DOCSLIB.ORG

Ruslan - an Nt System Between Closely Related Languages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ruslan - an Nt System Between Closely Related Languages RUSLAN - AN NT SYSTEM BETWEEN CLOSELY RELATED LANGUAGES Jan Haji~ J , , . Vyzkumny ustav matematxckych stroju , P J Loretanske nam. 3 118 55 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia Machinery) at the Department of Software ABSTRACT in cooperation with the Department of Mathematical Linguistics, Faculty of A project of machine translation of Mathematics and Physics, Charles Czech computer manuals into Russian is University, Prague. described, presenting first a description of the overall system structure and concentrating then mainly Input texts on input text preparation and a parsing algorithm based on bottom-up parser The texts our system should translate programmed in Colmerauer's Q-systems. are software manuals to V~MS-developed DOS-4 operating system which is an advanced extension to the common DOS. The texts are currently maintained on INTRODUCTION tapes under the editing and formatting system PES (Programmed Editing System). In mid-1985, a project of machine This system allows for preparation, translation of Czech computer manuals editing and binding-ready printout using into Russian was started, thus national printer chain(s). Texts are constituting a second MT project of the stored on tapes using an internal format group of mathematical linguistics at containing upper/lowercase letters, Charles University (for a full editing & formatting commands, version description of the first project, see number/identification, info on (Kirschner, 1982) and (Kirschner, in last-changed pages etc.; most of this press)). can be used to improve the overall translation quality. On the other hand, Our goals are both practical part of it is somewhat confusing and (translation or re-translation of new or must be handled carefully. re-edited manuals for export purposes within the COMECON countries, of an By now, we have access to 65 manuals estimated amount of 500 to I000 pages a on tapes, containing about 12.000 pages year) and theoretical (we wish to verify (approx. 1.500.000 running words - our approach to the analysis of Czech 53.000 different word fomrs). The and to develop a theoretical background complete documentation covers 78 manuals for translation between closely related and is still growing. languages such as Czech and Russian). The project is carried out by V~S, Prague (Research Institute for Computing 113 The overall structure (1) The text is "punched" from a tape, to "visualize" all embedded editing RUSLAN is a unidirectional system & formatting commands; dealing with one pair of languages (SL - (2) Fully automatic preprocessing Czech, TL - Russian). We adopt a follows, which includes: transfer-llke translation scheme (in the - national & special characters sense we do not use any intermediate conversion & coding pilot language), but with many - sentence boundaries recognition simplifications due to the close (3) The Czech morphological analysis relationship between Czech and Russian, (HA) is performed, followed by so that it belongs to the so-called (4) the syntactico-semantic analysis direct method (in the sense of (Slocum, (SSA) with respect to Russian 1985)). sentence structure, for each input sentence separately. The translation process itself is to (5) The representation obtained in the be carried out in batch (we have to previous step is converted into respect the hardware available). This Russian surface word llst in an means that no human intervention is appropriate order simultaneously possible during the process. performing some TL-dependent Nevertheless, our aim is to obtain changes. high-quallty results which would require (6) Then, morphological synthesis of usual post-editing only. No human Russian (MSR) is performed and at pre-editing is contained in the system the same time synthesized words are design. decoded and put out along with preserved editing & formatting The translation unit is constituted commands, and at last by a single sentence. Thus, the (7) the output is saved onto a tape recognition of sentence boundaries is a under the PES system again. part of the preprocessing. The resulting text can be then easily For the time being, a treatment of printed and corrected using PES editing ellipsis is not provided for, but a facilities. modification of the analysis is being prepared to account for cases (not very frequent in the translated manuals) Some gore details where information necessary for an appropriate translation should be looked Since the overall structure of RUSLAN for in the previous sentence(s). does not differ considerably from the existing MT-systems, we will concentrate ourselves in our paper on some Translation steps interesting details. RUSLAN performs following steps to ad (1): Getting a text out of the tape obtain the translation of a given (part of a) manual: This function is performed by means of PES "punch" command only. Internally 114 coded words