Index

References to illustrations are in italics, e.g. 16.

Aba Women’s Riots, 121, 125 Ahmad, Muhammad, 41 Abbas, Ferhat, 127 Ahmad Shah Qājār, 68 Abbasid caliphate, 7, 8 Ahmadu Seku, 38 Abdelaziz, 91 Alaska, 20, 63 Abdelhafid, 68, 91 Alexander the Great, 6–7 Abd el–Kader, 29 Alexander II, 21 Abd el–Krim, 116 Algeria, 5, 20, 27, 28–29, 29, 35, 42, 52, Abdul Hamid II, 20, 70, 89 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 78, 94–95, Abdul Mejid, 20 113–114, 120, 127, 139, 145, 154, abolitionism, 13, 14, 27–28 160, 165, 167, 168, 184, 185–188, Abrahams, Peter, 170 190–191, 193, 197, 208, 216 Aceh sultanate, 36, 69 war with France (see French–Algerian Achebe, Chinua, 78, 215 War) African National Congress (ANC), Al hajj Umar see Umar Tal 115, 125, 170, 194–195, 204–205 All‐African People’s Conference, 168, African Party for the Independence of 184–185 Guinea and Cape Verde, 196 Alleg, Henri, 176, 186 Afrikaners, 114, 169 see also Boers; South All India Home Rule League, 125, 127 Africa All‐India Muslim League see Muslim Afrique ÉquatorialeCOPYRIGHTED Française (AEF), League MATERIAL 62, 74, 118, 119, 126, 145, 147, Alsace–Lorraine, 18, 59, 119 165–166, 190 Ambiguous Adventure (1963), 122 Afrique Occidentale Française (AOF), Amery, Leo, 147 59, 62, 74, 98, 118, 121–122, Amin, Idi, 208 165–166, 190 Amritsar massacre, 110–111, 115, 125

European Overseas Empire, 1879–1999: A Short History, First Edition. Matthew G. Stanard. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Anglo–Belgian India Rubber Battle of Adowa, 40, 142 Company, 81 Battle of Algiers, 176, 185–186 Anglo–German Treaty (1890), 39, 90 Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 160–161, Anglo–Indians, 22–23, 138, 156, 197 168, 176 Anglo–Japanese Treaty (1902), 48 Battle of Isandhlwana, 35 Angola, 1, 24, 39, 42, 63, 73, 164, 185, , 19, 26 196, 203, 208–209, 210 Battle of Majuba Hill, 35 Annam see Indochina Battle of Omdurman, 41, 48, 148 anticolonialism see resistance Battle of , 26 apartheid, 155, 168–170, 177, 194–196, Battle of the Somme, 100 204–205 Battle of Verdun, 98, 100 Arab–Israeli conflict, 209 Baudouin (Belgian king), 164, Arab–Swahili, 24–25, 37, 40, 54 192–193 Argentina, 18, 197, 219 Bechuanaland, 28 see also Botswana askaris, 93, 101, 104 Becker, Jérôme, 55–56 Atatürk see Kemal, Mustafa Begag, Azouz, 181, 183–184, 197 Atlee, Clement, 156 Belgian Congo, 5, 72, 74, 76, 80, 93, 113, Australia, 4, 14, 18, 19, 27, 36, 41, 42, 49, 120–121, 122, 126, 133, 147, 148, 53, 62, 85, 94, 102, 146, 185, 189, 167, 181–182, 184, 185, 192–193, 202, 213 197, 212, 217 Australia and New Zealand Belgium, 5, 19, 50, 52, 70, 83, 89–90, Auxiliary Corps (ANZAC), 93, 96, 101, 102, 125, 144, 164, 94, 99, 104 181–182, 188–189, 198, 216, Austria, 101, 144, 207 see also Habsburg 219–220 empire Belize, 203 see also British Honduras Austria–Hungary see Habsburg Belloc, Hilaire, 44 empire A Bend in the River (1979), 135, 215 Auteuil, Daniel, 173 Benga, Ota, 58 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 127, 162 Bengal famine, 147 Azores, 39 Berlin Conference, 36–37, 43, 90, 103 Aztec Empire, 26 Berry, Martha, 34, 51 Besant, Annie, 127 Babur, 8 Blixen, Karen, 80 Badis, Ben, 127 Boali, 81 Bailundo revolt, 73 Bodson, Omer, 46–47 Baker, Samuel, 24 Boers, 11, 27–28, 42, 59, 93, 104, 114 Bakouba (1952), 153–154 see also Afrikaners Balfour, Arthur, 96 Boer War (1899–1902), 48–49, 56, 74, 91, Balfour Declaration (of 1917), 96, 93, 114 131, 171 Boisson, Pierre, 145 Balfour Declaration (of 1926), 120 Bolsheviks, 9, 101, 124, 143–144 Bandung Conference, 159 Bond, Horace Mann, 162 Bangladesh, 157, 194 Bose, S. C., 146 Banks, Joseph, 52 Bosnia–Herzegovina, 35, 88, 89 Bardo Treaty see Treaty of Bardo (1881) Botha, Louis, 114 Baring, Evelyn (Lord Cromer), 35, 60 Botswana, 185 Batavia, 13, 58 Bourguiba, Habib, 185

