Index accretionary complex, 15 Artocarpus(nangka),47 Acehnese people, 80, 81, 84, 85 Asian values, 96 adat perpatih, 82 assisted immigration, 151 adat temenggong, 82 Austronesian, 83 agency houses, 136, 144; 204 Austronesian language, 79 agriculture, 67, 71, 143, 198, A vicennia, 49 201, 204, 205 Baccaurea (rambaz), 47 agricultural development, Bajau people, 83 132 Bako National Park, 188 agricultural resource Bakun, 204 expansion, 157 Balanocarpus, 48 agro-conversion 158 bamboo, 46, 48 commercial crop production, bananas, 50, 53 135 Bangsa Malaysia (Malaysian monoculture plantations, 'race'),95, 116 188 banteng, 57, 73, 74 peasant (subsistence), 132 Baram, 175 plantation agriculture, 135 Delta,33,35 plantation crops, 50 Delta basin, 35 plantations, 71, 84 District, 175 sendentary, 120 Barisan Nasional, 99, 110 swidden (shifting) Barringtonia, 49 cultivation, 80, 120, 123, barter trade, 145 133, 134, 135, 139, 158 base metal, 203 wet rice cultivation 123 Batak people, 85 Aliran,93 bauxite, 28, 29 All-Malaya Council of Joint beeswax, 143, 174 Action (AMCJA), 104 begonia, 49 Alliance government, 105, 106, belukar, 49 107,202 Bengal,83 Alliance-PAS coalition, 109, Bentong-Raub suture zone, 20 110,111 bezoar stones, 120 allochthonous terranes, II Bidayuh people, 83 aluminium, 29, 30, 37 bilik, 84 Anglo-Malay accord, 104 bilimbi, 50 angsana (Pterocarpus indicus), 53 binturong, 57 animistic beliefs, 80 biodiversity conservation, 182 Anisoptera, 48 biological dating 61 anthracite, 31, 32 birds, 56 antimony, 28, 30, 37, 124, 126, birds' nests, 174 129 bituminous coal, 31, 32 ape fossils, 58, 59 black bear, 73 apomixis, 46 boh-sia (sexual promiscuity), 96 211 212 Index

Borneo, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, cement, 204 68, 74, 75, 78, 185, 187, Ceno-Tethys, 13 190 Cenozoic, 15 Borneo Company, 29, 129, 131, Cenozoic sedimentary 142, 144, 148 basins, 33 Boyanese people, 81, 84, 85 Central Granitoid Province, 27 breadfruit, 50 Central Luconia Province, 34 breeding systems, 52 charcoal, 49 bridle paths, 148, 149 Chartered Company, 122, 131, British, 145, 155 133, 141, 143, 149, 153, colonial administration, 84 155 colonial policies, 78 Chartered Company British Borneo Timber Company administration, 145 Limited, 143 chemicals, 203 British North Borneo, 174; See chilli,50 also Sabah chimpanzees, 58, 62, 181 British North Borneo Chartered China, 78, 80 Company, 120; See also Chinese people, 78, 81, 83, 84, Chartered Company 95 Brookes, 120, 122, 129, 142, Babas (Peranakan Cina), 83 145, 148, 153, 200 business enterprise, 201 administration, 134, 144, Cantonese, 82 155 credit-ticket immigrant, 150 Charles, 142 cultivators, 141 James, 128 Hainanese, 82 Bruguiera, 49 Hakka, 82 Buddhism, 79, 81 Henghua,82 Buddhist, 83, 89 Hockchew,82 Bugis people (Buginese), 80, 81, Hockchia, 82 84,85, Hokkien,82 Bukit Cina, 90 K wongsai, 82 Bumbung Perak, 82 immigration, 124, 153, 198 bumiputra (Malays and other insurrection, 128, 129 indigenous people), 78, 89, interests, 198 99, 160, 202, 203, 206 labour migration, 153 Buy British Last policy, 113, language, 91 116 miners, 128 calcifuges, 49 mining organisation, 124 Calophyllum, 49 trading firms, 144 camphor, 120, 143 Teochew,82 canes, 174 Christians, 83 car assembly, 204 chromium, 30 cash crop production, 132, 135 Cimmerian continental, 20 Casuarina, 49 cinnabar, 129 Cathaysian, 