the colour of Prothoracotheca, Prothorax, Pupæ contignæ, unglazed earthenware. (From L. testa.) Pupal sac, Retracted head, Salivary nerves, Testes.-Male organs of reproduction, consisting Scutellum, Sectores coconis, Spiracles, of several seminal tubes or shorter seminal Stethidium, Stink glands, Thoracic, pouches, situated at the end of the vas deferens. Thoracotheca, Transverse impression, (L. testis,atesticle.) Trumpets, Umbones, Viscera, Wings. [PM] Testicle.-One of the glands which secrete the Thysanoptera.-Anorder of Hexapoda. An seminal fluid in males. (L. testis.) See Testes. order of insects possessing four narrowfringed Testiculate.-Shaped likeatesticle. (L. testis.) wings, and a weak imperfect suctorial mouth. Testudinarious.-Painted with red, black, and The metamorphosis is very slight. (Gr. yellow, liketortoise shell. (L. testudo,a thysanos,afringe, and pteron,awing.) tortoise.) Thysanura.-Asub-order of apterous insects, Testudinate.-Resembling a tortoise in colour belonging to the order Aptera, which undergo and markings. (L. testudo.) no metamorphosis, and possess no wings, but Tetragonal.-Having four corners or angles. (Gr. three pairs of legs. Theypractically remain in tetra,four,and gonia,anangle.) the larval stage throughout life. (Gr. thysanos, Tetragonum.-Four-sided. (Gr. tetra,and gonia.) afringe, and oura,atail.) Tetramerous.-With four joints. (Gr. tetra,and Tiaratate.-(Egg.) Turban-shaped. (Gr. tiara,a meros,apart.) turban.) Theca.-The pupa case, the chitinous covering to Tibia.-The shank, or fourth joint of the leg, the soft organs undergoing histology.(Gr.a connected with the femur and the tarsus. (L.) case.) Tibial.-Pertaining to the tibia. Theca.-The sheath, or case, of the proboscis, Tomentose.-Covered with fine matted hairs; representing the labium in a perfect mouth; and Cotton-likeinappearance; cottony. (L. including the basis, and labella. The corneous tomentum,woolly.) chitinous case enclosing a part. (Gr.) Tomentum.-Akind of soft pubescence. (L.) Thigh.-The femur,the second or great joint of Tongue.-(A.S. tunge.) See Lingua. the legs. (A.S. theoh). See Femur. Topazine.-(Splendour.) The yellowsplendour Thoracic.-Pertaining to the thorax. (Gr. thorax.) [PM] 12. Cytotheca of Kirby and Spence.

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of the topaz. (Gr. topaz.) trans,and sericus,silken.) Tornus.-(Wing.) The angle between the dorsum Trans-.-A Latin prefix signifying overor and the termen. (L.) See Anal angle. beyond, or denoting a complete change. Torose, Torous.-Protuberant swelling in knobs. Transverse.-Broader than long. (L. trans,and (L. torulus, a knob.) versus,turned.) Torpidity.-Astate of hybernation in which no Transverse.-Running across; when the exterior signs of life are exhibited. (L. longitudinal line is cut through at right angles. torpidus,from torpeo,tobenumb.) (L. trans,and versus.) Tortilis.-Twisted. (L. from tortus,pa. par.of Transverse impression or suture.- A transverse torqueo,totwist.) furrowcrossing the central portion of the dorsal Torulose.-Having few, but large elevations. surface of the mesothorax of Diptera, and (Antennæ); joints possessing tumours or knobs. terminating on each side a little before the base (L. torulus.) of the wings. Torulus.-The bed; the cavity or socket in which Transverse nerves.-The respiratory nerves. the base of the antennæ is planted. (L.) Trapezate, Trapezoidal.-Quadrilateral with the Trabecula.-Abasal mass of fibres situated four sides unequal, and none of them perfectly within the cellular envelope and on either side parallel. In the shape of a trapezium. (L. of the supraœsophageal ganglion, and giving trapeza,atable, from tetra,four,and poza, rise to the cauliculus. (From L. trabs,abeam.) foot.) See Mushroom Bodies. Tri-.-AGreek and Latin prefix signifying three. Trabeculus.-The beam of the antennæ; a small Triangular.-Having three angles; in the form of movable stalk, situated close to and in front of atriangle. (L. tri,and angulus,anangle.) each antenna. (L. trabs.) Triarticular.-With three joints. (L. tri,and Tracheñ.-The organs of respiration in insects; articulus,ajoint.) theyare simple tubes which communicate Tricarinate.-Having three longitudinal elevated externally with the air by means of spiracles, lines. (L. tri,and carina,akeel.) and internally with the blood. From each Trichodeal.-Sense-hairs; tractile sensillæ. (Gr. spiracle a single trachea enters the body.Ifthe trichoder,hair; likehair.) tracheæ upon entering the body separate, Trichopterous.-Pertaining to the Trichopteræ. diverge, or ramify throughout the region in [PM] their immediate vicinity without anyobvious Trichopterñ.- Caddis flies. (Gr. trichos,ahair, connection with the tracheæ of the adjoining and pteron,awing.) [PM] spiracles, theyare said to be detached;and Trichotomous.-Dividing by threes. (Gr. tricha, connected when there is a grand longitudinal three, and tome,acutting.) trachea traversing each side of the body Tricuspid, Tricuspidate.-Divided into three throughout its length, into which each spiracle points; ending in three points. (L. tri,and sends its particular trachea, sometimes as a cuspis,apoint.) single tube, sometimes after a slight Tridactylous.-Having three toes, or claws. (Gr. ramification. (L. trachea,from Gr. trachys,the tri,three, and daktulos,atoe.) rough.) Trifasciate.-Furnished with three coloured Tracheal.-Pertaining to the trachea. [PM] bands. (L. tri,and fascia,aband.) Tracheal gills.-Bunches of filaments which Trifid.-Cleft in three. (L. tri,and findo,to contain air tubes, attached in pairs to the cleave.) various body segments, which permit the insect Trifurcate.-Having three branches or forks. (L. to breathe the air dissolved in water.(Palmén.) tri,and furca,afork.) (L. trachea,and Scan. M.E. gille,from Dan. Trigonate.-Three-cornered. (L. trigonum,from giñlle.) Gr. trigonon,atriangle.) Tractile sensillñ.-The hairs of the body Trilateral.-Having three sides. (L. tri,and latus, generally,which are movably articulated to the aside.) chitinous integument, and which are provided Trilineate.-Painted with three lines. (L. tri,and with fine nerveterminations. (L. tractus,from linea, lit,astring of flax, a line.) traho,todraw, and sensillñ,from sensilis, Trimerous.-Possessing three parts, or pieces. endowed with sense.) (Gr. tri,three, and meros,apart.) Tramosericeous.-The splendour of satin. (L. Tripartite.-Divided into three parts. (L. tri,and