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Boxer Rebellion, 47–48, 70 Canisius, Edgar, 39–40 Brazil, 13, 24, 27 Can Vuong movement, 43 Brazzaville Declaration, 145–146 Cape Colony, 27–28, 35, 36, 59, 79, 158 Britain, 1, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21–23, see also South Africa 25, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 48, 50, Cape Verde, 164, 196 52, 60, 61, 70, 74, 77, 78, 83, capitalism, 2, 49–50, 149 89–90, 91, 94, 100, 101, 102, 103, Casement, Roger, 60, 72, 73, 81, 101 105, 110, 114, 115–117, 124, 128, caste system, 23 131, 132, 135, 146–147, 156, 163, Catherine the Great, 20 166, 169, 170–172, 176–177, 185, Catholicism see Christianity 188, 189, 197, 199, 203, 209, 212, Cawnpore, 21, 22 213, 219 Central African Federation (CAF), British Commonwealth, 166, 168, 189, 166, 167 199, 212 Césaire, Aimé, 141 British East India Company (EIC), 18, Cetshwayo, 35 21–23, 27, 59, 109, 202 Ceuta, 116, 183, 203 British Empire League, 60 Ceylon see Sri Lanka British Guiana, 27, 69, 84, 111 Chad, 119, 145 British Honduras, 27, 69 see also Belize Chamberlain, Joseph, 84 British India, 22, 33, 62, 74–75, 76, 77, 78, Chamoun, Camille, 173 79, 80, 94, 109–112, 121, 126, 139, Chandernagore, 158 146, 156–158, 202, 214 see also India Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 26 British Raj see British India Charles X (French king), 28 British South Africa Company Charmes, Gabriel, 60 (BSAC), 39 “The Chess Players,” 109–110, 111 Brunei, 203 Chiang Kai‐shek, 142, 158, 159 Buchan, John, 60 China, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15–16, 17, 18, 19, 36, Buganda, 24–25, 37, 84 see also Uganda 40, 43, 47–48, 69–70, 77, 83, 84, 92, Bulgaria, 20, 35, 90, 94, 101 99, 101, 102, 106, 120, 138, 142, 147, Burke, Robert O’Hara, 54 181, 190, 203 Burma, 36, 62, 135–136, 147, 157 1949 communist victory, 159, 182 Burmese Days (1934), 135–136 Ming dynasty, 7, 8, 99 Burton, Richard, 52, 53, 54 Qin dynasty, 7 Burundi, 205–206, 211 see also Qing dynasty, 3, 8, 15–16, 17, 43, Ruanda–Urundi 47–48, 62, 99 revolution of 1911–12, 120 Cabral, Amílcar, 196 Tang dynasty, 7 Caetano, Marcello, 196 Xuantong emperor, 68, 142 Caillé, René, 52 Yuan dynasty, 7 California, 19, 49 Christianity, 11, 23, 34, 36, 51, 73, 78, Camara Laye, 122 212–213 Cambodia, 36, 54, 159, 160, 189, 190 Churchill, Winston, 60, 109, 111, 118, see also Indochina 127, 146, 149, 156, 157 Cameron, Verney Lovett, 54 Church Missionary Society, 37, 51 Cameroon, 39, 76, 93, 102, 119 civilizing mission, 33–34, 51, 68, 117–119, Camus, Albert, 173, 174, 215–216 127–128, 138 Canada, 18, 41, 62, 69, 146, 213 Clauzel, Bertrand, 61

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Clemenceau, Georges, 101 Convention People’s Party, 176–177 Climbié (1956), 122, 123, 136 Cortés, Hernán, 25, 26 Cochinchina, 27, 36, 59 see also Vietnam Côte d’Ivoire, 25, 122, 136, 165–166, 191, code de l’indigénat, 113, 125, 173 202, 211 Cold War, 124–125, 150, 158, 159, 163, Coty, René, 186 182, 183, 189–190, 210 Crémieux Decree, 57, 114 Colijn, Hendrikus, 69 Crimean War (1853–56), 13, 20–21, 56 colonial administration, 22–23, 67–68, Cromer, Lord see Baring, Evelyn 74–78, 79, 120–121, 133, Cuba, 13, 26, 27, 47, 69 163–168, 174 culture and empire, 22–23, 137–141, 154, colonial development see colonial 201–202, 212, 215–220 investment Curaçao, 69, 183 Colonial Development Act of 1929, 119 Curzon, George, 62, 75 Colonial Development and Welfare Act of Cyrus (Persian king), 6 1940, 164 Czechoslovakia, 144 Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1945, 164 Dadié, Bernard, 122, 123, 136 colonial education, 75, 121–123 Daman, 158, 164, 196 colonial expositions, 140–141, 184 Damas, Léon, 141 colonial investment, 22, 49–50, 68, 71, 77, Daoud, Kamel, 215–216 119–120, 124, 133, 163–164 Darius (Persian king), 6 colonialism, definition of, 3–5 The Dark Child (1953), 122 colonial knowledge, 22–23, 44, 53, 56, Darwin, Charles, 51, 57–58 154, 213–215, 220 d’Azeglio, Massimo, 27, 123 colonial taxation, 22, 23, 73, 75, 77, De Boe, Gérard, 153 99, 111, 113, 120, 121, 127, de Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan, 52, 217 133, 167 decolonization, 5, 182–184, 207, 220 colonial trade, 50, 83–85, 163 Decoux, Jean, 146 Columbus, Christopher, 5, 8, 26, 83 Defferre, Gaston, 165 Comité de l’Afrique Française, 60 de Gaulle, Charles, 144–145, 183, Comité de l’Asie Française, 60 186–187, 190–192, 219 Comité de Madagascar, 60 de Gobineau, Arthur, 57 Comité du Maroc, 60 Dekker, Eduard Douwes, 73 communism, 2, 124–125, 150, 156, de Klerk, F. W., 205 158, 170 Delacroix, Eugène, 138 Comoros, 202–203 Delavignette, Robert, 117 Compagnie du Katanga, 44 Del Boca, Angelo, 219 Comte, Auguste, 51 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 181, concessionary companies, 39 193, 205, 209, 210, 212 see also Congo see Belgian Congo; Congo Free Belgian Congo; Congo Free State State; Democratic Republic of the Denmark, 144 Congo; French Congo; Republic Dequae, André, 188 of Congo de Rivera, Primo, 219 Congo Free State (CFS), 39–40, 42, Dernburg, Bernhard, 74 44–47, 55, 63, 71–72, 75–76, 79, Déroulède, Paul, 59 82, 84 The Descent of Man (1871), 52, 58 Conrad, Joseph, 11, 27, 67, 71, 79, 215 Diagne, Blaise, 99