and commands are converted sentence" in most cases; a more to card-like character format, so they complicated situation arises when can be read easily by other programs. evaluating punctuation frames. Frames This step is processed separatelly for ".", ";", "?" are created using because we want to achieve the maximal quite complicated algorithms. Clearly, hardware and operating syste~ it is not possible to obtain 100% independence possible. correctness without a deeper analysis, so we prefer (isolated) missing cuts to ad (2): Preproceaslng incomplete sentences. Tests showed only one missing cut every 100 pages of True words and punctuation are continuous text (introductory manuals), recognized and coded using alphanumeric and every 30-50 pages in reference characters only. Special characters manuals; no incomplete sentences (such as /, +, :, greek chars, etc.) appeared anywhere in the sample. This and YES-commands are coded similarly, looks promising, because missing cuts but they are handled as word attributes result in slowdown of analysis only. rather than as separate words. ad (S): Morphological analysis The recognition of sentence boundaries proved to be the hardest Since Czech is a highly inflectional problem of this stage. We have language, this part is a little more developed a special algorithm for complicated task than a MA for English. sentence boundaries recognition, which However, in the stage of MA of Czech we takes editing commands and punctuation obtain much more useful information for into consideration, as well as the syntactico-semantic analysis. upper/lowercase letters in special positions. This algorithm is based on MA is based on pattern unification. frames and features. Text is cut During the MA, the main dictionary is whenever the "End Of Sentence" condition searched through to find all possible is met. Such a condition is raised when stems; ambiguities are treated in one of the features of the next text parallel during the next phase of element is found in the frame of the processing. current text element. ad (4): Syntactico-semantic analysis Features assigned to each element are e. g. "beginning of sentence" - SSA is the most important part of unconditional sentence boundary assigned RUSLAN. Using Sgall's FGD as the to some PES commands, or "capitalized" - theoretical starting point (for the most this one is assigned to the word recent formulation, see (Sgall et al., starting with exactly one uppercase 1986)), the dependency approach and letter. Among other features we use data-driven parsing are the corner there are "common word", "uppercase stones and valency frames are the tools only", "number" and some other of SSA. To control the combinatoric classifying PES commands. expansion, semantic features are used as additional constraints to the syntactic Frames contain "beginning of ones (for a more detailed account of 115 SSA, see (Oliva, in prep.)). prepositions and some pronouns) forced The result of SSA is affected by the by the adjacent word(s). TL-syntax - so there is no true separate transfer component in our system. In After MSR, each word is decoded most cases, the need for changes can be (including its attributes) to the resolved on the basis of the Czec~ FEB-acceptable format and "punched" out. sentence. A module is being prepared" This is an inverse operation to step carrying out some minor restructuring (2). (necessary e. g. for determining the word order and some instances of ad (7): Catalogization negation), which will be performed before the synthesis. Handled by YES solely, this is an inverse operation to step (1). The close relationship between Czech and Russian helps us to leave many Implementation ambiguities unresolved and to allow the output to be as ambiguous as the input. All the testing is performed on the We must resolve such ambiguities that EC-1027 or IBM/370 systems at V~MS would create multiple outputs in the TL, (under DOS-4). The base of the system and select only one of them, but this is (steps 3, 4 and 5) is capable to run the case of only limited number of under the OS operating system as well. sentences. Steps 1 and 7 are handled by special ad (5): Generation software, which is a part of the DOS-4 operating system. Steps 2 and 8 are For the time being, no true written in standard Pascal (including TL-restructuring is being performed. the MSR module). Steps 3 to 5 are During the dependency tree programmed in the well-known Q-systems, decomposition, morphological information implemented through Fortran IV (G or H is transferred from the governor to its level). We use the Q-language compiler dependent modifications according to with the kind permission of its original agreement. The original word order is author, prof. B. Thouin; some marginal slightly changed when needed. An changes were made in the Q-language ordered list of words with morphological interpreter due to the practical needs information and editing/formatting of our system. The only noticeable attributes restored is the output of change is that complete graphs deleted this phase. formerly due to the CUL + DE + SAC mechanism are passed now (unchanged) to ad (6): Morphological synthesis the next Q-system for further processing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Translation of Humor in the Dubbed Version of the Sitcom “How I Met Your Mother” in Vietnamese
    VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER TRANSLATION OF HUMOR IN THE DUBBED VERSION OF THE SITCOM “HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER” IN VIETNAMESE Supervisor : Nguyễn Thị Diệu Thúy, MA Student : Nguyễn Thị Hòa Course : QH2014.F1.E20 HÀ NỘI – 2018 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CÁCH DỊCH YẾU TỐ HÀI HƯỚC TRONG BẢN LỒNG TIẾNG PHIM HÀI TÌNH HUỐNG “KHI BỐ GẶP MẸ” Giáo viên hướng dẫn : Th.S Nguyễn Thị Diệu Thúy Sinh viên : Nguyễn Thị Hòa Khóa : QH2014.F1.E20 HÀ NỘI – 2018 ACCEPTANCE PAGE I hereby state that I: Nguyễn Thị Hòa (QH14.F1.E20), being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (English Language) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper. Signature Date May 4th, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I feel grateful beyond measure for the patient guidance that my supervisor, Ms. Nguyễn Thị Diệu Thúy has shown me over the past few months. Without her critical comments and timely support, this paper would not be finished. In addition, I would like to express my sincere thanks to 80 students from class 15E12, 15E13, 15E14 and 15E16 at the University of Languages and International Studies who eagerly participated in the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Translating Game Achievements: Case Study of the Long Dark and Spyro the Dragon
    Translating game achievements: Case study of The Long Dark and Spyro the Dragon Venla Virtanen MA Thesis English, Degree Programme for Multilingual Translation Studies School of Languages and Translation Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Turku May 2020 The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. UNIVERSITY OF TURKU School of Languages and Translation Studies / Faculty of Humanities VIRTANEN, VENLA: Translating game achievements: Case study of The Long Dark and Spyro the Dragon MA thesis, 45 p., 3 appendices. English, Degree Programme for Multilingual Translation Studies May 2020 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Though localisation in general and video game localisation in particular is increasing in popularity as a subject of research within Translation Studies, it is still a recent phenomenon, and there are many subjects and perspectives in it left to explore. One such subject is the translation of video game achievements, which currently remains completely unstudied. It is the purpose of this thesis to fix this research gap to the extent it is able. Because of the lack of research on the subject in Translation Studies, much of the background of this thesis comes from the domains of Video Game Studies and gamification research. While achievements are a particularly popular topic of research in gamification, translation has not been taken into account in any of that research. This thesis aims to examine features of achievement translation by comparing the source and target achievements of the games The Long Dark and Spyro the Dragon and classifying the translation strategies used in them.
    [Show full text]
  • María Fernández-Parra* the Workflow of Computer-Assisted Translation
    1 María Fernández-Parra* The Workfl ow of Computer-Assisted Translation Tools in Specialised Translation 1. Introduction Since the wide availability of computers, the work profi le of the professional translator has radi- cally changed. Translators no longer work in isolation relying on a typewriter and a pile of books as their only aids. However, the goal of a totally independent translating machine producing high quality output has not been achieved either, and may never be achieved. It would be practical- ly unthinkable for translators nowadays to work without a computer, but integrating computers into the translation workplace does not mean replacing human translators altogether. The term computer-assisted translation (henceforth CAT) refers to the integration of computers into the workplace, whereas the term machine translation (MT) refers to fully automating the translation process. The workfl ow described here is that of CAT, but some differences and similarities with MT are also pointed out as appropriate. 1.1. Aims The fi rst aim of this paper is to explain in simple terms what is meant by the term computer-assist- ed translation and how this type of translation differs from other types of computer-based transla- tion. This is broadly discussed in section 2 below. The second aim of this paper is to raise aware- ness of the new working methods of translators of specialised texts by describing a simplifi ed but typical workfl ow in the specialised translation scenario using CAT tools, in section 3 below. In other words, I aim to describe what computers already can do at present.