73 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

partite). See Partite. slit-likeorifice placed between the anterior Tripupillate.-When the ocellus has three pupils, limit of the eye and clypeus, passing backwards or spots of colour.(Ltri,and pupillus.) to open in the back of the head, near the ventral Triquetrous, Triquetrum.-The form whose edge, belowthe neck, in twotrumpet-shaped horizontal sections are equilateral triangles. apertures. (L. tubulus,and F. tonnel,atunnel.) Three-sided. (L. triquetrus,triangular.) Tubulus.-The oviduct of flies. - (L. tubus.) Tritocerebral.-The third segment of the head, Tubulus.-The tubulet; the tube or retractile base the intercalary segment. (From Gr. tritos,third, of the rostellum. (L. tubus.) and cerebrum.) Tunica intima.-The inner layer of the silk- Tritocerebron.-The hind brain which comprises glands. (L.) only that region of the subúsophageal ganglion Tunica propria.-The outer layer of the silk- from which arise the nerves to the labrum and glands. (L.) food-gullet. (Gr. tritos,and cerebrum.) Tunicate (capitulum tunicatum). - (Antennñ.) Triturating.-Adapted for crushing. (L. Having each successive joint buried in the trituralus,past participle of trituro,tocrush.) preceding funnel-shaped one. (L. tunica,a Tr ochanter.-The trochanter or second joint of tunic.) the legconnected anteriorly to the coxa and Turbinate.-Shaped likea top or cone inverted. posteriorly to the femur.(Gr.arunner.) (From L. turbo,atop.) Tr ochantine.-Aposterior subdivision or Turgid.-Resembling a distended bladder.(L. projection of the coxa. (Packard.) (Gr. turgeo,toswell.) trochanter.) Turreted.-(Head.) When it is produced Tr ochlearis.-Pulley-shaped; likeacylinder anteriorly and above into a pyramidal point. contracted in the middle. (L. trochlea,apulley, Caput turritum.(L. turris,atower.) from Gr. trochos,arunning.) Twin ocellus.-When the eyes of colour join each Tr ophi.-The parts of the mouth employed in other.(A.S. twi-,double; the -n,giv esa feeding. (Gr. trepho,tofeed.) distributive force, as in L. bi-n-i,two atatime.) Trumpets.-The respiratory horns arising from Tympana.-The drums; twodeep cavities on the dorsum of the thorax, just above orinfront each side of the epigastrium, which are the of the roots of the wing cases of mosquito instruments of sound. (Gr. tympanon,from (Culex) pupñ. Theyare tubular,cylindrical, typto,tostrike.) trumpet shaped structures, communicating Tympanal.-Pertaining to the tympanum. (Gr. directly with the tracheal system. (Theobald.) tympanon.) (Fr. trompette,diminutive of trompe,atrump.) Tympanal nervi.-The receiving nucleus of the Truncate.-Abruptly cut right across in a straight nerve-fibres from the nerve-cells connected line. (L. truncus.) with the groups of elongate rods situated above Truncus, Trunk.-The trunk; the intermediate the drum, and stretched across within the limb. section of the body which lies between the (Gr. tympanon,and L. nervi.) head and the abdomen. It includes the manitruncus, and alitruncus. (L.) Tubercle.-Asmall abrupt elevation of varying U form. (From L. tumeo,toswell.) Ulnar nervure.-Aradiating or cross nervure in Tuberculose, Tuberculate, Tuberculous.- the wing. (L. ulna,and nervus.) Covered with tubercle-likeprominences. (L. Umber.-Brown, dark with yellow. (Umbria,in tumeo.) Italy,where the ore of iron of this name is Tuberiferous.-Bearing tubercles. (L. tumeo, mined.) and fero,tobear.) Umbones.-Two movable thorns situated on the Tubular ovipositor (tubulus). - A tubular prothorax in Acrocinus longimanus.(L. umbo, retractile appendage of the telum; the anything that projects.) instrument with which the female deposits her Umbra.-Ashadow; a slight shade of colour eggs. (L. tubulus,from tubus,atube, and upon a paler ground, when not easily ovum,and postium,toplace.) See Ovipositor. distinguished. (L. ashadow.) Tubular tunnels.-The twotubes which pierce Un-.-A Saxon prefix signifying not before nouns the head of Anopheles in an antero-posterior or adjectives, and the reversal of its action direction. Theyopen in front of the head by a before verbs.

74 The Dictionary of Entomology

Unciform.-Hook-shaped having the form of a unus,and cornu,ahorn.) hook. (L. uncus,ahook, and forma.) Uniform.-Having the same form; not variable; Uncinate.-Hooked at the end. (L. uncus.) consistent with itself. (L. unus,and forma.) Uncinate.-(Antennñ) Hooked, having the last Unilabiate.-Possessing a single lip. (L. unus, joint bending back upon the preceding. (L. and labium,alip.) uncus.) Unilateral.-Onone side only (of the exterior of Under Wings (Alae inferiores). - The lower,or joints of lamellate antennñ, etc.) (L. uni,and secondary pair of organs of flight. (A.S. under, lateris,aside.) and Scand. wing.) Unilocular.-Having one cell only.(L. unus,and Undose.-Having undulating nearly parallel locus,aplace.) somewhat broad depressions which run into Unisetose.-Bearing one seta. (L. unus,and seta, each other,and resemble the sand of the sea- abristle.) shore when left by the tide. (L. undosus, Unpaired median nervous system.-[See Vagus billowy wav e-like.) Nervous System.] Undulate.-Possessing wav edmarkings, either Urate cells.-Large opaque cells, easily seen in longitudinally or transversely.(L. undulatus, the larval and pupal stages, but in the adult from unda,awav e.) small, and may be regarded as a primitive form Undulatus.-Wav ed; a margin with a series of of kidney, adapted for storing the products of successive arched incisions. (L. undo, tissue metabolism. (From L. urina,urine.) undulate.) Urceolate.-Pitcher-shaped; swelling in the Unequal.-Different in size or length. (un,and L. middle likeapitcher.(Mod. L. urceolatus, ñqualis,equal.) from L. urceolus,diminutive of urceus,a Ungues, Ungula, Unguicula.-Claws, or curved water-pitcher.) hooks at the extremity of the tarsi. (L. unguis, Urinary tubes.- The outgrowths of the aclaw.) proctodñum. (From L. urina,urine.) Ungues.-(Mouth.) The claws; one or more Urites.-The segments of the abdomen (Lacaze corneous sharp claws which arm the lobes of Duthiers), (Gr. uro- prefix from tailed; oura,a the maxilla. (L.) tail.) Unguicula (pl. unguiculñ). - A sharpened curved Urites.-Acondensed term of the urosternites. clawatthe extremity of the ungula; generally (Packard.) twoinnumber.(L. diminutive of unguis,a Uro-.-Tailed; having a tail or a tail-likeprocess claw.) or processes. (Gr.prefix from oura,atail.) Unguiculate.-(Maxillñ) When the terminal Uromeres.-The abdominal segments. (Packard.) tooth of the maxilla is movable, and can be (Gr. uro,and meros,apart.) movedto, and withdrawn from, the internal Uro-patagia.-The podical plates. (Packard.) margin of the superior lobe at the will of the (Gr. uro,and patagia.) insect. (L. unguis.) Urosome.-The abdomen. (Packard.) (Gr. uro, Unquiculate.-Clawed; having claws. (L. and soma,abody.) unguis.) Urosternites.-The sternal sclerites. (Packard.) Unguiform.-Shaped likeaclaw. (L. unguis and Ustulate.-Somarked with brown as to have the forma.) appearance of being scorched.(L. ustulatus,of Ungula.-The fifth or terminal joint of the tarsus. ustulo,toburn.) (L. a claw.) Uterus.-The vagina; the term is generally used Ungulate.-Possessing claws. (L. ungula,a with the pupiparous forms. (L. the lower part claw.) of the belly; inner part; the womb.) Ungulate.-Hoof-shaped likeahorse'shoof. Utriculi majores and breviores.-The numerous (Say). large and short utricles which the seminal Uni-.-Incomposition, indicates one. (Uni,from vesicles bear.(L. utriculus.) L. unus,one.) Utrinque.-With respect to the direction of parts, Unicapsular.-Possessing only one capsule. (L. the term is used to indicate a quality or unus,and capsula,acapsule.) peculiarity found on each side of the body and Unicolorus.-Ofone colour,ofthe same hues. at the same place. (L. utrinque,onboth sides.) (L. unus,and color,colour.) Utricle.-Alittle bag or bladder; a cell; a thin Unicornous.-Possessing only one horn. (L. capsule of one cell, containing a single sperm.