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diamonds, 28, 35, 42, 49, 61, 84, 120, Ethiopia, 40, 43, 54, 69, 142–143, 147, 133, 169 208, 210, 211 di Lampedusa, Giuseppe, 153, 154 famine in, 206 Dingane, 12 European Economic Community, 187, Dingiswayo, 12 211, 213 disease, 25, 48, 55–56, 75–76, 79, 104, exploration, 52–55 105, 209 Eyre, Edward John, 54 Diu, 158, 164, 196 Djibouti, 40, 203 Faidherbe, Louis, 27, 43 Dodecanese islands, 89, 102, 147 Falkenhayn, Erich, 100 Domont, J.‐M., 136–137 , 69, 183, 203, 219 Doudart de Lagrée, Ernest, 54 Fanon, Frantz, 175, 208 Doumer, Paul, 36, 68 Fashoda crisis, 40–41, 78, 91 du Chaillu, Paul, 53 Feraoun, Mouloud, 174–175, 187 Dulles, John Foster, 162 Ferdinand (Aragonese king), 25, 26 Dutch East India Company see Vereenigde Ferdinand, Franz, 88, 90, 106 Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) Ferry, Jules, 60 Dutch East Indies, 13, 27, 36, 58, 63, 73, films, 54, 80, 153–154, 216 74, 75, 81–82, 94, 119, 124, 146, 147, First Indian War of Independence see 150, 158–159, 197 see also Indonesia Sepoy Uprising Dutch Guiana, 27, 63, 69, 117, 183 see also First World War see World War I Suriname Foccart, Jacques, 183 Dyer, Reginald, 110 Fonds d’Investissement pour le Développement Économique et “Eastern Question,” 69–70, 89, 96 Social, 164 Éboué, Félix, 145 forced labor, 39–40, 71–72, 82, 99–100, École Normale William Ponty, 122 167 see also slavery Economic Community of West African Force Publique, 39–40, 93 States (ECOWAS), 211 Forster, E. M., 118, 131, 134, 215 Edward VII, 62 Fourah Bay College, 51, 122 Egypt, 19, 23–24, 35, 37, 41, 52, 61, Françafrique, 183, 210 91, 102, 115–116, 120, 140, France, 3, 4, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21, 27, 171–172, 210 28–29, 35, 37, 40–41, 49, 50, 52, 56, Eisenhower, Dwight, 172–173 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 83–84, 87, 89–90, presidential administration, 160–161, 163 91, 95, 96–98, 100, 101, 102, 104, El Hadj Omar see Umar Tal 116, 120, 121, 124, 132, 144, 147, El Mogdad Seck, Bou, 43 159–161, 163, 164–165, 168, El‐Mokrani, Mohamed, 29, 42, 114 170–172, 177, 184, 188, 197, 198, Emmanuel III, Victor, 147 202, 210, 216 empire, definition of, 3–4 Fifth Republic, 186 England see Britain Fourth Republic, 154, 159, 186, 219 Enlightenment, 13, 57 Free French, 144–146, 150, 186 entente cordiale, 41, 78, 90–91, 144 French Second Empire, 57, 61 (see also Equatorial Guinea, 116 Napoleon III) Eritrea, 40, 59, 79, 143, 147 French Second Republic, 57 État Indépendant du Congo see Congo revolution of 1789, 14, 51, 61 Free State (CFS) revolution of 1830, 28

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France (cont’d ) German South West Africa, 72–73, 84, 93, Third Republic, 18, 51, 57, 77, 96, 145 103, 219 see also Namibia; South Vichy regime, 145–146, 150 West Africa war with Algeria (see French–Algerian and the Holocaust, 148 War) , 9, 13, 18, 23, 27, 36–37, 49, 50, Francophonie, 212 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 69, 70, 78, 88–90, Franco–Prussian War (1870–71), 59, 90 91, 93–95, 96, 100, 101, 104, 114, French–Algerian War (1954–62), 173–176, 118, 119, 126, 128, 132, 144–145, 177, 183, 185–188, 190, 208 147, 186, 189, 198, 207, 218–219 French Community, 190 Nazi regime, 124, 142, 144, 148, 155, 169 French Congo, 79, 148, 217 see also unification of, 13, 18, 27, 210 Republic of Congo Gesellschaft für Deutsche Kolonisation see French Guiana, 27, 42, 63, 69, 183, 203 Society for German Colonization French Guinea, 122, 163, 191 see also Ghana, 154, 162, 168, 176–177, 184, 190, Guinea 192, 211 see also Gold Coast French Polynesia, 183, 203 Giles, Ernest, 53 French Somaliland, 41 globalization, 1, 2, 83–85 French Union, 164–165, 167, 190 Goa, 158, 164, 168, 196 Frente de Libertação de Moçambique gold, 8, 19, 26, 39, 42, 48, 49, 84, 120, (FRELIMO), 196, 207 169–170 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), Gold Coast, 25, 38, 62, 74, 120, 133, 174–176, 185–188, 193 176–177 see also Ghana Fuad (Egyptian king), 115 Golden Stool, 38 Gordon, Charles, 24 Gabon, 47, 75, 118 Government of India Act (1935), Gaffarel, Paul, 60 120, 126 Galton, Francis, 57 Graves, Robert, 117 the Gambia, 62, 74 Graziani, Rodolfo, 125 Gandhi, Mohandas, 80, 109, 110, Great Britain see Britain 111–112, 112, 126–127, 156–157, Great Depression, 124, 125, 132–134, 206, 217–218 142, 151 Garanganja Kingdom, 44–45 Greater East Asia Co‐Prosperity Sphere, Garner, Richard Lynch, 75 142, 147 Garnier, Francis, 54 Great Trek, 28, 169 Gauguin, Paul, 75, 117 Greco–Turkish War (1919–22), Geeraerts, Jef, 137 101–102, 105 gender see sex Greece, 20, 70, 89–90, 95, 101–102, 103, 147 Generación del ’98, 116, 138 Greene, Graham, 137, 215 Genghis Khan, 7 Grierson, George, 80 Geoffroy Saint–Hilaire, Albert, 58 Guadeloupe, 61, 69, 165 geographical societies, 51–53 , 183, 203 George V, 68, 75 Guèye, Lamine, 165 Georgia (U.S. state), 34 Guinea, 184, 191, 213 see also French German East Africa, 73, 84, 93, 102 Guinea German East Africa Company, 37, 38, 84 Guinea–Bissau, 196 see also Portuguese German New Guinea, 94, 102 Guinea German Samoa, 94, 102 Guyana, 208 see also British Guiana