20 citrus (limau), 47, 53 Index 213 civets, 57, 73 Datuk Mohd. Nasir, 111 class relations: Datuk Musa Hitam, 112, 114 ethnic chauvinism, 86, 87 Datuk Onn bin Jaafar, 104, 108, ethnic differentiation, 81, 85 111 ethnic tension, 85 Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, 114 ethnic groups, 85 Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir ethnic identity, 85, 86 Mohamad, 110, 111, 112, ethnic nationalism, 87 114 ethnic plurality, 87 Dayak people, 78, 81, 83, 84, ethnic polarisation, 86, 87 142 ethnic politics, 96 deforestation, 42, 43, 135 ethnic problems, 86, 96 Democratic Action Party (DAP), ethnic structure, 85 83, 110 ethnicity, 85,96 dicotyledons, 49 inter-ethnic interactions, 96 Dillenia (simpoh), 49 cloves, 50 dipterocarp, 175 coal, 23, 31, 37, 124, 126, 128, forests, 175 131 genera, 48 cobalt, 29 hill dipterocarp forests, 50 cocoa, 50, 135, 158 species, 48 production, 162 diversification programmes, 157, coconuts, 50, 135, 136, 137 158, 203 coffee, 50, 135, 136, 198 'divide and rule' policy, 84, 85, colugo,57 102, 153, 154 communalism, 85, 108 DNA hybridisation techniques Conference of Rulers, 113 61,62 Confrontation, 107 Donald Stephens, 108 Confucious, 83 dry/hill padi, 123 Confucianism, 81 Dryobalanops, 48 conifers, 49 dualistic economies, 197, 200 conservation, 42,43 Durio (durian), 47, 48 Constitutional (Amendment) Dusun people, 83 Bill,113 East Malaysia, 61, 62, 72, 119, continental, 13 160, 203, 204, 205 continental terranes, 15 Eastern Granitoid Province, 27 copper, 29, 30,37,175 ecological diversity, 56 corn, 123 ecological zones, 56 crocodile, 73 ecosystem, 190 culture, 78 ecotourism, 173, 177, 182, 185, cultural revivalism, 93 186, 187, 188 cultural competition, 94 Ecotourist Model, 184 national culture, 87,91,93 electrical/electronic industries, custard apple, 50 203, 207 dakwah,92 embryology, 52 Danum Valley, 72, 188 Emergency, 105, 107 214 Index endangered species, 58, 71, 73 flying fox, 74 Environment: foreign capital, 206 Ecotourism, 173 foreign investment, 207 environmental impact, 185 forest: environmental impact canopy, 56, 67, 179 assessments, 182 Forests and Forest Resource epiphytes, 46 Utilisation Policy, 143, 158 erosion, 178 management, 49 eucalypts, 49 mangrove, 46, 49 Eugenia (jambu), 47, 48 permanent forest estates, 49 Eurasia, 33 permanent production forest, Excoecaria,49 49 export economy, 119, 124, 196, primary, 49, 133, 175, 178 197 produce, 133 export-oriented development products, 120, 174 strategy, 161 protected forest, 45, 49, 75 fauna, 11, 20, 48, 56, 64, 75, reserves, 45,179,180, 181, 76, 173, 17~ 178, 180, 188 182, 185, 188 revenue, 175 Federal Land Development secondary, 49 Authority (FELDA), 157 Stateland Forests, 45, 49 Federal Legislative Council, 106 fossil fuels, 23, 31 federal structure, 101 Free Trade Zones (FTZs), 204, Federated Malay States (FMS), 205 101, 133, 136, 137, 147, Fresh-water swamp forest, 46 151, 141, 200 frogs, 57 Federation of Malaya, 101, 104, frugivores, 178 202 frugivorous, 177 Federation of Malaya Agreement, fruit trees, 46, 47, 53, 137 104 fruit tree species, 48 Federation of Malaysia 1963, fruiting 52 202 gambier (Uncaria gambir), 50, ferns, 46 135, 198 figs (Ficus), 48 Garcinia (manggis), 47 Filipinos, 84 gas, 23, 31, 35, 162,206 firewood, 49 gaur cattle, 57, 73 Flacourtia (rukam), 47 gene pool, 47, 48 flora, 