75 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

(L. utriculus,asmall skin, from uter,abag or Variole.-Apit, or poc-likemark. (Fr.From L. bottle of hide.) varius,various.) Utricles.-Numerous tubes found in the sperm Variolate, Variolose.-Pitted, poc-marked. (L. vesicles. (L. utriculus.) varius.) Utricular.-Containing utricles; furnished with Vasdeferens (Vasa deferentia). - Male organs of granular vessel-likelittle bags; likeanutricle. reproduction; twoinnumber,which unite to (L. utriculus.) form a single duct (this duct may be absent, and the vasa deferentia then open separately). Each widens posteriorly to form a vesicula V seminalis.(L. vas,avessel, and deferens, Vagina. 13 -The short passage formed by the two bearing down.) oviducts uniting, which opens to the outside Vasiform.-Vessel-shaped, resembling somewhat through a special sclerite situated between the acup or jug in shape. (L. vas,avessel, and seventh and eighth sternites of the abdomen. forma,shape.) (L. a sheath.) Vellum.-Amembrane; usually seen attached to Vagina.-The jointed sheath of the promuscis. some calcaria. (Fr. vélin,from L. vitulus,a The bivalvecoriaceous sheath of the spicula calf.) (Say). (L.) Velum penis.-The name giventothe penis of the Vaginal.-Pertaining to, or resembling a sheath; locusts. (Acrydiidñ.) (L. acovering, and pertaining to the vagina. penis.) Vaginate.-Sheath-like. Velutinous.-Velvet-like, covered with very thick Vaginopennous.-Having the wings covered with short upright hairs. (Ital. veluto.) ahard sheath; sheath-winged. (L. vagina,and Vein.-Atubular vessel which receivesthe blood penna,awing.) or vital fluid and conveysittothe heart and Vagus.-The median nervous cord connecting the circulating centres. (L. vena,ablood vessel.) three unpaired ganglia, constituting the visceral Vena.-Avein. (L.) system of insects. (Newport.) (L. vagus, Venñ longitudinales.-The longitudinal veins of wandering, vagrant.) the wing, which are connected to each other by Vagus ganglion.-Aminute elongated ganglion the transverse veins. (L.) situated between the aorta and the úsophagus, Venose, Venous.-Painted with lines that branch and which constitutes the termination of the likeveins. (L. vena.) recurrent nerve. Vent.-The anus. - (fent,from O.F. fente,aslit.) Vagus nervous system.-The sympathetic Venter.-The belly,the lower or prone part of the nervous system, consisting of the arched abdomen. (L.) nerves, frontal nerve, pharyngeal nerve, Ventrad.-Anabbreviated form of ventrally,or recurrent nerve, stomogastric nerves, and the ventral. vagus ganglion. Ventral.-Pertaining to the belly,orlower Valvñ.-The valves; twolateral laminñ which surface. (L. venter.) [PM] coverthe ovipositor when it is unemployed. Ventral nerve trunk.-Asmall inconspicuous (L.) nervetrunk originating from the ventral side of Valvate.-Possessing or resembling a valve. (L. the third abdominal ganglion, extending valva,avalve.) lateroventrally,and sending offbranches which Valve.-Alid or covertoanaperture, so formed innervate the ventral muscles. as to open a communication in one direction, Ventral segments.-The transverse segments of and close it in another.(L. valva.) the belly.Theyinclude the elastes, when they Valvula.-Acorneous piece covering the are present. (L. ventralis,from venter,the instruments of suction above;alittle valve. (L. belly.) diminutive of valva.) Ventral sympathetic system.-[See Superadded Valvulñ.-The podical plates. (Burmeister.) nervous system.] Valvule.-Asmall valve-likeprocess. Ventral tube,orsucker.-Amore or less simple tubercle, divided into twohalves by a septum, and situated under the anterior abdominal 13. In some insects (Thysanura, Ephemera), the vagina is segment of the Collembola. The tube varies in wanting, and both the oviducts open direct on the construction in the different genera. postero-ventral surface of the body.