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Habsburg empire, 9, 18, 35, 49, 68–70, Imperial Federation League, 60 88–90, 91, 94, 100 imperialism Habyarimana, Juvenal, 205 causes, 49–61 Hagenbeck, Carl, 58 definition of, 4 Haggard, H. Rider, 80–81 Imperial South Africa Association, 60 Haiti, 13, 61 indentured labor, 42, 80, 82, 208 Hammurabi, 6 India, 1, 6, 21–23, 27, 35, 36, 37, 43, 53, Hanoi, 67, 69, 77 56, 59, 62, 68, 73, 82, 84, 109–112, harkis, 168, 187–188, 197, 216 133, 135, 138, 182, 194, 196, 209, Harris, Alice Seeley, 72 212, 214–215 see also British India Hatta, Mohammad, 150 partition, 156–157, 162, 177, 194, Hawai’i, 47, 63, 147 208, 217 The Heart of Africa, (1874), 25 Indian Army, 23, 99, 146, 156, 168 see also Heart of Darkness (1902), 11, 67, 71 sepoys The Heart of the Matter (1948), 137, 215 Indian National Congress, 43, 73, Hergé, 122 110–111, 125, 146 Hertzog, J. B. M., 114 Indian Rebellion of 1857 see Sepoy Herzl, Theodor, 96 Uprising Hinden, Rita, 119 Indochina, 36, 50, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67–68, Hind Swaraj (1909), 111 69, 119, 146, 150, 155, 159–162, 176, Hinduism, 23 185, 186 historiography of imperialism, 2, 5, 206, Indochinese Communist Party, 160 207–208, 214–216, 219 see also Indonesia, 158–159, 168, 182, 183, 189, colonial knowledge 197, 203 see also Dutch East Indies Hitler, Adolf, 124, 126–127, 144 Indo–Pakistani War of 1971, 157 Hoang Cao Khai, 43 industrialization, 16–17, 19, 21, 30, 40, 44, Hobson, J. A., 49, 60, 92 49, 106 Ho Chi Minh, 102, 115, 125, 160, 189, 206 The Influence of Sea Power on History, 37 Hodgson, Frederick, 38 Iran, 68, 171, 172, 190, 210 Holocaust, 148, 171 Iraq, 6, 7, 95, 116, 120, 172 “home rule,” 43, 89, 101, 146 Ireland, 9, 43, 50, 89, 101, 104–105 Hong Kong, 70, 203 Irish War of Independence (1919–21), 101 Hong Xiuquan, 15, 17 Isabella (Castilian queen), 25, 26 Hornemann, Friedrich, 52 Islam, 23, 38, 94–95, 190 Houphouët–Boigny, Félix, 165–166, Ismail Pasha, 24 191, 193 Israel, 171, 172, 190 see also Palestine human zoos, 58, 184 Istiqlal party, 171 Hungary, 7, 101, 172, 207 Istituto Coloniale Italiano, 60 “Hun speech,” 47 Italian Somaliland, 4, 59, 79, 147 hunting, 71, 72, 75, 118, 137 Italo–Turkish War (1911–12), 89, 90, 102 Hussein (sharif of Mecca), 95 , 35, 40, 49, 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 76, 88, Huxley, Elspeth, 80, 119 89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 115, 116, 123, 126, 144, 147, 185, 218 Idris (Libyan king), 171 fascist regime, 124, 128, 142–143, 218–219 , 164 unification of, 13, 18, 27, 218 Imperial British East Africa Company war against Ethiopia (1935–1936), (IBEAC), 37, 84 142–143, 208

