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An Examination of Private Military and Security Contractors and Their Effect on Sovereignty and Fundamental Rights in a Globalised World

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An Examination of Private Military and Security Contractors and Their Effect on Sovereignty and Fundamental Rights in a Globalised World The Privatisation of Violence: An Examination of Private Military and Security Contractors and Their Effect on Sovereignty and Fundamental Rights in a Globalised World Daniel James Gough A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Birmingham City University Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences October 2017. In Loving Memory of Frances Gough _________________________________ The most incredible Mother a person could have ever wished for. 1965 - 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... xi Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 General Theme of Enquiry ........................................................................................................... 1 Understanding the Importance of the Investigation ................................................................. 1 Gaps in the Current Research ................................................................................................... 4 Illicit Actors .......................................................................................................................... 5 Military Contractors ............................................................................................................. 5 Doctrinal Legal Analysis ...................................................................................................... 7 Research Approach ....................................................................................................................... 8 Research Question .................................................................................................................... 8 Research Aims .......................................................................................................................... 8 Research Objectives ................................................................................................................. 8 Research Methods .................................................................................................................... 9 Original Approach Adopted Within this Study ...................................................................... 10 Thesis Structure .......................................................................................................................... 11 The Definition of Coercive Violence ......................................................................................... 16 Chapter One: Coercive Violence and Sovereign Power ............................................................... 17 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Evidence from the Etymology .............................................................................................. 18 i 1.2 Analysing the Role of Coercive Violence ............................................................................. 19 1.2(1) Power, Violence and the Law ....................................................................................... 21 1.2(2) The Theoretical Precedents of the State Monopoly over Coercive Violence ............... 22 1.1(1) The Contested Nature of Power ................................................................................... 25 1.2(3) An Alternative Theory .................................................................................................. 30 1.3 Re-Positioning the Debate on the Monopoly ........................................................................ 38 Chapter Two Maintaining Sovereign Power: Legitimacy Through Coercive Violence? .............. 43 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 43 2.1 From Ancient Societies to the Middle Ages ......................................................................... 45 2.1(1) Ancient Egypt ............................................................................................................... 45 2.1(2) Ancient Greece ............................................................................................................. 46 2.1(3) The Roman Empire ...................................................................................................... 48 2.1(4) Lessons of Ancient Society .......................................................................................... 50 2.2 The Middle Ages ................................................................................................................... 51 2.2(1) The Feudal System ....................................................................................................... 51 2.2(2) The City States ............................................................................................................. 55 2.1(3) Private Violence Takes Control Across Europe ........................................................... 57 2.3 The Growth of the State Monopoly over Coercive Violence................................................ 61 2.3(1) Attitude to War ............................................................................................................. 65 2.3(2) Development of the Nation State ................................................................................. 67 2.3(3) The Social Contract and the Sovereign State ............................................................... 70 2.4 The Modern State: Monopolising Coercive Violence .......................................................... 77 ii 2.4(1) The Citizen Army ........................................................................................................ 77 2.4(2) Public Policing ............................................................................................................. 78 2.5 The Exceptions (That Help Prove The Rule) ....................................................................... 81 2.5(1) Coercive Violence and the Empire .............................................................................. 81 2.5(2) American Policing: The Role of Slave Patrols ............................................................ 84 2.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 85 Chapter Three The State and Post-Modernity: Positioning the Rise of Private Coercive Violence ........................................................................................................................................................ 87 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 87 3.1 Post War (In)Security: The Seeds of PMSCs ....................................................................... 88 3.1(1) Changing Nature of Statehood in Post-Modernity ....................................................... 90 3.1(2) Decolonisation ............................................................................................................. 91 3.1(3) Fall of the Soviet Union ............................................................................................... 94 3.2 Changing Military Power of States ...................................................................................... 96 3.2(1) Proliferation of Arms ................................................................................................... 99 3.3 Export of Neo-Liberal Policies and Globalisation ............................................................. 101 3.3(1) Multi-National Corporations and Supranational Organisations as (Quasi)Sovereigns .............................................................................................................................................. 102 Chapter Four The Modern Security Landscape ........................................................................... 107 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 107 4.1 Private Violence in the 20th Century................................................................................... 109 4.1(1) Night-Watchmen Meet Globalisation ........................................................................ 109 4.1(2) Post-Colonial Africa - Remnants of Mercenaries ...................................................... 110 iii 4.1(3) Military Contractors – The New Normal ................................................................... 113 4.1(4) Private Contractors and Humanitarian Intervention ................................................... 117 4.1(5) Preliminary Conclusions ............................................................................................ 118 4.2 Case Studies on the Privatisation of Violence .................................................................... 119 4.2 Method Adopted Within the Case Studies .....................................................................
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