76 The Dictionary of Entomology

Ventricle.-Asmall cavity in the body.(L. Vesicula seminalis.-Two tufts of white glands ventriculus,abelly,stomach.) holding the spermatozoa, and which connect Ventricose.-Cylindrical in form, distending with the vasa deferentia. (L. vesica;and suddenly into a large cavity as if filled with air. semen,seed.) (LowL.ventricosus,from L. venter.) Vesicular, Vesiculous.-Pertaining to, or Ventricosus.-The term giventothe gullet when consisting of vesicles; full of interstices; having it dilates into a large bag or crop before its small bladders or glands on the surface. (L. union with the stomach, and detains the food in vesica.) its passage to that organ. (L.) Vibratile.-(Motion.) When there is a constant Ventricular ganglion.-Atriangular nervecentre oscillation of anypart; adapted to, or used in which lies on the crop, and is connected with vibratory motion. (L. vibro,tovibrate.) the frontal ganglion by the recurrent nerve. (L. Villi.-Fine small fibres or hairs. (L. villus,hair.) ventriculus,and ganglion.) Villosate.-Covered with long hairs. (L. villus.) Ventriculus.-[See Stomach.] Villose, Villous.-Covered with long, loosely set Vermicular.-Resembling a worm. (L. vermes, hairs; covered with hairs which give a woolly worms.) appearance to the part; covered with soft dense Vermiculate.-Covered with tortuous, irregular, hairs. (L. villus.) sinuate, worm-shaped markings or striñ. Violaceous.-Violet coloured, a mixture of blue (From L. vermes.) and red. (L. viola,aviolet). Vermicule.-Alittle worm or grub.(L. vermes.) Viscera.-The contents of the head, thorax, and Vernantia.-Moulting; the shedding of the skin abdomen. (L. viscus,anintestine, an entrail.) or exuvia. (From L. vernans,from ver,spring.) Viscid.-Covered with a resinous or greasy Verriculate.-With thick-set tufts of parallel matter.(Fr. viscide,from L. viscidus,clammy.) hairs. (L. verres,boar.) Viscous, Viscid.-Stickylikebird lime. (L. Verruca.-Awart. (L.) viscosus,from viscum,bird-lime.) Verruca.-Asmall flattish wart-likeprominence. Visual organ.- The lens of the eye; the (L.) crystalline humour of the eye. (Boas.) (L. Verrucose, Verrucous, Verruculose.-Covered visum,tosee, and Gr. ergon,awork.) with wart-likeprominences. (L. verruca.) Vitelline membrane.- The thin inner yolk-like Versatile.-(Head.) When it can be freely moved membrane of the egg. (L. vitellus,the yolk of ev ery way.(L. versor,toturn.) of an egg; and membrane.) Versicolorous.-Ofvarious colours. (L. versi, Vitellinus.-Yellow, with a slight tinge of red. perf. of vergo,toturn; and color,colour.) (L. vitellus.) Vertex.-The vertex, the upper flattened portion Vitreous-body or cell.-The jelly-likemass of the head, upon which very generally the contained in the visual organ. (L. vitrum, ocelli are situated. (From L. verto,toturn.) glass.) Vertical.-Perpendicular.(L. verto,toturn.) Vitta.-Alongitudinal coloured stripe. (L. a Vertical.-(Motion.) When it is up and down. band.) Vertical margin.-The limit between the frons Vitta frontalis.-[See Frontal stripe.] and the occiput of Diptera. (Loew.)(Fr. Vittate.-Possessing vittñ. vertical,from L. verticalis,from vertex and Vi viparous.-Producing young in a living state; margin.) opposed to oviparous. (L. vivus,living, and Verticillate.-Are those antennñ, the joints of pario,tobring forth.) which are surrounded, at equal distances, with Volsellñ.-The median pair of the genital stiffhair.(Trichopterygidñ.) (L. verticillatus, appendages of Ants. (L. volsella,tweezers.) from verto,toturn.) Vulva.-The orifice of the oviduct. (Packard.) (L. Verticillate.-Placed in whorls. (L. verto.) the belly,the womb.) Vesicant, Vesicatory.-Raising a blister (applied to Lytta, Mylabris, etc.) (L. vesica,ablister,or little bladder.) W Vesicle.-Alittle bladder,orportions of the inner Web.-The plexus of delicate threads spun and membranes, separated to form small bladders; wovenbythe Araneidñ. Through the minute anysmall membranous cavity or cell. (L. apertures of the spinnerets the liquid substance vesica.) that hardens and forms the silk-likethreads of

77 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

the web is passed, and these minute threads Orthoptera, Outer edge, Pagina inferior,Pagina unite to form one line of extreme fineness. superior,Paraptera, Phial, Pinnatifid, Poisers, This line is covered with drops of a clear liquid, Post-costal nerve, Proalñ, Pterigostia, so it is seen twosubstances constitute the web - Pteropega,Pterostigma, Pterothecñ, Pterygium, the solid thread, and the globules of clear Pterygoid, Radial cellule, Radial nervure, liquid. (A.S. webb.) Radiate, Radio-medial nerve, Radius, Wedge-shaped.-Having the shape of a wedge, Sesquialterous fascia, Sesquitertious fascia, cuneiform. (A.S. wecg.) Spinules, Squamule, Stigma, Sub-costal Whirls.-(Antennñ.) Small hairs placed round nervure, Suberoded, Submarginal cells, the joints, likethe spokes of a wheel. (M.E. Subocellate, Tail, Tegmina, Tegula, Tendon, whirflen,toturn. - Icel. hvirfla,frequent; to Termen, Thysanoptera, Tornus, Ulnar nervure, turn round.) Under Wings, Vaginopennous, Venñ Whorls.-(M.E. whorl.) See Whirls. longitudinales, Wing bones, Wing-case, Wing- ªWing bones.º - The nerves or nervures of the cells, Winglets, Wing ribs. [PM] wings. (M.E. winge, wenge.) Winter eggs.-The pseudova ofthe Aphids. Wing-case.-The chitinous case which covers (A.S. winter,awinter,ayear,and M.E. eg g es. and protects the delicate under-wings of Swed. agg +A.S. ñg,the ovalbody of females coleopterous insects. (M.E. winge, wenge.) from which the young arise.) Wing-cells.-The Areñ. Woody.-A term frequently used in describing Winglets.-Rudimentary wings. Small concave- parts of insects which bear a general convex scales, generally fringed at the tip, appearance to wood, whether in texture, situated under the base of the elytra in Dytiscus consistency, orappearance. (A.S. wudu.) marginalis Linn. (M.E. winge.) Wrinkled.-Aterm used generally to imply Wing ribs.-[See Nervures.] rugosity.(M.E. wrinkle,perhaps allied to Wings.-Membranaceous, reticulated Wrench, and to A.S. wringan,totwist.) instruments of flight, attached laterally to the Writhled.-Wrinkled; the term is not often met thorax. (M.E. winge, wenge,) with. (M.E. writhen.) See also Abbreviate fascia, Acinacicate, Adermata, Alñ, Alar,Alate, Alulae, Ambient vein, Anal angle, Anal area, Anal nervure, X Anastomosis, Androconia, Anterior margin, Xanthic.-Yellowish. (Gr. xanthos.) Anterior wings, Apex, Aptera, Apterous, Xanthos.-Yellow. (Gr.) Areolet, Axes, Base, Bicaudate, Brachelytrous, Xyloid.-Wood-likeinappearance. (Gr. xylon, Brachial nervures, Cellula analis, Cellulñ, wood, and eidos,like.) Cellulñ basales, Cellulñ costales, Cellula Xylophagous.-Wood Feeding. (Gr. xylon,and discoidalis, Cellulñ marginales, Cellulñ phago,toeat.) posteriores, Cellulñ spuriñ, Cellulñ Xyphus.-The prolongation of the middle submarginales, Central region, Clavus, posterior margin of the sternal segments of Coleoptera, Commissura, Costa, Costal cell, Heteroptera. Costal nervure, Costal region, Costalis, Cubital-cellule, Cubital nervure, Cubitus, Denuded, Depressors, Dimidiate fascia, Z Diptera, Discal cell, Discus, Dorsum, Ecaudate, Zoonite, Zoonule.-The term giventothe typical Elevators, Elytrum, Excaudate, Exterior Edge, ring, or segment, when speaking of Worms and Exterior Margin, Exterior Region, Eye of Crustaceans. (Gr. zoon,ananimal; the product Colour,Fenestrate, Fore wings, Gymnopterñ, of a fertilised ovum.) Halteres, Hamus, Hemiptera, Hind wings, Hooklets, Humeral nerve, Hymenoptera, Hypoptere, Incisura axillaris, Incumbent, Inferior region, Inner angle, Inner edge, Inner margin, Intermediate Area, Lepidoptera, Lobes, Longipennate, Marginal cells, Media, Medial nervure, Medio-cubital Nerve, Metalñ, Nervures, Neuroptera, Obtect pupñ,