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Itzcóatl, 8 language, 26–27, 34, 43, 54, 75, 83, 91, Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire 114, 123, 138–141, 190, 194, 202, 209, 212, 215–216 Jacques, Jules, 42 Laos, 36, 159, 160, 189 see also Indochina Jallianwala Bagh see Amritsar massacre Lavigerie, Charles, 51 Jameson, L. S., 48 Lawrence, T. E., 95 Jameson raid, 48 Laye, Camara see Camara Laye Japan, 1, 7, 16–17, 30, 35, 40, 48, 68, League of Coloured Peoples, 125 70–71, 78, 83, 89–90, 93–94, 101, League of Nations, 40, 103–104, 143, 182 102, 105, 141–142, 144, 146–147, mandates, 102–104, 132, 148, 171, 177, 149–150, 189 188, 196 Meiji Restoration, 16, 19, 142 Lebanon, 95, 101, 170, 172–173, 190 Tokugawa shogunate, 16 Leichhardt, Ludwig, 54 jihad, 94–95 Lenin, Vladimir, 49, 102, 124, 127 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 111–112, 127, Leopold II, 39, 43, 44, 50, 55, 63, 71–72, 156–157 73, 79, 81, 82, 84, 192, 217 Jolly, Sohan Singh, 201 Leroy–Beaulieu, Paul, 60 Jünger, Ernst, 87–88, 99 Les paysans noirs (1931), 117–118 Lever Brothers, 134 Kagame, Paul, 206 Liberia, 69 Kane, Cheikh Hamidou, 122 Libya, 6, 76, 89, 99, 115, 125, 147, 171, 209 Karikal, 158 Ligue de Défense de la Race Nègre, 126 Kemal, Mustafa, 102, 103 Linlithgow (Victor Hope), 147 Kennan, George, 147 Livingstone, David, 53 Kenya, 74, 80, 93, 113, 117, 155, 168, Lloyd George, David, 101 177, 194 Lobengula, 39 Khama, Seretse, 185 Locke, John, 57 Khrushchev, Nikita, 181 loi‐cadre of 1956, 165–166 Kim (1901), 43, 78, 122, 215 Lomé Convention (1975), 211 Kimberly, 28, 35, 49, 61 London Missionary Society, 53 King Solomon’s Mines (1885), Lugard, Frederick, 37, 38, 74 80–81 Lumumba, Patrice, 181–182, 185, 193 Kipling, Rudyard, 33–34, 43–51, 55, 75, Luxembourg, 144 78, 110, 122, 215 Luytens, Edwin, 76 Kitchener, Horatio, 40–41, 48 Knox, Robert, 57 Macartney, George, 14 Korea, 5, 15, 40, 68–69, 70–71, 159 Macau, 3, 63, 203 North Korea, 160, 189 Macaulay, Herbert, 127 South Korea, 211 MacMahon, Henry, 95 Korean War (1950–53), 159 Macmillan, Harold, 187, 198 Kublai Khan, 7 Madagascar, 62, 74, 76, 145, 155, 165 Kuwait, 95 Madeira, 39 Magellan, Ferdinand, 26, 28 La Force noire (1910), 98 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 37 Laing, Alexander Gordon, 52 Maharero, Samuel, 73 La mise en valeur des colonies francaises Mahdi see Ahmad, Muhammad (1923), 119 Mahdist State, 41, 47

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Mahfouz, Naguib, 172, 215 Mine Boy (1946), 170 Maine (boat), 47 Ming dynasty see China Maji Maji revolt, 73 miscegenation see métissage Makana Nxele, 11, 15, 27 missionaries, 34, 36, 37, 43, 51, 75, 77–78, Malan, D. F., 169 118, 121–122, 138, 162–163 Malaya (Malaysia), 62, 120, 133, 156, mission civilisatrice see civilizing mission 158, 168 Mobutu Sese Seko (Joseph-Désiré Mali empire, 7 Mobutu), 182, 210, 217 Mandela, Nelson, 11, 194–195, 195, Moctezuma I, 8 204–205, 206 modernity, 24, 76, 139, 190 Manduau, Édouard, 71–72, 73 modernization see modernity Mangin, Charles, 98 Mohammed V, 171, 185 Mansa Musa, 7–8 Mongol empire, 7 Mao Zedong, 142, 159 Monroe Doctrine, 17, 61 Maran, René, 141 Montenegro, 35, 90 Marchand, Jean–Baptiste, 40–41, 98 Moody, Harold, 125 Marti, José, 47 Morel, Edmund Dene, 60, 72, 103 Martinique, 61, 69, 165 Morocco, 68, 76, 91–92, 116, 145, 165, Marxist socialism, 215 171, 184, 185, 197 Mashinini, Emma, 204 first and second Moroccan crises, Massu, Jacques, 186 91–92 Mathieu, Jules, 119 Moshoeshoe, 42 Mau Mau uprising, 155, 177 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 171 Mauritius, 84, 182–183 Mouhot, Henri, 54 Max Havelaar (1860), 73 Mountbatten, Louis, 157 Maximilian I, 61 Mouvement National Congolais Mayotte, 183, 203 (MNC), 181 Mbop Mabiinc maMbeky, 153 Mozambique, 1, 39, 63, 73, 99–100, 164, McKinley, William, 88 196, 203, 207–208 medicine, 44, 55–56, 75–76, 120–121 Msiri, 44–47 Mehmed V, 68, 94 Mugabe, Robert, 204, 208 Melilla, 116, 183, 203 Mughal Empire, 8–9, 14, 21–22, 202 Menelik II, 40, 43, 68, 142 Muhammad Ali (khedive of Egypt), Mengistu, Haile Mariam, 210 23–24 Messali Hadj, Ahmed Ben, 127, 174 Mukhtar, Omar, 99, 125–126, 126 métissage, 58, 82, 113–114, 134–135, 173 Multatuli see Dekker, Eduard Douwes see also race Munza, 25 The Meursault Investigation (2013), 215–216 Murchison, Roderick, 52 Mexican–American War (1846–48), 61 Muscat, 25 Mexico, 17, 26 Muslim League, 73, 111, 127, 156 Mfecane, 12, 28 Mussolini, Benito, 126–127, 142–143, 147 Mhlakaza, 11–12 Mutesa I, 25, 37, 43 Michelet, Jules, 214 migration, 18, 41–42, 58–59, 62, 79–80, Naipaul, V. S., 135, 215 83–84, 96–99, 112–113, 116–117, Namibia, 205 see also German South West 157, 168, 170, 194, 197–198, 208, Africa; South West Africa 216–217 Napoleon Bonaparte, 3, 9, 17, 61

