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Wikipedia Wikipedia 2011 Italian War of 1542 –1546 Wikipedia 2011 General Articles about the War Articles on the various Sieges and Battles of the War Biographies of the Italian Warlords, John Dudley and Barbarossa Wikipedia Article on French-Ottoman Alliance William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (engraving by Heinrich Aldegrever , c. 1540). William allied himself with Francis I, marrying Jeanne d'Albret , but was defeated by Charles V. Portrait of Claude d'Annebault (school of Jean Clouet , c. 1535). Despite having no experience in naval warfare, d'Annebault commanded the French invasion fleet during the expedition against England. Portrait of Alfonso d'Avalos, Marchese del Vasto, in Armor with a Page (oil on canvas by Titian , c. 1533). D'Avalos was defeated by the French at the Battle of Ceresole , but won a later victory at the Battle of Serravalle . Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (oil on wood by Hans Holbein , 1539). Sent to France by Henry VIII, Norfolk commanded the English troops during the unsuccessful Siege of Montreuil . Battles and sieges in northern France and the Low Countries during the war Coats of arms of Kingdom of France, of the famous Florentine family of the Strozzi . and Gonzaga Ottoman depiction of the Siege of Nice (Matrakçı Nasuh , 16th century) File:French fleet with Barbarossa at the Siege of Nice 1543.jpg The French fleet attacks the Isle of Wight (unknown artist, 16th century) File:The French fleet attacks Bembridge.jpg Ratification of the Treaty of Ardres by Henry VIII (1546) Henry of France by François Clouet . The Duke of Alba by Anthonis Mor . Francis I of France by Joos van Cleve . Charles V enthroned over his defeated enemies ( Giulio Clovio , mid-16th century). From left, the figures represent Suleiman the Magnificent , Pope Clement VII , Francis I , the Duke of Cleves , the Duke of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse . The Siege of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet in 1543 (drawing by Toselli, after an engraving by Aeneas Vico) Top : In the Siege of Nice in 1543, a combined Franco-Ottoman force captured the city. Bottom : Ottoman depiction of the siege of Nice by Matrakçı Nasuh . Letter of Suleiman to Francis I about the plans for the Siege of Nice, written in mid-February 1543. n the Mediterranean , active naval collaboration took place between France and the Ottoman Empire to fight against Spanish forces, following a request by Francis I, conveyed by Antoine Escalin des Aimars . The French forces, led by François de Bourbon , and the Ottoman forces, led by Hayreddin Barbarossa , first joined at Marseilles in August 1543. [4] Although the Duchy of Savoy , of which Nice was a part, had been a French protectorate for a century, Francis I chose to attack the city of Nice with the allied force, mainly because Charles III, Duke of Savoy had angered him by marrying Beatrice of Portugal , thus becoming an ally of the Hapsburgs .[5] François de Bourbon had already attempted to make a surprise attack on Nice once, but had been repulsed by Andrea Doria .[6] Barbarossa 's galley during his campaign in France,1543 Istanbul Naval Museum . Barbarossa's fleet wintering in the French harbour of Toulon , 1543. French royal artillery (white flags, left) besieging Nice. Ottoman landing in Villefranche . Main landing at Nice. Fort Mont Alban was built by Duke Emmanuel Philibert to reinforce coastal defenses following the siege of Nice. Memorial in bas-relief to Catherine Ségurane A cannonball fired by the Turkish fleet, now at the corner of "Catherine Ségurane" street, or "Rue Droite", in Nice. A plaque reads: "Cannonball from the Turkish fleet in 1543 during the siege of Nice, where Catherine Ségurane, heroin of Nice, distinguished herself." [5] Ottoman fleet in front of Genoa in 1544. The French galleys of Captain Polin in front of Pera at Constantinople in August 1544, drawn by Jérôme Maurand . Suleyman receiving Barbarossa in Istanbul. The Toulon Cathedral was temporarily transformed into a Mosque Catulaire des confréries de la Chapelle , with Ottoman head, Toulon, 1550. Barbarossa's fleet wintering in the French harbour of Toulon , 1543, with the recently built Tour Royale (bottom right).. Swiss mercenaries and landsknechts engaged in a push of pike (engraving by Hans Holbein the Younger , early 16th century) The "Cowdray engraving" of the battle of the Solent Channel, c. 1545 A hostile French fleet near the Isle of Wight in 1545. The Italian Warlords: Alfonso d'Avalos - Andrea Doria - Piero Strozzi - Ferrante Gonzaga Italian War of 1542–1546 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Date 1542–46 Location England , France , Italy , Spain , and the Low Countries Result Inconclusive Empire of Charles V : • Spain France • Holy Roman Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of England Jülich-Cleves-Berg Saxony Brandenburg Commanders and leaders Charles V Francis I