11, 20, 42, 46, 48, 50, 49, genetic erosion, 181 64, 65, 74, 75, 76, 174, geological origins, 11, 13 182, 185, 188 Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, 83, flowering, 43, 48, 52 107, 110 flowering behaviour, 43 germ plasm, 53 flowering plant species, 43, germination agents, 179 46 gesnerias, 49 flowering plants, 52 gibbons, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 181 Index 215 gingers, 46 ilmenite, 28 glacial periods, 62, 64, 65, 66 immigration, 78, 197 glaciation, 20 policy, 152 Gleichenia, 49 imperata (lalang), 49 global economic slumps, 197 import-substitution strategy gold, 23, 28, 30, 37, 124, 126, (ISI),202 131, 198 industrialisation, 203 mining, 129 manufacturing, 161 production, 129 India, 78 Gondwanaland, 11, 15,20 india rubber, 174 gorillas, 58, 181 Indian Immigration Committee, granitoids, 27 151 grasses, 49 Indianisation, 79,80 Great Depression, 139, 144,201 Indian people, 78, 81 GuaCha,78 indigeneity,89 guava,50 indigenous culture, 88 Gujarat,83 indigenous people, 173 Gunung Leuser National Park, Indo-Malaysian flora, 42 68, 181 Indochina, 13 Gunung Mulu National Park, Indochina terrane, 15 188 Indonesia, 78 Guthries, 144 Indonesian Forest Protection and guttas, 174 Nature Conservation, 181 gymnosperms, 49 Indonesian people, 81 Harrisons and Crosfield, 143, Industrial Coordination Act 144 (ICA), 160,204 Heavy Industries of Malaysia Industrial Revolution, 198 (HICOM), 204 industrialisation, 119, 161, 162, Hibiscus, 49 197, 198, 202, 205, 206 highland species, 48 export-oriented, 161,203 Hinduism, 79 import-subsitution, 203 Hindus, 81, 83, 89 policy 159 Hoabinhians, 78 insects, 57 Hoabinhian culture, 79 interglacial periods, 62, 64 hominoids, 58, 61 Internal Security Act, 108, 115 Hopea,48 International Rubber Regulation hornbills, 57, 73, 74, 178, 179 Agreement (IRRA), 139, hornbill beaks, 120 142, 143, 201 humans, 181 International Timber Trade hunting, 75, 76 Organisation (ITTO), 175 hunting and gathering, 123 International Tin Control hybridisation, 61 Scheme, 126 hydro-electric schemes, 204 Ipoh,84 Iban people, 84, 142 iron, 30 illegal capture, 71 ore, 28, 126, 197 216 Index

Internal Security Act (lSA), 104, tenure, 132 108, 115, 204 landholding, 123 Islam, 79, 87, 91, 92 languages, 83 Islamic revivalism 93 langurs (Presby tis spp.), 57, 66 mCN/SSC Captive Breeding Laurasia, 20 Specialist Group, 181 Laurentia, 20 ivory, 174 lead,29 Javanese people, 81, 84, 152 lead-zinc, 30 Johor, 80, 82 Lee Kuan Yew, 107 Kadazan people, 78, 81, 83 legumes, 48 kangani, 151 lemur, 57 Kayan people, 83, 175 leopards, 57, 67 Kelabit people, 83, 175 Leptospermum, 49 Kelabit-Longbawan continental lignite, 31 fragments, 23 Limbang, 175 Kelantan, 78, 82 Limbang Trading Company, 175 Kenyah people, 83 liquified natural gas, 197 Kerala,83 lizards, 57 Kinabalu National Park, 188 logging, 71, 74, 75, 174, 177, kongsi, 124, 128, 151, 153 178, 180, 181, 182, 189 Kota Kinabalu, 185, 187 activities, 175 Kuala Lumpur, 84 boom, 175 Kuching, 187 companies, 74 Kutai National Park, 71 cycle, 48 labour, 120, 149, 206 practices, 76, 162 Chinese, 153 selective, 178, 188 Indian, 154 selectively logged areas, 179 foreign, 205 longhouse, 84 immigrant (migrant), 136, Look East Policy, 113, 115 150, 155, 205, 207 loris, 57 migration, 81 lowland: mining labour force, 125, forest, 46, 48 151 habitats, 48 protectorates, 154 Luconia continental fragments, shortage, 205 23 women workers, 161 Lycopodium, 49 Ladang Ordinance, 134 Macaranga (mahang), 49 land: mainstream tourism, 183 bridges, 58, 64, 65, 67 Makassar Strait, 23, 64, 65 development schemes, 204 Malay Basin, 33, 34 legislation, 132 Malay College, 10 1, 102 Mukim Register, 133 Malay people, 33, 37, 78,81, register, 135 83, 86, 84, 85, 123 settlement 157, 158 Malay 'culture industry', 89 Settlement Order, 135 Malay architecture, 82 Index 217