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Napoleon III, 4, 18, 27, 57, 61 On the Origin of Species (1859), 51, 58 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 172, 190, 206 “open door” policy, 40, 70 Natal, 35, 111 opium wars, 15, 19, 24 nationalism, 17, 19, 20, 40, 41, 51, 58, Orange Free State, 28, 48 59–60, 62, 69–70, 84, 89, 92, 101, Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS), 102, 111, 124, 126–128, 132, 150, 187, 198 160, 185, 193, 214–215 Orientalism, 138–140 Négritude, 141 Orientalism (1979), 216 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 111–112, 112, 124, Orlando, Vittorio, 101 127, 156–157, 182 Orwell, George, 135–136, 151, 215 neocolonialism, 183, 210–213 Ottoman empire, 2, 8, 13, 14, 18, 19–20, definition of, 5 23, 35, 62, 68–70, 88–90, 91, 94–95, Neo Destour party, 171, 185 100, 101–102, 104, 209 see also Netherlands, 27, 50, 63, 75, 82, 83, 94, 128, Turkey 144, 154, 158–159, 164, 197, 217 “An Outpost of Progress,” 79 New Caledonia, 42, 79, 100, 203 New Guinea, 197 see also Papua New Pakistan, 1, 157, 172, 182, 194, 210 see also Guinea; Western New Guinea British India New Imperialism, definition of, 5 Palace Walk (1956), 172, 215 Newton, Isaac, 57 Palestine, 9, 62, 95–96, 101, 131, 148, 171, New Zealand, 14, 27, 36, 62, 94, 99, 102, 209 see also Israel 146, 189 Pan–African Congress, 43 Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, 78, 122, 123, 201, Pan–Africanist Congress (PAC), 170, 212, 213 194, 205 Ngundeng, Guek, 116 Panda Farnana, Paul, 125 Nicholas II, 68, 70, 89 Papua New Guinea, 202 Niger, 185 Park, Mungo, 52 Nigeria, 6, 25, 38, 39, 62, 74, 78, 99, 121, parti colonial, 60 125, 127, 192, 194, 209, 212 Parti Démocratique de Guinée Biafran War (1967–70), 194, 207, 209 (PDG), 191 Nixon, Richard, 189 Parti Populaire Algérien (PPA), 127, 174 Njango, Donga, 75 A Passage to India (1924), 118, 123, Nkrumah, Kwame, 162, 176–177, 184, 206 134–135, 137, 215 Non–Aligned Movement (NAM), 183 Peace of Paris, 101–104, 141 non‐cooperation movement, 111, 125 Peace of Vereeniging, 48, 74 Nongqawuse, 11–12, 27 Peel Commission, 131–132 Northern Nigeria see Nigeria penal colonies, 42, 168 Northern Rhodesia, 39, 166 see also Pères Blancs see White Fathers Rhodesia; Zambia Perham, Margery, 119 North Korea see Korea Perry, Matthew, 16, 17 North Vietnam see Vietnam Pétain, Philippe, 145 Norway, 144 Peters, Carl, 37, 52, 60 Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 206 Peter the Great, 20 Nwose, 99 Pflimlin, Pierre, 186 Nyasaland, 74, 113, 166 Phan Ðinh Phùng, 43 Philippines, 25–26, 27, 28, 47, 63, 69, 74, oil (petroleum), 120, 171, 190, 194 146, 147, 149, 158, 185 Oman, 25, 170 Picasso, Pablo, 138

