THE DICTIONARYOFENTOMOLOGY. Original text Copyright © 1914 Nigel K. Jardine probably expired. Ihav e made manyattempts to determine the copyright status of the orginal work. In 1914 in England, copyright extended for the life of the author,plus fify years. Ihav e attempted to obtain biographical material for N. K. Jardine without success, nor have I been able to locate an obituary for him, and so without knowing the year of his death it is not possible to determine when the copyright of the original work expired. When I consulted a firm of copyright lawyers, theytoo were unable to determine theyyear the copyright expired. Their advice was that the copyright of the original work has most probably expired. If anyreader has more acurate information about N. K. Jardine or the copyright status of the original work, I would appreciate receiving it at the address below. The original was printed in 10 point type on a 12 point pitch. The page images in this PDF file are approximately 1.6 times the size of the original. Facsimile images and retouching Copyright © 2001, 2003 Peter Miller The pages of this electronic copyofThe Dictionary of Entomology may be used and/or printed free of charge for personal use only.You are permitted to copyand distribute verbatim copies of this CD-Rom free of charge. In particular,this copyright notice must remain intact. Please contact Peter Miller at the address belowfor permission to redistribute on anyother basis or include in anyother medium or compilation. Adonation of $20 would be appreciated if you find this work useful. Please note that the Australian Copyright ACT 1968, as ammended, grants a 25 year protection to the work presented herein, independent of the copyright of the original work. E-mail: [email protected] Postal: Peter Miller 26 Treeland Road Green Point NSW 2251 Australia THE DICTIONARY OF ENTOMOLOGY BY N. K. JARDINE, F.E.S. PUBLISHED AT LONDON AGENTS: 2, CASTLE STREET, WEST,NEWMAN & CO., ASHFORD, KENT. 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C. HEADLEY BROTHERS, PRINTERS, ASHFORD, KENT;AND BISHOPSGATE, E.C. 4 The Dictionary of Entomology Scand. Scandinavian; used as a general Introduction term for Icelandic, Swedish, In viewofthe necessity in Entomology of the Danish and Norwegian. acceptance of a universal code of terms to Skt. Sanskrit. differentiate or describe the parts or Span. Spanish. characteristics of insects, and owing to the Swed. Swedish. absence of such a work, I have,through the Teut. Teutonic; English, Dutch, German, courtesy of the authorities of the British Museum Gothic and Scandinavian. (Natural History), availed myself of the use of Turk. Turkish. [PM] their extensive library to compile this book. [PM] Entries which were added during Ialso have toacknowledge my indebtedness to the digitization process are marked Professor F.V.Theobald for reading the proof- in this way.See the Notes section sheets, and for his valuable advice; to Mr.Gahan for more information. for the great interest he has taken in this publication; and to Miss E. H. Clemetson, Assoc. Inst. of Linguists, for revising the derivations. Explanation of Symbols Ishall be happytobenotified of anyomissions Following the method used by Professor Skeat in this, the first edition, in order to render future in his Etymological Dictionary,the symbol + is issues more complete. employed to distinguish forms which are cognate NIGEL K. JARDINE. and which are adduced to illustrate and confirm 2, CASTLE STREET, the etymology. ASHFORD, KENT. The symbol - signifies derived from. Example:- Furred,(F. - O.L.G.), M.E. forre, meaning, French, derivedfrom old LowGerman; List of Abbreviations Middle English forre. The abbreviation Ders. signifies derivatives of A.S. Anglo-Saxon. the primary word. Arab.Arabic. C. Celtic; used us a general term for Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, and Cornish. Dan. Danish. Du. Dutch. E. English. F. French. Gael. Gaelic. Ger.German. Gr.Greek. Icel. Icelandic. Idg. Indo-germanic. Ital. Italian. L. Latin. M.E. Middle English; English of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. M.Dut. Modern Dutch. [PM] M.F.Modern French. [PM] Mod. Modern. O. F.Old French. O. Gr.Old Greek. O. H. G. Old High German. [PM] O. Irish Old Irish. [PM] O. L. G. Old LowGerman. O. S. Old Spanish. Pers. Persian. 5 Jardine, N.K. (1914) Signs and Symbols denotes the Head. ,, ,, Thorax. ,, ,, Abdomen. ,, ,, Imago ,, ,, Larva. or ,, ,, Egg. ,, ,, Male. ,, ,, Female. ,, ,, Larva. ,, ,, Worker. ,, ,, Neuter. 