    [Show full text]
  • Video Game Localization: the Analysis of In-Game Texts Vaida Šiaučiūnė, Vilmantė Liubinienė
    ISSN 1648-2824 KALBŲ STUDIJOS. 2011. 19 NR. * STUDIES ABOUT LANGUAGES. 2011. NO. 19 Video Game Localization: the Analysis of In-Game Texts Vaida Šiaučiūnė, Vilmantė Liubinienė http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.19.945 Abstract. Globalisation acts as a driving force to present a variety of commercial products, including games, in different languages simultaneously so that they could reach auditoria and be enjoyed around the globe at the same time. Being the member of the European Union, Lithuania is not an exception in the process of globalisation. With the help of localisation various types of documents, software and products are adapted to the Lithuanian culture and market. However, the industry of game localisation of high or at least acceptable quality is still lagging behind. The aim of the paper is to analyse the application of different translation theories as well as Chroust’s localisation pyramid in localisation of video games and to accomplish the empirical research related to localization of the video game Magic Encyclopedia: the First Story. The theoretical part deals with the layers of localisation and the source-orientated and target-orientated ap- proaches to translation. The empirical research analyses the cases of application of source-orientated and target- orientated approaches in the process of the chosen game localisation. The research has revealed that the Skopos theory would be the most suitable tool to be used for game localisation, though the analysis of the translation of in-game lexis of Magic Encyclopedia: First Story mainly relies on Recker’s theory of Regular Correspondences. Key words: game localisation; transcreation; Skopos theory; regular correspondences; lexis; word assets.
    [Show full text]
  • Metaphoric Term As Translation Unit of Technical Text
    SHS Web of Conferences 50, 01054 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001054 CILDIAH-2018 Metaphoric Term as Translation Unit of Technical Text Larisa Fedyuchenko* Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, 625003, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia Abstract. The article considers the technical metaphoric term as a dynamic cognitive structure, which contains a fragment of the global technical picture. The author starts with a critical review of the existing approaches to the definition of a translation unit and suggests that this term should be considered as a dynamic unit of the text's semantic structure. In this regard, the procedure is not limited to a simple extraction of a translation unit in the source text, but it leads to a complex linguistic analysis at the pre- translation stage. To extract the translation unit, the author suggests using a criterion of an unexpected collocation, which is why the metaphoric term is the subject of the study. Having justified the approach, the author presents the stages of the carried out linguistic analysis. Based on the results, the author formed fourteen thematic groups and described typical collocations of the structural elements. In the course of the analysis, the following functions of the metaphoric terms were singled out: 1) operational function, 2) shaping function, 3) intermediary function, 4) transfer function, 5) comprehension function, and 6) interpretation function. Such integrated approach to the analysis of the translation unit ensures adequate translation and minimizes critical translation errors. 1 Introduction whole range of issues: automated machine translation, training in translation technology, studying the translation It is a well known fact that the translation starts with the process, comparative analysis of texts and others.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo Saxonica III N. 3
    REVISTA ANGLO SAXONICA SER. III N. 3 2012 A NNGLO SAXO ICA ANGLO SAXONICA SER. III N. 3 2012 DIRECÇÃO / GENERAL EDITORS Isabel Fernandes (ULICES) João Almeida Flor (ULICES) Mª Helena Paiva Correia (ULICES) COORDENAÇÃO / EXECUTIVE EDITOR Teresa Malafaia (ULICES) EDITOR ADJUNTO / ASSISTANT EDITOR Ana Raquel Lourenço Fernandes (ULICES) CO-EDITOR ADJUNTO / CO-EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Sara Paiva Henriques (ULICES) REVISÃO DE TEXTO / COPY EDITORS Inês Morais (ULICES) Madalena Palmeirim (ULICES) Ana Luísa Valdeira (ULICES) EDIÇÃO Centro de Estudos Anglísticos da Universidade de Lisboa DESIGN, PAGINAÇÃO E ARTE FINAL Inês Mateus IMPRESSÃO E ACABAMENTO Várzea da Rainha Impressores, S.A. - Óbidos, Portugal TIRAGEM 150 exemplares ISSN 0873-0628 DEPÓSITO LEGAL 86 102/95 PUBLICAÇÃO APOIADA PELA FUNDAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E A TECNOLOGIA New Directions in Translation Studies Special Issue of Anglo Saxonica 3.3 Guest Editors: Anthony Pym and Alexandra Assis Rosa Novos Rumos nos Estudos de Tradução Número Especial da Anglo Saxonica 3.3 Editores convidados: Anthony Pym e Alexandra Assis Rosa CONTENTS/ÍNDICE NEW DIRECTIONS IN TRANSLATION INTRODUCTION Anthony Pym and Alexandra Assis Rosa . 11 LITERARY TRANSLATION TRUSTING TRANSLATION João Ferreira Duarte . 17 ANTHOLOGIZING LATIN AMERICAN LITERATURE: SWEDISH TRANSLATIVE RE-IMAGININGS OF LATIN AMERICA 1954-1998 AND LINKS TO TRAVEL WRITING Cecilia Alvstad . 39 THE INTERSECTION OF TRANSLATION STUDIES AND ANTHOLOGY STUDIES Patricia Anne Odber de Baubeta . 69 JOSÉ PAULO PAES — A PIONEERING BRAZILIAN THEORETICIAN John Milton . 85 TRANSLATION AND LITERATURE AGAIN: RECENT APPROACHES TO AN OLD ISSUE Maria Eduarda Keating . 101 UNDER THE SIGN OF JANUS: REFLECTIONS ON AUTHORSHIP AS LIMINALITY IN . TRANSLATED LITERATURE Alexandra Lopes . 127 TRANSLATED AND NON-TRANSLATED SPANISH PICARESQUE NOVELS IN DEFENSE OF .