Malay cultural nationalism, manufactures, 201, 206 93 sector, 206 Malay culture, 88 marbled cats, 57 Malay dialects, 82 maritime trade, 79 Malay holdings, 142 martens, 57 Malay identity, 81 May 1969 racial riots, 85, 87, Malay language, 81, 82 99, 106, 107, 109, 159, 203 Malay-centric, 88 medicinal plants, 46, 53 Malay-centrist position, 93 Melaka, 80, 89 Malay Nationalism, 103 Melaka Sultanate, 80, 89,90 Melayu Barn [New Malay], Melanau people, 83, 122 116 Meratus suture, 23 Malay Land Reservation mercury, 29, 30, 37, 124, 126 Enactment, 137, 101, 200 Meso-Tethys, 13, 20 Malay States, 141 Minangkabau, 80, 81, 82, 85 Malaya, 103, 105, 107, 119, mineral: 120, 124, 125, 132, 135, deposits, 23, 27 143, 144, 149, 154, 155, production, 131 159, 199 resource utilisation, 124, Malayan Chinese Association 156 (MCA), 83, 85, 105, 106 resources, 128, 129, 131 Malayan Communist Party rights, 135 (MCP), 104, 105 Mini Malaysia, 89 Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), Miocene, 58, 60, 61 105 molybdenum, 30 Malayan Union, 101, 103, 104 'money politics', 208 Malaysian Constitution, 99 monkeys, 57, 60 Malaysian Consultative Council monocotyledons, 48, 49 of Buddhism, Christainity, montane forest, 46, 48, 175 Hinduism and Sikhism Mount Kinabalu, 49, 66, 185 (MCCBCHS), 92 mouse deers, 57 Malaysian Malaysia, 107 Murut people, 83 Malaysian Mosaic, 81 musa (wild banana), 49 Malaysian Tourism Promotion Muslims, 81, 83 Board,188 Myrica, 49 Malaysian people, 85 National Constitution, 85, 88 Malesian species, 48 National Culture Policy (NCP), mammals, 56 86,87,89,92,93 Mandailing people, 81 National Forestry Council, 49 manganese, 30, 126, 131 national forestry policy, 49 Mangifera (mangga), 47 National Front (Barisan mangrove, 175 Nasional),99, 109 manufacturing: National Operations Council, export-oriented,203 107 industry,203,205,206,207 218 Index national parks, 49, 75, 188 Orang-Utan rehabilitation Baku, 72 centre, 187 Gunung Mulu, 72 population, 187, 189 Kota Kinabalu, 72 population size, 68, 70, 181 Niah, 72, 188 rehabilitation of, 72 Tunku Abdul Rahman, 72 survival of, 71 national soul, 87 Orang-utan Population and native customary law, 134 Habitat Viability Analysis natural environment, 182 Report, 181 natural resources, 11 orchids, 46, 49, 50, 53 nature reserves, 49, 75 otter, 73 Negri Sembilan, 80 padi,132 Negrito (Semang) people, 79 Pahang, 80 Neolithic, 79 Palaeo-Tethys, 13, 20 Nephelium (rambutan), 47, 48 Palaeo-Tethys ocean, 15, 20 New Economic Policy (NEP), palms, 46, 48, 53 86, 99, 109, 110, 115, 159, Pan-Malayan Islamic Party 160, 202, 204, 206, 208 (PAS), 106; see also Parti Newly-Industrialising Country Islam (NIC), 119, 197,204 pandans,46 Niah caves, 66, 78 Pangaea (Pangea), 11,20 nickel, 29, 30 pangolins, 57 nipah sugar, 174 Panthalassa, 11 nutmeg, 50 papaya, 50 Nypa,49 Parashorea, 48 oil & gas, 32 parks, 179, 187; see