78 The Dictionary of Entomology

mexicans). (Proc. Calif. Acad. Soc., Part 2, P. Authorities Consulted. 98, 1873). Anthony,J. The Markings on the Battledore Boas, J.E.V. Te xtBook of Zoology.(Trans. J. Scales of some of the Lepidoptera. London, W. Kirkaldy,and E. C. Pollard, p. 3-80, 1872. 231-286. London, 1896.) Arrow,G.J. Sound-production in the Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. Observations on Lamellicorn Beetles. (Trans. Ent. Soc., the Coloration of Insects. London, 1897. London, 1904, p. 277.) (Trans. by E. J. Bles.) Audouin, J.V., and Lechat. Observations sur les Buckler,W. The Larvæ of British Butterflies and Organes Copulateurs Males des Bourdons. Moths. Edit. by H. T.Stainton. London, 1886. (Annal. général d. sc. phys., 1821, viii., p. 285.) Buckton, G. B. Monograph of the British —Lettre sur la Génération des Insects. (Annal. Aphides. Vol. I. (Roy. Soc.) London, 1875. d. sc. Nat. sér i., ii., 1824.) —Monograph of the British Cicadæ or Tettigidæ, Austen, E. E. Blood Sucking Flies. (A System Vol. I. London, 1890. of Med., Vol. II., Part 2, p. 169. London, 1909.) Burr,M. British Orthoptera. Huddersfield, —African Blood Sucking Flies. London, 1909. 1897. —AHandbook of the Tsetse Flies. (Genus —ASynopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Glossina). London, 1911. Europe. 8vo. London, 1910. Balfour,F.M. ATreatise on Comparative —The Fauna of British India. Dermaptera. Embryology.2nd ed. London, 1885. London, 1910. Ballou, H. A. Scarabee of the Sweet Potatoe —Observations on the Dermatoptera, including (Cryptorhynchus batatñ,Waterhouse). West revision of several genera, etc. (Trans. Ent. Ind. Bul., Vol. X., Part 2, p. 180. Barbados, Soc. London, p. 277. 1904.) 1909. Butler,E.A. Our Household Insects. An —Insects attacking Cotton in the West Indies. account of the Insect Pests found in Dwelling (West Ind. Bull., Vol. IV., Part 3, p. 368. Houses. London, 1896. Barbados, 1903.) Cameron, P. AMonograph of the British —Insects Attacking Cacao in the West Indies. Phytophagus Hymenoptera.(Ray.Soc., Vol. (West Ind. Bull., Vol. VI., Part 1., p. 94. IV.London, 1893.) Barbados, 1905.) Campbell, F.M. On a Probable Case of Banks, N. Leaf Blister Mites (reprinted from the Parthenogenesis in the House Spider Jour.New York Ent. Soc., March, 1904). (West (Teg enaria guyonii). (Jour.Linn. Soc. Zoo., Ind. Bull., Vol. VII., Part 4, p. 387. Barbados, XVI., p. 536. London, 1883.) 1907.) Carpenter,G.H. Insects, their Structure and Bassett-Smith, P.W. Observations of Life. London, 1899. Mosquitoes. (Jour.ofTrop. Medic., Vol. III., p. —Species of Hemimerus and their Distribution. 53. London, 1900.) (Ent. Month. Mag., Ser.2,Vol. XX. [XLV.], p. Bateman, W. Materials for the Study of 250. London, 1909.) Variation. London, 1894. Chapman, T.A. Notes on Xyleborus dispar, Bates, H. W. The Naturalist on the River Fabr.(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1904, p. 100.) Amazon. London, 1892. Cheshire, F.R. Bees and Bee-keeping, 2 Vols. Barrett, C. G. The Lepidoptera of the British London, 1885-1888. Isles. London, 1893. Christophers, S. R. The Anatomy and Histology Beard, J.C. Some NewFeatures in Ant Life. of the Adult Female Mosquito. (Roy. Soc. (Scient. Amer., LXXXIV., p. 205. 1901.) Reports to the Malarial Committe, Mar., 1901, Bingham, C. T. The Fauna of British India. Ser.4.) (Hymenoptera, Vol. III. London, 1897. Claus, C. and A. Sedgwick. Te xtBook of —The Fauna of British India. (Hymenoptera, Zoology.London, 1892. Vol. II. London, 1903.) Comstock, J.H.and Anna B. Comstock. A Blanc, Louis. Etude sur la Secrêtion de la Soie et Manual for the Study of Insects. Ithaca, N.Y., la Structure du Brin et de la Bave dans le 1895. Bombyx mori.Lyon, 1889. Comstock, J.H.and V.L.Kellog. The Elements Blake, J. On the Structure of the Honey-bag in of Insect Anatomy.Ithaca. N.Y., 1895. the Honey-making Ant. (Myrmecocystus Comstock, J.H. The Palpi of Male Spiders.