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Translation of Legal Materials
    Guide to Translation of Legal Materials Prepared by the Professional Issues Committee April 2011 Consortium for Language Access in the Courts Equal Justice: Bridging the Language Divide Consortium for Language Access in the Courts, April 2011 1 | P a g e This document has been prepared by the Consortium for Language Access in the Courts, Professional Issues Committee. Thank you to those individuals who volunteered their time, resources, expertise and effort in the spirit of sharing information for the betterment of interpreter programs and to further ensure equal access in the courts. Special acknowledgement goes to Carmel Capati, WI; Brenda Carrasquillo, NJ; Katrin Johnson, WA; Andrea Krlickova, NV; Kelly Mills, OR; and Mara Simmons, AR. DISCLAIMER: This translation guide was compiled and edited by the Consortium for Language Access in the Courts’ Professional Issues Committee, a committee of volunteers dedicated to advancing the work of the state courts’ language access programs. Nothing in this document should be viewed as an “industry standard,” or required of the state courts. Instead, it is meant to compile some lessons learned by program managers over the years and serve as a guide to help other program managers move forward with translation projects within their own court system. Copyright © 2011 by the National Center for State Courts, on behalf and for the use of the Consortium for Language Access in the Courts. All rights reserved. The National Center for State Courts is an independent, nonprofit, tax-exempt organization in accordance with Section 501 © (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and as otherwise expressly provided herein, no part of this publication may reproduced in any form of by any means, electronic or mechanical, including the use of information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing form the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • Procedure of Translation, Transliteration and Transcription
    ISSN 2768-0193 DOI: 10.51708/apptrans.v14n2.1203 REGULAR ISSUE ARTICLE Procedure of translation, transliteration and transcription Andreas Endrique Perez Zepedda1 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 9 April 2020 It is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration named Revised: 18 May 2020 "transcription". The process of transferring from the original language to the target Accepted: 27 June 2020 language. Including transliteration called "transcription". It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. Adaptation of the first word of the source language with normal pronunciation into the normal morphology of the target language. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a KEYWORDS TL one. However, "they are not accurate". The replacement of the word culture from the equivalent, source language into the target language. However, "the word is not accurate". Pajamas pronunciation, party (staying together) and bachelor party (party together before the wedding). Functional transcription, equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. Functional equivalent: it is translation, necessary to use neutral cultural words. Contractor 'translated into Persian is' Moghatekar' transliteration. (contractor is translated in Persian as Moghatekar 'common-law wife' (concubine) à concubine. Copyright © 2020 by The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • K-Pop V Fansubs, V LIVE and NAVER Dictionary: Fansubbers’ Synergy in Minimising Language Barriers
    3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies – Vol 23(4): 112 – 127 http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2017-2304-09 K-Pop V Fansubs, V LIVE and NAVER Dictionary: Fansubbers’ Synergy in Minimising Language Barriers AZNUR AISYAH Foreign Language and Translation Unit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia & Malay Language Department Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan [email protected] (Visiting lecturer) NAM YUN JIN Korean Language Department, Japan Tokyo University of Foreign Studies ABSTRACT The translator’s role in delivering K-Pop related content to an international audience has become more important since the expansion of the K-Pop industry throughout the globe. Fans’ anticipation of translated versions of K-Pop videos has led to active subbing activities. The NAVER company in Korea has invented a V Fansubs application for assisting V LIVE video subtitling. V LIVE is a digital media hub that gathers K-Pop celebrity-produced videos on a single platform. The unique tools in V Fansubs and V LIVE applications have made fansubbing of videos, which are mainly delivered in Korean, much easier than before. Netizen communities sharing the same interest have revamped the translation practice by collectively working to provide subtitles using V Fansubs software. This research employed descriptive analysis using Bangtan Sonyeondan’s (BTS) channel in V LIVE as the main sample in explaining V LIVE, V Fansubs and NAVER Dictionary application functions in detail. This research has successfully showcased technical descriptions in modern fansubbing platforms which are scarcely discussed. The linguistic data recorded in these applications have created a mass data corpus linked to the NAVER Dictionary application that is beneficial for Korean language learners.