also oil palm, 50, 135, 155, 158, national parks 162, 197, 204, 206 Partai Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia ophiolites, 13, 23 (PSRM), 110 ophiolitic rocks, 15 Parti Islam, 107, 112; see also opium, 121, 128 Pan-Malayan Islamic Party Orang Asli (Aborigines), 79, 82, Paternoster block, 23 89 peat swamp, 175 Orang Hulu 83 Penampung, 83 orang-utan, 48, 57, 58, 60, 61, Penan people, 83, 123, 175, 180 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, Peninsular Malaysia, 15,20, 27, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 7~ 173, 28,31,33,37, 107, 119, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 159, 162, 197, 198, 204 183, 185, 186, 189, 190 Penyu Basin, 33, 34 centres, 187 People's Action Party (PAP), declining numbers of, 67 107 density, 188 People's Progressive Party illegal trade in, 71 (PPP), 110 migration of, 62 pepper, 50, 132, 135, 155, 162, 198 Index 219

Perak, 80, 82 primary export-oriented Perbadanan Nasional (PERNAS, activities, 198 or National Corporation), primary product processing, 160 201 peripheral economies, 120, 155 primary production, 198, Permodalan Nasional Berhad 203 (PNB or National Equity Privatisation Policy, 115 Corporation), 160, 204 proboscis monkey (Nasalis Persatuan Melayu Pahang, 102 larvatus), 57, 73 Persatuan Melayu Selangor, 102, Proconsul, 58 104 Proton Saga, 115 petroleum, 124, 131, 142, 162, Pteridophytes, 49 174, 175, 197, 206 Punjab,83 deposits, 203 Pusat Tenaga Rakyat industry, 131 (PUTERA), 104 oil, 23, 31, 35, 155, 156, railways, 146 206 railway development, 147 Petronas, 160, 207 railway system, 146 Phylloc1adus, 49 rainforest, 46, 47, 48, 56, 57, pigs, 57 58, 59, 61, 65, 74, 75, 76, pineapples, 50, 201 175, 177, 178, 179, 189 Pioneer Industries programme, rainforest soils, 46 202 tropical, 43, 56, 187, 190 pitcher plants (Nepenthes), 48, virgin, 180 49 Ranau,83 plant reproduction, 52 rattan palms, 46 plant species, 46 rattans, 48,143,174, 198 platinum, 28 Rawa, 81, 85 Pleistocene, 61, 62, 64, 67 regeneration, 179 Podocarpus, 49 rehabilitation, 73 polar ice caps, 64 rehabilitation centres, 189 policy, 116 rehabilitation programmes, politics: 189 political development, 99 religious revivalism, 93 political patronage, 206 replanting, 178 political system, 99 reproductive activity, 43 pollination ecology, 43 reproductive maturity, 48 popUlation, 68, 78, 70 resins, 143, 198 porphyry copper, 30 revenue farming, 125 poverty, 173 rhinoceros, 57, 73, 74 primary products, 148, 154, 156, Rhizophora, 49 197 rhododendrons, 49 primary commodity rice, 50; see also padi dependent economy, 206 Rice Lands Enactment (1917), 137 220 Index road development, 148, 149 Sarawak Timber Industry root crops, 123 Development Corporation, rubber, 50, 120, 132, 135, 136, 175 138, 152, 155, 158, 162, savanna, 65, 67 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, secondary industry, 207 204, 206 sedges, 49 acreage, 138 Sedition Ordinance, 109 cultivation, 142 seed germination, 52 export, 137 seladang cattle (Bos gaurus), 73 industry, 131, 151 Selangor, 80 output, 137 Semangat 46, 114 plantations, 81 Semengoh Rehabilitation Centre, planting, 136 72, 188 production, 141 Semitau block, 23 products, 203 Senoi people, 79 Rukunegara, 86, 88 Sepilok, 72, 180, 181, 183 Rungus,83 Sepilok Orang Utan Sabah,20, 23, 30, 32, 35, 37, Rehabilitation Centre, 186, 66, 