A HISTORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS I. C. Campbell A HISTORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS Thi s One l N8FG-03S-LXLD A History of the Pacific Islands I. C. CAMPBELL University of California Press Berkeley • Los Angeles Copyrighted material © 1989 I. C. Campbell Published in 1989 in the United States of America by the University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles All rights reserved. Apart from any fair use for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, no part whatsoever may by reproduced by any process without the express written permission of the author and the University of California Press. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Campbell, LC. (Ian C), 1947- A history of the Pacific Islands / LC. Campbell, p. cm. "First published in 1989 by the University of Canterbury Press, Christchurch, New Zealand" — T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-520-06900-5 (alk. paper). — ISBN 0-520-06901-3 (pbk. alk. paper) 1. Oceania — History. I. Title DU28.3.C35 1990 990 — dc20 89-5235 CIP Typographic design: The Caxton Press, Christchurch, New Zealand Cover design: Max Hailstone Cartographer: Tony Shatford Printed by: Kyodo-Shing Loong Singapore C opy righted m ateri al 1 CONTENTS List of Maps 6 List of Tables 6 A Note on Orthography and Pronunciation 7 Preface. 1 Chapter One: The Original Inhabitants 13 Chapter Two: Austronesian Colonization 28 Chapter Three: Polynesia: the Age of European Discovery 40 Chapter Four: Polynesia: Trade and Social Change 57 Chapter Five: Polynesia: Missionaries and Kingdoms 68 Chapter Six: Polynesia: European Settlement and the Later Kingdoms 83 Chapter Seven: Melanesia: Sandalwood and 'Blackbirding' 101 Chapter Eight: Melanesia: Missionaries and Colonists 1 16 Chapter Nine: Micronesia: Informal Colonization 1 28 Chapter Ten: The Politics of Annexation 136 Chapter Eleven: After a Century of Contact 149 Chapter Twelve: Priorities in Colonial Policies 156 Chapter Thirteen: Colonial Consol idation 170 Chapter Fourteen: Planning a New World 186 Chapter Fifteen: Attaining Independence 197 Chapter Sixteen: Since Independence 212 Chapter Seventeen : Looking Back 226 Glossary of Terms Used 229 Further Reading 232 Index 236 Copynghled material 15 MAPS Map 1 : The Pacific Ocean and its islands 8-9 Map 2 : Melanesia and Western Polynesia 3 Map 3 : Polynesian migrations 33 Map 4 : Polynesia 42-43 Map 5 : Fiji and Tonga 44 Map 6 : Melanesia 102 Map 7 : Micronesia 129 Map 8 : The Modern Pacific 224-225 ' TABLES Table 1 : Some words illustrating the relationship between the languages of Polynesia 1 Table 2 : The West Polynesian—East Polynesian cultural division 19-20 Table 3 : Comparative table of Oceanian cultures 24-26 6 Copyrighted material A NOTE ON ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION Vowels In the writing of all Pacific island languages, each vowel is pro- nounced separately, and each has only one sound, unlike in English where a single vowel either by itself or in combination has a variety of possible sounds. There are, however, diphthongs which most English-speakers find difficult to reproduce exactly. These are the approximate equivalents: a = ah ai = long i e = eh ae = long i i = ee ei = long a o = aw oe = oy u = oo ou = long o au = ow (as in cow) Consonants All consonants are as in English although g is always hard. Fijian and Samoan have some spelling peculiarities: in Samoan g is always pronounced as ng, and in Fijian the following substitutions need to be made by the reader: b = mb q = ngg (finger) d = nd c = th g = ng The glottal stop (as in ali'i) is an unvoiced consonant made by a momentary stopping of the breath in the throat. 7 Copyrighted materia! a Trope Of I Hawaii' \ MARIANA ) / ISLANDS / ; \ ' / GUAM-' MARSHALL^ L * ^ 'ELANDS / I . -CHOLINE ISLANDS- /- j\ ^ ; '* ' * { PALAU . V: \ ' MICRONESIA fyf^jps N : / NAURU' \ av PHOENIX ISLANDS - \ ^ ERN SA-M - MELANESIA N > X ^.^^AC0COOK° K| \ VANUATU V; * ' ISLANf ^NEW r, CALEDONIAN* 2 _L J Map 1 The Pari/ic Ocean and its Islands Copyrighted matt PREFACE The Pacific Ocean, approximately one third of the earth's surface, is the setting for a world of islands which were originally occupied by people who achieved the greatest feats of maritime navigation in all human history. Their colonization of this vast expanse was spread over several thousand years, during which time their cultures developed and diversified into a collection of intricate patterns. Their cultures were not only pragmatic systems of survival, but were also rich in imaginative power and beauty, representing achievements of the human mind, tongue and hand as inspiring as any others in the world. These diverse peoples, broadly classified as Polynesian, Melanesian and Micronesian, had only desultory contact with Europeans in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, with regular systems of contact not becoming established until late in the eighteenth century. Over the next two hundred years, a succession of Europeans repre- senting different facets of European civilization came to the