    [Show full text]
  • POSTEDITING MACHINE TRANSLATION OUTPUT and ITS REVISION: SUBJECT-MATTER EXPERT EXPERTS VERSUS PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS Özlem Te
    POSTEDITING MACHINE TRANSLATION OUTPUT AND ITS REVISION: SUBJECT-MATTER EXPERT EXPERTS VERSUS PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS Özlem Temizöz Dipòsit Legal: T.58-2014 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora.
    [Show full text]
  • October/November 2009
    Language | Technology | Business October/November 2009 IIndustryndustry FFocus:ocus: IInternationalizationnternationalization DDevelopingeveloping strategiesstrategies forfor iinternationalizationnternationalization IIff aandnd wwhenhen toto internationalizeinternationalize IInternationalizingnternationalizing wwebsitesebsites fforor ssearchearch ssuccessuccess IIn-housen-house llocalizationocalization aandnd iinternationalizationnternationalization CChinahina localizeslocalizes oonlinenline ggamesames fforor ggloballobal pplayerslayers CClient-vendorlient-vendor lessonslessons fromfrom iiStock’sStock’s llocalizationocalization pprogramrogram LLocalizingocalizing sstructuredtructured ccontentontent GGettingetting StartedStarted Guide:Guide: WWritingriting forfor TTranslationranslation 0011 CCoverover ##107.indd107.indd 1 99/24/09/24/09 99:01:09:01:09 AAMM Know-how for Global Success Santa Clara, California, October 20-22, 2009 The conference Global Business Best Practices for global business know-how. Want to venture into new international markets? Experienced business people will provide practical insights and advice Fifty informative sessions on global business best practices, to give you confidence on the global playing field. international marketing, global ad campaigns, Managing Global Websites HR management, global websites, localization and translation management. Need to take your company’s website global? Learn from companies that have outstanding web presences: representatives Large exhibit hall with service and technology vendors.
    [Show full text]
  • Approaching Machine Translation from Translation Studies – a Perspective on Commonalities, Potentials, Differences
    Approaching Machine Translation from Translation Studies – a perspective on commonalities, potentials, differences Oliver Culoˇ Faculty of Translation Studies, Linguistics, and Cultural Studies University of Mainz 76726 Germersheim, Germany [email protected] Abstract and even desirable, especially in the light of recent developments. On the one hand, paradigms in MT The exchange between Translation Studies have been shifting into a direction in which lin- (TS) and Machine Translation (MT) has guistic and translational knowledge is being rein- been relatively rare. However, given recent tegrated in various ways in hybrid architectures, cf. developments in both fields like increased e.g. (Eisele et al., 2008), by means of adding mor- importance of post-editing and reintegra- phological or word order information , e.g. (Koehn tion of linguistic and translational knowl- and Hoang, 2007; Collins et al., 2005), adding syn- edge into hybrid systems, it seems desir- tactic information, e.g. (Quirk et al., 2005; Ding able to intensify the exchange. This paper and Palmer, 2005), or adapting models to domains, aims to contribute to bridging the gap be- e.g. (Koehn and Schroeder, 2007; Bertoldi and tween the two fields. I give a brief account Federico, 2009). On the other hand, TS has seen of the changing perspective of TS schol- a rise of empirical, often corpus-based research in ars on the field of translation as a whole, various areas, e.g. (Hansen-Schirra et al., 2012; including MT, leading to a more open con- Oakes and Ji, 2012; Rojo and Ibarretxe-Antunano, cept of translation. I also point out some 2013), which in method and communication style potential for knowledge transfer from TS certainly is more accessible to researchers from to MT, the idea here centring around the MT.
    [Show full text]