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Maritime Governance: How State Capacity Impacts Piracy and Sea Lane Security

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Maritime Governance: How State Capacity Impacts Piracy and Sea Lane Security W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2018 Maritime Governance: How State Capacity Impacts Piracy and Sea Lane Security Yuito Ishikawa Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Asian History Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, European History Commons, International Relations Commons, Military History Commons, and the Transportation Commons Recommended Citation Ishikawa, Yuito, "Maritime Governance: How State Capacity Impacts Piracy and Sea Lane Security" (2018). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1161. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1161 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ishikawa ii Abstract Maritime piracy varies from place to place and from age to age. This thesis aims to explain the variation of piracy across time and space by exploring the capability of establishing maritime governance against piracy. The spatial variation in the number of piratical attacks is explained by calculating the state capacity for governing the surrounding seas called Sea Power Index. The thesis argues that pirates particularly target waters near a state with “medium” levels of sea power because such states are not capable of enforcing strict regulations on piracy but can provide enough infrastructure and economy for pirates to have a profitable “business.” The variation in the frequency of piratical attacks across time is determined by the capability of the hegemonic powers in that time period. The dynamics of the prosperity and downfall of pirates are examined through a comparative case study. The main advantage in adopting the arguments above is that the thesis covers a gap in the literature by incorporating state-level maritime governance and international maritime governance to understand both spatial and temporal variations of piracy. Ishikawa iii Table of Contents List of Illustrations .................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review .................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 Economic Cost-Benefit Calculations ........................................................................................ 6 Political Cost-Benefit Calculations .......................................................................................... 9 Capability for Establishing Governance as an Explanatory Variable ...................................... 12 Temporal Variation of Piracy ................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 3 Theory and Methods.............................................................................................. 16 Theory ................................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction: Governance ................................................................................................... 16 State-Level Maritime Governance: Sea Power ................................................................... 17 International Maritime Governance: Hegemony ................................................................. 22 Methods................................................................................................................................. 27 Dependent Variable ........................................................................................................... 27 Independent Variables ........................................................................................................ 29 Case Studies....................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 4 Numerical Analysis ................................................................................................ 33 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 33 Results ................................................................................................................................... 34 Overall Trend ..................................................................................................................... 39 Trend by Time ................................................................................................................... 40 Trend by Region ................................................................................................................ 42 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 5 Case Studies ........................................................................................................... 47 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 47 General History of Piracy ...................................................................................................... 49 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 49 The Ancient Mediterranean: The Third to First Centuries BCE .......................................... 50 Ishikawa iv Northern Europe: The Ninth to Fourteenth Centuries ......................................................... 51 The Caribbean Sea: The Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries ................................................. 53 The Barbary Coast: The Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries ................................................ 54 Northeast Asia: The Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries ..................................................... 55 Case 1: The Ancient Mediterranean ....................................................................................... 57 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 57 The Roman Republic’s Steps to the Hegemony .................................................................. 58 Suppression of Piracy by Pompey the Great ....................................................................... 60 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 62 Case 2: The Barbary Coast..................................................................................................... 63 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 63 The Hegemonic Competition between the Ottoman Empire and Spain ............................... 64 The Hegemonic Competition among European States ........................................................ 66 Suppression of Piracy by European States .......................................................................... 67 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 70 Case 3: Northeast Asia ........................................................................................................... 71 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 71 The First Wave of Wakō: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ...................................... 73 The Second Wave of Wakō: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries ............................... 76 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 6 Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 81 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 85 Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 94 Ishikawa v List of Illustrations Figures Figure 4.1 The relationship between Sea Power Index value and total number of piracy incidents between 1995 and 2015 ...................................................................................................... 39 Figure 4.2 The relationship between Sea Power Index value and total number of piracy incidents between 1995 and 2001 ...................................................................................................... 40 Figure 4.3 The relationship between Sea Power Index value and
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