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pieds noirs, 184, 186–188, 197, 198, 216 Rassemblement Démocratique Africain Pitcher, D. G., 80 (RDA), 165, 191 Pizarro, Francisco, 25 Red Rubber (1906), 72 plantations, 34, 77, 80, 82, 117, 133, Remarque, Erich Maria, 117 134, 167 Republic of Congo, 217 see also French Platt Amendment, 69 Congo “Poème à Mon Frère Blanc,” 141, 215 Reshid Mustafa Pasha, 20 Poland, 7, 101, 144, 147, 207 resistance, 42–43, 44–48, 72–73, 89, Pompidou, Georges, 183 99–100, 110–111, 115–116, Pondicherry, 158 121, 125–128, 133, 143, 146, Portugal, 3, 13, 24, 39, 60, 73, 96, 148, 150, 155–162, 168, 170–178, 101, 102, 124–125, 128, 154, 182, 184–193, 194–195, 196, 164, 167, 177, 186, 188, 203–205 196–197, 202, 203, 207–208, Resistência Nacional Moçambicana 209, 217, 220 (RENAMO), 196 Estado Novo, 118, 124–125, 164, 220 retornados, 197, 217 Portuguese Guinea, 1, 39, 63, 164, 196, Réunion, 61, 80, 183 208–209 see also Guinea–Bissau revolutions of 1848, 17 postcolonialism, 202, 207–208, 210–220 Reza Pahlavi, Mohammad, 171 definition of, 6 Reza Shah Pahlavi, 171 Powell, Enoch, 197 Rhodes, Cecil, 28, 39, 48, 50, 60, 84, 218 Premchand, Munshi, 109–110, 111 Rhodesia, 28, 74, 166, 177, 185, 196, 197, Primrose League, 60 198–199, 203–204 Protestantism see Christianity Rif War (1920s), 116, 219 Prussia, 18 The River Between (1965), 78, 122 Puerto Rico, 26, 47, 183 Rivonia Trial, 195 Robben Island, 11 Qadiriyya brotherhood, 24 Roman empire, 3, 7, 103, 149 Qianlong emperor, 14 Romania, 20, 35, 101, 207 Qingdao, 70, 94 Roman republic, 4 Qing dynasty see China Roosevelt, Franklin, 127, 149 Qin Shihuangdi, 7 Ross, Ronald, 5 The Question (1958), 176, 186 Roudaire, François Élie, 52 Quit India movement, 146 Royal Geographical Society, 52 quôc ngũ, 75 Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, 158, 168 Raboisson, abbé, 60 Royal Niger Company, 38 race, 33, 56–58, 68, 81–82, 85, 92, 113, Ruanda–Urundi, 93, 104 114, 134–135, 148, 150, 166–167, rubber, 39, 42, 69, 71–72, 81, 82, 84, 85, 168–169, 170, 194, 198 see also 120, 131 racism Russia, 9, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20–21, 23, 30, 33, racism, 33, 56–58, 68, 136, 142, 150, 155, 36, 40, 49, 69–70, 78, 83, 84–85, 166–167, 168–170 see also scientific 88–90, 91, 100, 101, 104, 106, 120, racism 124, 143–144, 149, 163, 171–172, railroads, 19, 21, 22, 40, 43, 52, 69, 70, 71, 181, 188, 190, 207, 210 77, 83, 84, 111, 118, 119–120, 165, Bolshevik revolution, 101, 120 191, 209 Civil War (1917–1922), 101, 105, 106, Rand Rebellion, 115 124, 207

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Russo–Japanese War (1904–05), 70, 78, Shaka Zulu, 12 88, 125 Shantytown Kid (2007), 181 Russo–Polish War (1919–20), 104, 106 Sharpeville massacre, 194 Russo–Turkish War (1877–78), 20, 35 “Shooting an Elephant,” 135–136 Rwanda, 205–206, 211 see also Siam, 36 Ruanda–Urundi Sierra Leone, 62, 74, 120, 122, 133, 137 Sikhism, 201–202 Safavid empire, 8 Singapore, 146 Sagar, G. S., 201 Sino–French War (1884–85), 36 Said, Edward, 216 Sino–Japanese War, First (1894–95), Saint–Domingue see Haiti 36, 70 Saint Laurent, Yves, 173 Sino–Japanese War, Second (1931–45), Saint Martin, 69 141–142 Saint Pierre and Miquelon, 69, 183 Sint Maarten, 69, 183 Salazar, António, 118, 124–125, 164, 196 slavery, 8, 13, 14, 17, 42, 56–57, 80 see also Salt March, 110, 111 forced labor São Tomé and Príncipe, 164 slave trade, 8, 13, 18, 24, 25, 40, 53, 85 Sarhili, 12 Smith, Ian, 198–199, 203 Sarraut, Albert, 119, 124 Smuts, Jan, 114, 168 sati, 23, 214 social Darwinism, 57–68, 92 satyagraha, 112 Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 60 Schnee, Heinrich, 93 Société de Géographie, 52 Schumpeter, Joseph, 60 Society for German Colonization, 37, 60 Schweinfurth, Georg, 25 Somalia, 6 see also French Somaliland; science, 51–52, 56–58 Italian Somaliland scientific racism, 56–58, 82, 134 Soustelle, Jacques, 174 Scotland, 9, 52, 162 Soustelle Plan, 164, 174 Second World War see World War II South Africa, 11, 52, 61, 74, 84, 93, 102, Senegal, 27, 43, 52, 58, 61, 98, 120, 122, 111, 114–115, 120, 146, 168–170, 145, 165 177, 194–196, 197, 199, 203–205 Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 141, 166, see also Cape Colony 193, 215 South African Native National Congress Sen, Surya, 112 (SANNC) see African National sepoys, 21–22, 139, 202 Congress Sepoy Uprising, 21–23, 22, 36, 42, 61, South African War see Boer War 134, 202, 214 Southern Nigeria see Nigeria Serbia, 20, 35, 88, 90, 104 Southern Rhodesia, 39, 166, 177, Serra, Junípero, 26 198–199 see also Rhodesia; Sétif massacre, 155, 174 Zimbabwe settler colonialism, 29, 72–73, 112–115, South Korea see Korea 131–132, 173 South Sudan, 40, 209 see also Sudan definition of, 4–5 South Vietnam see Vietnam Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 13 South West Africa, 102, 177, 196, 203–205 sex, 68, 80–83, 85, 114, 132, 137, 169 see also German South West Africa; Seyyid Said, 25, 54 Namibia Shah Jahan, 9 Soviet Union see Russia