79 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

(Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. III. Ohio, 1910, p. Islands. 5 vols. London, 1887-91. 161.) —The Fauna of British India (General —Relations of Ants and Aphides. (Amer.Nat., Introduction and Cicindelidæ and Paussidæ). XXI., p. 382. 1886.) London, 1912. —Onthe Homologies of the Wing-veins of Froggatt, W.W. Australian Insects. Sidney, Insects. (Amer.Nat., XXI., p. 932, 1887.) 1907. Connold, E. T. British Vegetable Galls. London, Gahan, C. J. ANew Species of Phasmidæ of the 1901. Genus Prisopus, considered especially in —British Oak Galls. London, 1908. reference to the supposed Aquatic Habits of the Dallas, W.S. Elements of Entomology.London, Genus. (The Entomologist, Vol. XLV.,No. 1857. 585.February,1912, p. 49.) Davis, H. Notes on the Pygidia and Cerci of —Stridulating Organs in Coleoptera. (Trans. Insects. (Jour.R.Micr.Soc. 1871, II.) Ent. Soc. London, 1900, p. 432.) Davy,J. Some Observations on the Excrements —The Fauna of British India. Coleoptera of Insects. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 8cr.2, (Cerambycidæ.) Vol. 1. London, 1906. III., 1854, p. 18.) Garman, H. The Mouth-parts of Thysanoptera. Dimmock, G. Organs, probably defensive in (Bull. Essex. - Inst., 1890, XXII., p. 4.) function in the larvaofHyperchiaria varia Giles, G. M. AHandbook of the Gnats or Walk. (Saturnia io Harris). (Psyche, III., p. Mosquitoes. London, 1900. 352, August 19th, 1882.) Guppy,P.L. The Life History and Control of the —Onsome glands which open externally on Cacao Beetle (Steirastoma depressum Linn.). insects. (Psyche, III., p. 387, January 15th, (Circ. I., Brd. Agri. Trinidad, May,1911.) 1883.) Hammar,A.G. On the Nervous System of the —The Anatomy of the Mouth-parts of the LarvaofCorydalis cornuta L. (Ann. Ent. Soc. Sucking Apparatus of some Diptera. Boston, Amer., Vol. I., No. 1. Ohio, 1908, p. 105.) 1881. Hammond, A. The Thorax of the Blowfly. Doidge, J. Bee-keeping in Jamaica. (West Ind. (Jour.Linn. Soc., London, XV., zool., 1880, p. Bull, Vol. I., Part 4, p. 305. Barbados, 1900.) 31.) Donovan, E. The Natural History of British Hampson, Sir George F. Catalogue of the Insects. Vols. I.-VIII. London. Lepidoptera Phalsænæ in the British Museum. Douglas, J.W. The World of Insects. London, Vol. IV., London, 1903. 1856. Hansen, H. J. AContribution to the Morphology Douglas, J.W.and J.Scot. The British of the Limbs and Mouth-parts of Crustaceans Hemiptera. (Vol. I., Ray.Soc. London, 1865). and Insects. (Ann. Mag. Nat. His. (6), XII., Dujardin, F. Mêmoires sur les Systême Nerveux 1893; Transl. from Zoo. Anz., XVI., 1893.) des Insectês. (Annal. des Sciences, nat. sêr.3. Haseman, L. The Structure and Metamorphosis 1850, XIV., p. 195.) of the Alimentary Canal of the Larva Psychoda Duncan, W.S. The Transformation of Insects. alternata Say.(Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. III. 6th edit. London, 1882. Ohio, 1910, p. 277.) Duncan, J. Entomology in the Naturalists’ Hicks, J.B. Further Remarks on the Organs of Library.Edited by Sir W.Jardine, Bart. Vols. the Antennæ of Insects. (Trans. Linn. Soc., I.-VII. Edinburgh. XXII., p. 155, 1859.) Edwards, J. The Hemiptera-Homoptera Hickson S. J. The Eyes and Optic Tract of (Cicadina and Psyllina) of the British Islands. Insects. (Quart. Jour.Micr.Soc., ser.2,XXV., London, 1894-96. 1885, p. 215.) Emmons, E. Agriculture of NewYork. Vol. V. Hilton, W.A. The Tracheal Supply in the Central Natural History of NewYork. Albany, 1854. Nervous System of the Larva Corydalis Fitch, A. An Essay upon the Wheat-fly.8vo cornuta Linn. (Ann. Ent. Soc., Amer., Vol. II., Albany, 1846. Ohio, 1909, p. 46.) —The Hessian Fly.8vo Albany, 1847. Howard, L. O. AStudy in Insect Parasitism. Fleming, G. ATreatise on the Parasites and (Bull 5. [tech. ser.] Div. Ent. U.S. Dep. Agric., Parasitic Diseases of Domesticated Animals. 1897.) London, 1892. —Mosquitoes. NewYork, 1901. Fo wler,W.W. The Coleoptera of the British —The Insect Book. NewYork, 1902.

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Huber,M.P. The Natural History of the Honey (Jour.Quekett Micr.Club, ser.2,VI., p. 271, Bee. London, 1841. 1896.) —The Natural History of Ants. (Transl. from the Loew,H. The Diptera of North America. French by J. R. Johnson.) London, 1825. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Hurst, H. The Post-embryonic Development of a 1862). Gnat (Culex). Manchester,1890. Longstaff,G.B. Bionomic Notes on Butterflies, Huxley,T.H. On the Organic Reproduction and XXV.(Hope Reports, Vol. VII., 1908-10. Morphology of Aphis. Part 1, 1858; Part 2, Oxford, p. 607.) 1858. (Trans. Linn. Soc., XXII., p. 193-219 Lowne, B. T. On the Modifications of the Simple and 221-236. London.) and Compound Eyes of, Insects. (Phil. Trans. —AManual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Roy. Soc., London, CLXIX, 1878, p. 577.) Animals. (London, 1877, p. 397.) —Anatomy,Physiology,Morphology and Jackson, W.H. Studies in the Morphology of Development of the Blowfly.London. Part 1, Lepidoptera. Part 1. (Trans. Linn. Soc., ser.2, 1880; Part 2, 1891. zool. v.London, 1890.) Lowne, B. T. On the Structure and Development Jaeger,B. North American Insects. Providence, of the Ovaries and their Appendages in the 1854. Blowfly (Calliphoraerythrocephala). (Jour. Janet, C. Sur la production des Sons chez les Linn. Soc., London, XX., 1889, p. 418.) Fourmis et sur les Organes qui les produisent. Lubbock, Sir J. On the Ovaand Pseudova of (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. LXII., p. 159. Insects. (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, 1893.) CXLIX. 1858.) —Sur l’Anatomie du pétiole do Myrmica rubra. —Ants, Bees and Wasps. London, 1882. (Mem. Soc. Zoo. France, Vol. VII., p. 185. —Origin and Metamorphosis of Insects. 1894.) London, 1874. —Sur l’Appareil de stridulation de Myrmica —Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. ruber.(Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. LXIII., p. (Roy. Soc. London, 1873.) 109. 1894.) —Onthe Senses, Instincts and Intelligence of Joy, N.H. ANote on the Male Genitalia of Animals, with a special Reference to Insects. Anisotoma auglica Rye, and Gnathoncus London, 1888, p. 292. nidicola Joy. (Ent. Month Mag., ser.2,Vol. —Ontwo Aquatic Hymenoptera, one of which XX. [Vol. XLV.]. London, 1909, p. 219.) uses its wings in swimming. (Trans. Linn. Kellog, V.L. The Mouth-parts of the Soc., London, XXIV., 1863, p. 135.) Lepidoptera. (Amer.Nat., XXIX., 1895, p. —Onthe Origin of Insects. (Jour.Linn. Soc., 546.) London, XI., 1873.) Kellog, V.L.and Ruby,G.Bell. Studies of —Onthe Development of Chloêon. (Trans. Variation in Insects. (Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc. 6, Linn. Soc., London, 1863 and 1865.) P. 203, 1904.) Lucas, W.J. British Dragon flies (Odonata). Kenyon, F.C. The Meaning and Structure of the London, 1900. so-called “Mushroom Bodies” of the Hexapod MacLachlan, R. AMonographic Revision and Brain. (Amer.Nat., XXX., 1896, p. 643.) Synopsis of The Trichoptera of the European Kirby,W. Monographia Apum Angliae. Fauna. London, 1874-80. Ipswich, 1802. MacLeay,W.S. On the Structure of the Tarsus Kirby,W.and W.Spence. An Introduction to in the Tetramerous Coleoptera of the French Entomology.(4Vols. London, 1822-26.) Entomologists. (Trans. Linn. Soc., London, Lacaze-Duthiers, H. Recherches sur l’armure XV., 1825, p. 63.) gênitale femelle des insects. (Ann. Sc. Nat. Mallock, A. Insect Light and the Defining Power Zoo., ser.3,XIV., p. 72, 1850.) of the Composite Eyes. (Proc. Roy. Soc. Laboulbene, M. A. Recherches sur l’Anurida London, 1894, LV.,p.85.) Maritima. (Ann. Soc. Ent. do France, 1864, p. Mark, E. L. Simple Eyes in Arthropods. (Bull. 711.) Mus. Comp. Zoo., 1887, XIII., p. 49.) Lang, A. Te xt-book of Comparative Anatomy. Maynard, C. L. The Defensive Glands of a 1891. Species of Phasma (Anisomorpha buprestoids). Lewis, R. T. Note on a Stridulating Organina (Science, April, 1889.) South African Ant, Streblognathus ñthipicus. Maxwell-Lefroy,H. The Moth Borer of the