71, 72, 80, 83, 84, 89, 188 107, 108, 119, 120, 122, Shorea, 42, 48 123, 124, 132, 133, 135, shrews, 57 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, Sibumasu, 13, 20 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, Sibumasu terrane, 15 157, 158, 159, 173, 174, silver, 30, 37 175,188,198,199,205, Singapore, 107 207 Singapore Botanic Gardens, 50 Sabah Basin, 33, 35, 37 sinkheh (new immigrant), 150 Sabah Foundation, 72, 174 Sivapithecus, 60 sago, 122, 132 society: sago palm, 50 Malaysian, 85 Sahul shelf, 64 multi-ethnic, 78, 83, 202 sambar deer, 57 multi-racial, 99, 100, 116, Sandakan, 72, 186 117, 198 Sarawak, 20, 23, 28, 31, 34, 37, multicultural, 78 61, 66, 71, 74, 75, 80, 83, plural,84 84, 89, 107, 108, 110, 119, Sonneretia, 49 120, 122, 123, 124, 129, South West Borneo, 13 132, 134, 135, 142, 143, South West Borneo block, 144, 145, 148, 149, 153, 23 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, South West Borneo 173, 174, 175, 188, 198, continental block, 20 199, 205, 207 Southeast Asian Tin Belt, 27 Sarawak Alliance, 110 species diversity, 75 species maintenance, 188 sphagnum, 48 Index 221 spices, 50, 198 Temuan (an Orang Asli sub- squirrels, 74 group),80 Srivijaya, 80 Tengku Razaleigh, 114 standard of living, 173 Terminalia, 49 Stephen Kalong Ningkan, 108 terranes, 11 Stevenson's Rubber Restriction terrapin, 73 Scheme, 138, 141, 142,201 Tethys, 11 stibnite, 28 The Malay Dilemma, 112 Straits Settlements, 84, 100, timber, 143, 144, 155, 158, 162, 102, 121, 133, 147, 150 174, 197, 198,206 subduction, 27 concessionaires, 174 subduction-accretion, 23 exploitation, 144, 175, 179 sugar cane, 50, 135, 198 exports, 174 Sultan Idris Teachers Training industry, 134, 173, 174 College, 102 species, 46 Sumatra, 187, 190 trees, 48 Sumatran rhinoceros, 73 tin, 23, 27, 37, 121, 124, 136, Sumatran tiger, 67 152, 155, 156, 162, 197, sun-bears, 57, 73, 75 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, Sundaland, 20, 23 206 sustainability, 42, 182, 187 development, 125 sustainable ecology, 173 mines, 84 sustainable forest mining, 198 management policy, 49 output, 125 sustainable forestry, 178 production, 124, 125, 127 sustainable future of forests, resources, 125 182 Restriction Agreement sustainable tourism, 173 (1931-41),201 suture, 13 smelting, 125 syariah laws, 92 titanium, 28 Symplocus, 49 tobacco, 132, 135, 139 Tabin Wildlife Reserve, 72, 188 plantations, 134 Taiping,84 Torrens System of land Tambunan, 83 registration, 133, 135 Tan Kah Kee, 201 total plant biodiversity, 52 Tanjung Puting, 175 tourism, 176, 182, 185 tannin, 49, 50 tropical hardwoods, 162 Taoism, 81 tualang (Koompassia excelsa), 48 Taoist, 83 Tun Abdul Razak, 107, 108, tapioca, 50, 136, 198 109, 111, 112 tapir, 73, 74 Tun Dr Ismail, 111 taro, 50 Tun Hussein Onn, 111, 112, 114 tarsiers, 57 tungsten, 23, 28, 30, 37 Tawau Hills National Park, 188 Tunku Abdul Rahman, 105, 106, Tempasuk, 83 107, 108, 112, 114 222 Index

Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park,188 UMNO (United Malays National Organisation), 85, 95, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 208 vaccinium, 49 vegetation, 42 Vision 2020, 95, 116,206 Visit Malaysia Year, 176 Wallace Line, 64 weasels, 57 Western Granitoid Province, 27 wildlife sanctuaries, 49, 75 woody climbers, 46 Working Group on Orang-utans, 181 Wodd Resource Institute, 177