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spahis, 97, 139, 160 Thatcher, Margaret, 219 , 19, 25–26, 27, 28, 47, 116, 117, 123, Things Fall Apart (1958), 78, 215 128, 138, 164, 188, 197, 207, 209–210 Tijaniyya brotherhood, 24 Spanish–American War (1898), 26, 47, 138 Timor–Leste, 164, 203 , 8, 25–26 Tintin in the Congo (1930–31), 122–123 Speke, John Hanning, 52, 53, 54 Tippu Tip, 43, 54, 84 Spencer, Herbert, 58, 92 tirailleurs sénégalais, 27, 98, 100, 104, 105 Sri Lanka, 158 Togoland, 39, 93, 102 Stairs, William Grant, 44–47 Tombeur, Charles, 93 Stalin, Joseph, 106, 124, 149 Tonkin, 36, 43, 160 see also Vietnam Stanley, Henry Morton, 37, 43, 50, 52, 53, Touré, Ahmed Sékou, 191, 193, 213–214 54, 71 Touré, Samori, 38, 43, 47 Statute of Westminster (1931), 120, 166 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16 Storm of Steel (1920), 87 Transvaal, 28, 35, 48, 49 Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life Treaty of Bardo (1881), 35, 44 (1989), 204 Treaty of Berlin (1878), 35 Sturt, Charles, 53 Treaty of Brest–Litovsk (1918), 106 Sudan, 37, 116, 119, 209 see also South Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 102 Sudan Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 101 Suez Canal, 19, 24, 35, 37, 41, 83, Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), 40 143, 172 Treaty of Tianjin (1885), 36 Suez crisis, 171–173, 182, 190 Treaty of Ucciali (Wuchale) (1889), 40 Suharto, 197 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 90, 102, Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed, 147 103–104, 106, 118, 124, 144, Sujaria, 80 148, 219 Sukarno, 150 Trial, Georges, 118 Sundiata, 7 Trinidad and Tobago, 69, 120 Sun Yat‐sen, 70 Triple Alliance, 88–89, 91–92, 93 Suriname, 63, 183, 197, 216–217 see also Triple Entente, 88–89, 91–92 Dutch Guiana Truman Doctrine, 124, 156 Sykes–Picot Agreement, 95–96, 101, 209 Truman, Harry, 156, 159 Syria, 6, 95, 101, 116, 127, 145, 170, 172, Tshibumba Kanda–Matulu, 72 190, 209 Tucholsky, Kurt, 117 Tunisia, 35, 44, 52, 62, 91, 127, 147, 165, Tabora (Tabor), 25, 54, 55, 93 171, 197 Taiping Rebellion, 13, 15, 30 Turkey, 101–103, 105, 172 see also Taiwan, 70, 159, 188 Ottoman Empire Tamerlane, 7, 8 Tanganyika, 117 see also German East Uganda, 74, 93, 205, 208 see also Africa; Tanzania Buganda Tanzania, 211 see also German East Africa; uitlanders, 48 Tanganyika Ujiji, 25, 53, 54 Tanzimat, 20, 30 Ukraine, 210 technology, 12, 19, 43–44, 62, 139, 164 Umar Tal, 24, 38, 214 Teitgen, Paul, 176 Umayyad caliphate, 7 Tenochtitlan, 26 Umkhonto we Sizwe, 194–195

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), 17 Virginia (U.S. state), 4 Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Virgin Islands, 183 177, 198–199, 203 Völkerschauen see human zoos Union Coloniale Française, 60 von Bismarck, Otto, 18, 36, 60 Union of South Africa see South Africa von Lettow–Vorbeck, Paul, 93, 101, 104 United Arab Republic (UAR), 172 von Metternich, Klemens, 17 United Gold Coast Convention von Trotha, Lothar, 73, 148 (UGCC), 176 Vorster, B. J., 204 United Kingdom see Britain United Nations, 1, 6, 104, 145, 148, 164, Wadström, C. B., 55 171, 175, 203, 213 Wafd Party, 102, 115 and decolonization, 148–149, 159, Wales, 9 181–182, 188, 191 Wavell, Archibald, 157 Special Committee on Non–Self– Western New Guinea, 183, 189 see also Governing Territories, 188, 203 New Guinea trust territories, 104, 167, 185, 188 White Fathers, 37, 51 United States, 3, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 30, “The White Man’s Burden,” 33, 215 40, 41, 43, 47, 49, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, Wilhelm II, 37, 47, 68, 78, 91 69, 74, 84, 99, 100, 105–106, 113, Williams, George Washington, 72 116, 128, 138, 145, 147, 149–150, Wilson, Woodrow, 101, 102, 103, 106, 155, 158, 160–162, 163, 166, 124, 127 171–173, 175, 176, 181, 183, 185, Wissman, Hermann, 52 188, 189–190, 209, 210 World War I, 40, 44, 84, 87–100, civil war (1861–65), 13, 15, 17, 21, 104–106, 110, 112, 113, 117, 24, 56 119, 124, 125, 141, 144, 150, war in Vietnam, 161–162, 189–190, 206 207, 209 World War II, 3, 85, 121, 122, 144–151, Vacher de Lapouge, Georges, 57 155, 169, 171, 173–174, 184, 186, van Gogh, Vincent, 138 189, 210, 219 van Heutsz, J. B., 69 The Wretched of the Earth (1961), Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie 175, 208 (VOC), 18, 27 Wylie, 54 Verlaine, Paul, 75 Vernichtungsbefehl, 73, 148 Yaa Asantewaa, 38 Victoria (British queen and empress), Yaoundé Conference, 211 3, 22 Yen Bay Mutiny, 116, 126 Victoria League, 60 Young Turk revolt, 70, 89 Viet Minh, 188, 206 Yugoslavia, 210 Vietnam, 27, 36, 43, 75, 78, 116, 120, 121, 127, 138, 150, 159–162, 168, 173, Zaghloul, Sa’d, 115 175, 177, 188, 208, 210, 213 see also Zambia, 166 Indochina Zanzibar, 25 American war in, 189–190 Zimbabwe, 166, 204, 208, 209 see also North Vietnam, 161, 168, 189–190, 198 Rhodesia; Southern Rhodesia South Vietnam, 161, 189–190, 198, 206 Zimbabwe African National Union, 204 Vietnamese Workers’ Party, 125, 162 Zionism, 96 villages indigènes see human zoos Zululand, 35

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