81 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Sugar Cane. (Diatreñ saccharalis). (West Ind. Gilbert T. Carter;Orthoptera, J. A.G.Rehn Bull., Vol. I., Part 4, p. 327, Barbados, 1900.) (reprinted from Entomological News); —Insect Pests of Sugar.(West Ind. Bull., Vol. Additional Notes on Insects, H. A. Ballou. II., Part 1, p. 41. Barbados, 1901.) (West Ind. Bull., Vol. VII., Part 1, p. 40. Maxwell-Lefroy,H. The Ladybird or Weevil Barbados, 1906.) Borer of Sugar Cane (Sphenophorus serices, Nuttall, G. H. F., Louis Cobbett and T. Oliv.). (West Ind. Bull., Vol. III., Part 1, p. 88. Strangeways-Prigg. Studies in Relation to Barbados, 1902.) Malaria, I. (From the Jour.ofHygiene, Vol. I., —The Scale Insects of the West Indies. (West Part 1. Cambridge, January,1901.) Ind. Bull., Vol. III., Part 4, p. 295. Barbados, — and A. E. Shipley.Studies in Relation to 1903.) Malaria, II. The Structure and Biology of —Thrips on Cacao Trees (Heliothrips Anopheles. (Anopheles maculipennis). (From [Physopus] rubracincta,Giard.) (West Ind. the Jour.ofHygiene, Vol. I., Part 1, 2 and 4, Bull, Vol. II., Part 3, p. 175. Barbados, 1.901.) Vol. II., Part 1, Vol. III., Part 2. Cambridge, McCook, H. C. The HoneyAnts. Philadelphia, Jan., 1901.) 1882. Ormerod, E. A. Manual of Injurious Insects. McIntire, S. J. Notes on the Minute Structure of London, 1881, second edit. London. Scales of Certain Insects. London, 1871. —AHandbook of Orchard and Bush Fruit Maill, L. C. The Natural History of Aquatic Insects. London, 1898. Insects. London, 1895. Ormerod, E. L. British Social Wasps. London, Maill, L. C. and A. Denny. The Structure and 1868. Life History of the Cockroach (Periplaneta Packard, A. S. On the Structure of the orientalis). An Introduction to the Study of Ovipositor and Homologous Parts in the Male Insects. London and Leeds, 1886. Insect. (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. His., XI., 1868, Moggridge, J.T. Harvesting Ants and Trapdoor p. 393.) Spiders. London, 1873. —ATextBook of Entomology.New York, 1898. Morice, F.D. Illustrations of the Male Terminal —AGuide to the Study of Insects. NewYork, Segments and Armatures in thirty-fiv e Species 1880; of Hymenoptera. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, Parrott, P.J. The Cherry Ermine Moth. (Jour. 1904, p. 25.) Econ. Ent., Vol. III., p. 157, Concord, N.H., Morley.C. Ichneumons of Great Britain. Vol. I. 1910.) Ichneumoninæ. Plymouth, 1903. Patch, Edith M. Homologies of Wing Veins, etc. Muir,F. On the Egg-Cases and Early Stages of (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. II., Ohio, 1909, p. some Cossididæ. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 101.) 1904, p. 1.) Plateau, F. Recherches Expérimentales sur les Newman, E. Memorandum on the Wing-rays of Movements Respiratoire des Insects. (Mem. Insects. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, ser.2,111., Acad. Belg., XIV., 1884.) l855, p. 225.) Pocock, R. I. Ticks. (A System of Med., Vol. II., —The Grammar of Entomology.London, 1835. Part 2, p. 187. London, 1909.) Newport, G. On the nervous system of Sphynx Rabl-Ruckhard. Studien uber Insektengehirne. ligustri Linn. (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, Das Gehirn der Ameise. (Reicherts’ Arch. 1832, p. 383, 1834, p. 389.) Anat. Phys., 1875, p. 480.) —Onthe Use of the Antennæ of Insects. (Trans. Rennie, J. Insect Architecture. London, 1857. Ent. Soc., London, II., 1840, p. 229.) Riley,C.V. The Senses of Insects. (Insect Life, —Onthe Formation and Use of the Air-sacs and VolII., No. 1, p. 33. Washington, 1894.) Dilated Tracheæ in Insects. (Trans. Linn. Soc., Rothney,G.A.J. Notes on Indian Ants. (Trans. London, 1851, XX., p. 419.) Ent. Soc., London, 1891, p. 347.) —Onthe Respiration of Insects. (Phil. Trans. Rothschild, Hon. N. C. ANew British Flea Roy. Soc., London, 1836, CXXVI., p. 529.) (Cerato phyllus farreni,spp. nov.)(Ent. Newstead. Monograph of the Coccidæ of the Month. Mag., ser.2,Vol. XVI. [Vol. XLI.], British Isles. (Vol. I. and II., Ray.Soc. London, London, 1905, p. 255.) 1900.) Saunders, E. Further Notes on the Terminal Notes on West Indian Insects, by A. H. Clark Segments of Aculeate Hymenoptera. (Trans. (reprinted from Psyche.) Butterflies, Sir Ent. Soc., London, 1884, p. 251.)