Alfonso d'Avalos Dauphin Henry Ferrante Gonzaga Duke of Orléans Count of Enghien Henry VIII Claude d'Annebault Duke of Norfolk Hayreddin Barbarossa Duke of Suffolk Viscount Lisle The Italian War of 1542–46 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars , pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England . The course of the war saw extensive fighting in Italy , France , and the Low Countries , as well as attempted invasions of Spain and England . The conflict was inconclusive and ruinously expensive for the major participants. The war arose from the failure of the Truce of Nice , which ended the Italian War of 1536–38 , to resolve the long-standing conflict between Charles and Francis—particularly their conflicting claims to the Duchy of Milan . Having found a suitable pretext, Francis once again declared war against his perpetual enemy in 1542. Fighting began at once throughout the Low Countries; the following year saw the Franco-Ottoman alliance 's attack on Nice , as well as a series of maneuvers in northern Italy which culminated in the bloody Battle of Ceresole . Charles and Henry then proceeded to invade France, but the long sieges of Boulogne-sur-Mer and Saint-Dizier prevented a decisive offensive against the French. Charles came to terms with Francis by the Treaty of Crépy in late 1544, but the death of Francis's younger son, the Duke of Orléans —whose proposed marriage to a relative of the Emperor was the cornerstone of the treaty—made it moot less than a year afterwards. Henry, left alone but unwilling to return Boulogne to the French, continued to fight until 1546, when the Treaty of Ardres finally restored peace between France and England. The deaths of Francis and Henry in early 1547 left the resolution of the Italian Wars to their heirs. Prelude The Truce of Nice, which ended the Italian War of 1536–38 , provided little resolution to the long conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France; although hostilities had ended, giving way to a cautious entente, neither monarch was satisfied with the war's outcome. Francis continued to harbor a desire for the Duchy of Milan , to which he held a dynastic claim; Charles, for his part, insisted that Francis comply at last with the terms of the Treaty of Madrid , which had been forced on the French king during his captivity in Spain after the Italian War of 1521–26 .[1] Other conflicting claims to various territories—Charles's to Burgundy and Francis's to Naples and Flanders, among others—remained a matter of contention as well. Negotiations between the two powers continued through 1538 and into 1539. In 1539, Francis invited Charles—who faced a rebellion in the Low Countries —to travel through France on his way north from Spain. [2] Charles accepted, and was richly received; but while he was willing to discuss religious matters with his host—the Protestant Reformation being underway—he delayed on the question of political differences, and nothing had been decided by the time he left French territory. [3] In March 1540, Charles proposed to settle the matter by having Maria of Spain marry Francis's younger son, the Duke of Orléans ; the two would then inherit the Netherlands, Burgundy , and Charolais after the Emperor's death. [4] Francis, meanwhile, was to renounce his claims to the duchies of Milan and Savoy , ratify the treaties of Madrid and Cambrai , and join an alliance with Charles. [5] Francis, considering the loss of Milan too large a price to pay for future possession of the Netherlands and unwilling to ratify the treaties in any case, made his own offer; on 24 April, he agreed to surrender the Milanese claim in exchange for immediate receipt of the Netherlands. [6] The negotiations continued for weeks, but made no progress, and were abandoned in June 1540. [7] Francis soon began gathering new allies to his cause. William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , who was engaged in a dispute with Charles over the succession in Guelders , sealed his alliance with Francis by marrying Francis's niece, Jeanne d'Albret .[8] Francis sought an alliance with the Schmalkaldic League as well, but the League demurred; by 1542, the remaining potential French allies in northern Germany had reached their own understandings with the Emperor. [9] French efforts farther east were more fruitful, leading to a renewed Franco-Ottoman alliance ; Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire , seeking to distract Charles from Ottoman advances in Hungary, encouraged the Franco-Imperial rift. [10] On 4 July 1541, however, the French ambassador to the Ottoman court, Antoine de Rincon , was killed by Imperial troops as he was travelling near Pavia .[11] In response to Francis's protests, Charles denied all responsibility, promising to conduct an inquiry with the assistance of the Pope; he had by now formed plans for a campaign in North Africa , and wished to avoid further entanglements in Europe.
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