6 The Dictionary of Entomology handles these badly because it has no concept of a Notes on the Electronic page - compromises were made to keep them version proximal to the reference and yet separate from the text.) Motivation At this point, icons such as the one you see to the right were added. These icons mark the start In the course of my research, I needed to look of a page of the original. In this way you are able up the definitions of manyarchaic terms, as I was to tell exactly where in the original work the text using material dating from Linnaeus onwards. comes from. By clicking on these icons, you are Manyofthese terms are not present on modern taken to the scanned image of the original page, entomological dictionaries. Eventually I was for comparison. directed to Jardine 1914, which was, of course, The text was then processed by a program to out of print. Aphotocopier solved my immediate insert “anchors” for each of the words or phrases problem, but did not permit the “cut and paste” defined by the dictionary.This is a method required by modern document preparation, and it permitting the computer to find an exact location left much to be desired in the way of presentation. within the text. Such hints are necessary,because Why a CD-Rom? computers can’tactually read, so theycan’ttell a definition from a reference. There was a degree This is not a facsimile edition. It is an of manual processing required after this step, due electronic reconstruction, allowing the modern to typesetting inconsistencies in the original work. researcher to “cut and paste” from a web page or The text was then processed by yet another word processor document. This was not a simple program to locate all references within the bodies undertaking, as manyprocessing steps were of the definitions to words and phrases defined required to get from the paper original into the elsewhere in the dictionary.These references electronic form you are looking at now. The were then “linked” to the definitions, in the same electronic form is readily search-able but not manner as World Wide Web pages. Thus, as you always convenient - once in electronic form, read the electronic version of the Dictionary,you however, itisasimple matter to print paper are able to click on an unfamiliar term and be copies as required. taken directly to its definition. This step required By making the material available on a CD- agreat deal of manual work, due to things like(a) Rom, it is accessible to researchers on the the computer couldn’ttell that plural and singular majority of computers. The material is presented forms are actually the same word, further in a format accessible not only to PC users, but complicated by the presence of several languages, also to Macintosh users and most other (b) the computer couldn’trecognise alternatives. abbreviations, and (c) there are a number of spelling errors in the original (hardly surprising The Process when you consider the book was typeset manually This work was created by scanning the and the typesetter was working with technical individual pages into a computer.Atthis point jargon and several languages). there are only pictures of the pages in the The final step was to takethe web pages and computer. assemble them into a Microsoft Word document. Optical character recognition (OCR) software This was not essential, but it givesasimple way wasthen used to process the scanned page images for users to print the whole book. This also and produce approximately equivalent text. allowed the footnotes to be treated properly. Because of the complexities of reading, and the The labor involved was about 4 hours per page, wide variation in typefaces overthe last 87 years, approximately 1000 hours for the whole book. this is not as simple as you may imagine. This was spread overevenings and weekends for The text was then checked for obvious the best part of a year. recognition errors and converted to HTML At the end of this tale, I must add that I have format. This is the format commonly used on the nothing but admiration for all of the work Jardine World Wide Web.Itprovides a rich set of did to prepare the original using only pen and ligatures (things like æ)and it is accessible on a paper.Evenwith modern computerised marvels, wide variety of platforms, not just the PC. (The simply reformatting and representing his work only fly in the ointment is footnotes - HTML wasabig job.Type setting it manually must have 7 Jardine, N.K. (1914) been a formidable task. However, this is easily dwarfed by the labor of assembling definitions and then cross checking by hand and eye and wit. What an astonishing accomplishment! Ican only hope that my efforts have done Jardine'swork justice. Variations from the Original As mentioned above,this is not a facsimile edition. Once the manuscript was in electronic form, a number of decisions had to be made concerning the text. Jardine was very inconsistent with plurals. The majority of the time theywere givenasªsingular, pl. pluralº, howeverattimes theywere givenas ªsingular, pluralº, or ªsingular,(plural)º, or ªplural,sing. singular)º e.g. epimera. Theyhav e all been regularised to use the first form.