82 The Dictionary of Entomology

ÐThe Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British 1840. Isles. London, 1896. Swinton, A. H. Insect Variety,its Propagation ÐThe Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British and Distribution. London. Isles. London, 1892. Taylor,E.P. Life History,Notes and Control of ÐRemarks on the Hairs of some of our British the Green Peach Aphis (Myzus persiece). Hymenopetra. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, (Jour.Economic Ent., Vol. I., p. 83. Concord, 1878, p. 169.) N.H., 1908.) Say,T. Descriptions of NewSpecies of North Theobald, F.V. The Classification of American Hymenoptera and Observations on Mosquitoes. (Jour.Trop. Med., Vol. IV., p. some already described. (Bos. Jour.Nat. His., 229, 1901.) Vol. I.) ÐAnAccount of British Flies. (Vol. I. London, ÐADescription of the Insects of North America. 1892.) (2 vols., NewYork, 1869.) ÐAMonograph of the Culicidñ. (Vol. I., Schneider,G.T. Monographia Genesis London, 1901.) Rhaphidiñ Linnñi Vratislarviñ. 1843. ÐMosquitoes or Culicidñ. (A System of Med., Sedgwick, A. Peripatus; F.G.Sinclair, Vol. II., Part 2, p. 122. London, 1909.) Myriapoda; D. Sharp, Insects. (In the ÐFirst Report of Economic Zoology.British Cambridge Nat. History.London, 1910.) Museum (Nat. His.), 1903. Severin, H. C. and H. P.Sev erin. Anatomical ÐSecond Report of Economic Zoology.British and Histological Studies of the Female Museum (Nat. His.), 1904. Reproductive Org ans of the American Sawfly ÐThe Insects and Other Allied Pests of Orchard, (Cimbexamericana Leach). (Ann. Ent. Soc. Bush and Hothouse Fruits. Wye, 1909. Amer., Vol. I., No. 1., Ohio, 1908, p. 87.) ÐNotes on Rhopalosiphum Solani Kaltenbach. Sharp, D. The LarvaofCardiophorus asellus (The Entomologist,Vol. XLV.,No. 589, June, (Coleoptera, Fam. Elateridñ). (The 1912, p. 165.) Entomologist,Vol. XLV.,No. 590, July,1912, Tr ouvelot, L. The Use of the Antennñ in Insects p. 189.) (Amer.Nat., XI., 1877, p. 193.) ÐOnthe Structure of the Terminal Segment in Tullberg, T.F. Om Skandinavisken Podurider af some Male Hemiptera. (Trans. Ent. Soc., Underfamiljen Lipurinñ. Upsala, 1869. London, 1890, p. 399.) Urick, F.W. Notes on Some Insect Pests of ÐInsects, Part 1 and 2. London, 1899. Trinidad, British West Indies, 1894. Shelford, R. Studies of the Blattidñ, XIV.(Hope Verrall, G. H. Syrphidñ of Great Britain, Jan., Reports, Vol. VI., 1906, Oxford, p. 231.) 1901. Shuckard, W.E. ADescription of the Superior Viereck, H. L. Hymenoptera of Beulah, New Wings of the Hymenoptera. (Trans. Ent. Soc., Mexico. (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXIX., p. 43, London, Vol. I., p. 208, 1836.) 1903.) ÐElements of British Entomology.London, Walker,F. Insecta Britannica Diptera. (3 Vols., 1839. London, 1851-56.) ÐBritish Bees. An Introduction to the Study of Watson, J. On the Microscopical Examination of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Plumules, etc. (Ent. Mth. Mag., II., 1865, p. 1.) Indigenous to the British Isles. Watson, N. B. The Root Borer of the Sugar Cane Smith, J.B. AContribution towards the (Diaprepes abbreviatus Linn.) (West Ind. Knowledge of the Mouth-parts of the Diptera. Bull., Vol. IV., Part 1, p. 37. Barbados, 1903.) (Trans. Amer.Ent. Soc., XVII., 1890, p. 319.) Waufor,T.W. On Certain Butterfly Scales Spuler,A. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Ban 1-4. Characteristic of Sex. London, 1867. Stuttgart, 1908. West, T. The Foot of the Fly,its Structure and Staveley,E.F. British Spiders; An Introduction Action, etc. (Part 1, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, to the Study of Araneidñ found in Great XXIII., 1861, p. 393.) Britain and Ireland. London, 1896. Westwood, J.O. Observations on the genus ÐBritish Insects. AFamiliar Description of the Typhlopone, with Descriptions of several the Form, Structure, Habits and Exotic Species of Ants. (Ann. Mag. Nat. His., Transformations of Insects. London, 1871. VI., p. 81, 1843.) Swainson, W.and W.Shuckard. On the History ÐNotes on the Wing-veins of Insects. (Trans. and Natural Arrangement of Insects. London, Ent. Soc., London, ser.2,IV.,1857, p. 60.)

83 Jardine, N.K. (1914)

Wheeler,W.M. Ants, their Structure, Development and Behaviour.New York, 1910. White, F.B. On the Male Genital Armature in the Ropalocera. (Trans. Linn. Soc., ser 1, zoo., 1876, p. 357.) Wickham, H. F. Description of the Larvæ of some Heteromerous and Rhynchophorus Beetles. (Jour.N.Y.Ent. Soc., Vol. IV., 1896, p. 118, NewYork.) And the works of Brandt; Child; De Geer; Dietl; Flogel; Graber; Kenyon; Kraepelin; Krausse; Lubbock; Rabl-Ruckard; Siebold; Swammerdam; Lord Avebury; C. Warburton (Spiders Mites, etc., Vol. IV., Camb.Nat. His.); M. Laurie; W.Farneaux; Lt.-Col. Giles; B. F. Staveley; and G. H. Verrall “British Flies,”Vol. I. and II. E. B. Poulton, in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of June, 1886, p. 156, of September,1887, p. 295; and 1888, p. 597. London. Anonymous. Friends of Plant Life (Harms. Pop. Sc.) Group 4, p. 3085, No. 26, Oct., 1912). —The Green Page Moth, Urania [Cydimon] leilus.(West Ind. Bull, Vol. III., Part 3, p. 236, Barbados, 1902.) —The Guinea Grass Moth (Remigia repanda Fabr.) (West Ind. Bull, Vol. III., Part 3, p. 238, Barbados, 1902.) And also the works of Bouché, Berlese, Butschli, Burmeister,Cassell’sEncyclopædic Dictionary, 1887, Christophers, Deitl, Dufour,Fabricius, Forel, Gehuchten Haase, Hammar,Heymon, Illiger,Janet, Knoch, Laboulbene, Lamarck, Latreille, Leach, Leuckhart, Minot, Meigen, Muller,Nitzch, Nuttall and Shipley, Owen, Palmén, Redtenbacher,Step, Straus, Verhöff and Emery,Viallanes, Vosseler,Wielowiejski, citations wanting.[PM]