islands, and left an indelible imprint of such objects and ideas as metals, Christianity, disease, medicine, literacy, individualism, money, the state, democracy, and justice. The islands, their peoples and cultures were changed by their contacts with Europe, and although all relations between islanders and outsiders involved two-way traffic, cultural change has mostly been in one direction only. By the beginning of the twentieth century all Pacific islanders had come at least nominally under the rule of western powers. Some of them (New Zealand Maoris and Hawai'ians) had become citizens of the colonizing power. The history of colonialism in the Pacific islands shared some of the abuses of human rights common to colonialism elsewhere, but the comparative poverty of exploitable resources liberated colonial regimes from the temptation or necessity to be oppressive. Although there were ugly features of the colonial period of Pacific history, there were also cases of pragmatic 11 Copyrighted material A History of the Pacific Islands moderation and of sincere and effective humanitarian administration. After the Second World War political change was initiated in most Pacific island territories, with the result that since 1962 most of them have become independent nations. This transition has occurred sometimes earlier and faster than the inhabitants wished, when western ideology has proven a more important factor than island nationalism. The new nations of the Pacific islands, however, have found that political independence has not enabled them to meet all the social and economic goals which they optimistically envisaged. The desire for progress beyond the means of their own resources has induced a dependency and an accelerated rate of social change far greater than during the colonial era before 1950. The historical literature of the Pacific islands is enormous, possibly greater in relation to population size than any other part of the world. Despite the enormous advances in knowledge of the area in recent decades, this book is the first since 1951 to present a synoptic history of the region as a whole. The book is therefore intended to be an introduction, to make more accessible to a wider and non-specialized readership the richness of the many specia- lized works on the subject. For that reason, and in deference to the purse or wallet of the reader, references have not been included. The table of further reading at the end of the book lists, without attempting to be comprehensive, a sample of books chosen for being most easily obtainable, or most authoritative. These scholarly works in turn all have extensive bibliographies, which any reader wanting further clarification may consult. 12 Copyrighted material Chapter One THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS When European voyagers first sailed into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth century they marvelled at finding populated islands. Subsequent visitors have marvelled at their inhabitants; they have admired the Polynesians for their beauty and stature, their well- ordered communities, their open-handed friendliness, and for the homogeneity of culture, race and language which shows that this people was the most widely dispersed race on earth. Their neighbours to the west, the Melanesians, have also excited wonder: the people exhibit a unique diversity, with 1200 distinct languages (perhaps a quarter of the world's total), cultures so different from each other and from cultures elsewhere that anthropologists have been baffled in their attempts to classify them. These people, less dispersed than the Polynesians, occupy a string of island chains which curve from New Guinea to New Caledonia like an arm protecting the Australian continent. North of the equator, the Micronesians remain for most people the unknown islanders, their homes the myriad sandy atolls which, known simply as 'the islands', form the inspiration of cartoonists and novelists. The Micronesians, like the Polynesians, are spread across a vast area of featureless ocean, and for people so far-flung, display a remarkable homogeneity. To their earliest European visitors of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, these peoples were a double enigma. How could peoples with a strictly limited technology have found and populated such tiny, distant pieces of land? And having colonized these places, why were the most far-flung so much alike, and those most concentrated, so diverse? To the common-sense mind of continental Europeans, differences of culture and language over distance were to be expected, and roughly speaking, the degree of difference was proportional to distance. Similar peoples lived nearest each other, dissimilar ones furthest away, for that is the cultural pattern of Europe. Similarly, to continental minds, dispersal was achieved by crossing land. When 13 Copyrighted material A History of the Pacific Islands the first tentative maritime explorers had ventured into the Atlantic in the fifteenth century, they found islands which were uninhabited because they were out of sight and reach of a mainland.