Les Réseaux Soufi Entre Demande De Sainteté Et Recherche De Valeurs

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Les Réseaux Soufi Entre Demande De Sainteté Et Recherche De Valeurs École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales École doctorale de l’EHESS Discipline : En Histoire et Civilitation En cotutelle avec “Scuola di Dottorato in Innovazioni e Conoscenza per lo Sviluppo Andre Gunder Frank” de l’Universitè de la Calabre GIANFRANCO BRIA L e s r é s e a u x s o u f i s entre demande de s a i n t e té e t recherche de v a l e u r s dans l’Albanie contemporaine Thèse dirigée par: CLAYER Nathalie (Cetobac) et VENTURA Alberto (Universitè de la Calabre) TESI DI DOTTORATO “Le reti sufi tra domanda di santità e ricerca dei propri valori nell’Albania contemporena” di Gianfranco Bria (EHESS – Università della Calabria) 1 "La presente tesi è cofinanziata con il sostegno della Commissione Europea, Fondo Sociale Europeo e della Regione Calabria. L’autore è il solo responsabile di questa tesi e la Commissione Europea e la Regione Calabria declinano ogni responsabilità sull’uso che potrà essere fatto delle informazioni in essa contenute" 2 INDICE Glossario dei termini religiosi 6 Introduzione 10 1. Islam e Sufismo albanese: prospettive reali e immaginarie 10 2. Il Sufismo in Albania: assi di studio 16 3. Metodo e approcci teorici 21 4. La struttura del testo 25 I Capitolo Breve storia del Sufismo nei Balcani e in Albania 27 1. Introduzione 27 2. La diffusione delle confraternite nel periodo ottomano 28 3. Le confraternite e la nascita dello Stato-nazione albanese 38 4. Il periodo post-socialista 54 5. Una triplice dinamica di ricostruzione 56 II Capitolo La costruzione top-down del culto sufi: il caso della Halvetiyya a Tirana 67 1. Introduzione 67 2. La ricostruzione dell’autorità nell’immediato periodo post-socialista: Sheh Muamer Pazari 69 3. Il secondo tentativo di Sheh Muamer: la Comunità Halveti d’Albania 81 4. Dal vecchio al nuovo: Sheh ‘Ali Pazari 84 5. Sheh ‘Ali tra affermazione della propria neo-leadership e ricerca di consenso 89 6. I rapporti con l’estero 97 7. L’autorità nel privato: rituali, dottrine e carisma 100 8. Le visite presso le türbe 102 9. In cerca di santità e benedizione: Sheh ‘Ali incontra i fedeli 107 10. Sheh ‘Ali e i muhib: rituali, pratiche e rituali 111 11. Sohbet: disciplina e amore 114 12. Il zikr: distinzione e fonte di autorità 118 13. Il ricordo del divino: il wird e gli ilahis 123 14. L’isolamento in sé stessi: l’Halvet 125 15. Il matem: moderazione e sobrietà 128 16. Conclusioni 131 3 III Capitolo La Rifā‘iyya a Tirana: Sheh Qemaludin Reka tra “istanze alidi” e “carisma culturale” 133 1. Introduzione 133 2. L’ascesa di Sheh Qemaludin Reka e il sostegno dal Kosovo 134 3. Le strategie di legittimazione di Sheh Qemali: la silsila 138 4. Legittimazione e carisma: cultura 143 5. Volumi e riviste: cultura, sapere e scienza 146 6. Strategie di (de)legittimazione: la denigrazione dell’altro 148 7. Spazi virtuali e reti reale di confronto e legittimazione 156 8. Rapporti con l’esterno: Iran e Turchia 159 9. Autorità, disciplina e arte: la vita dentro la teqe 165 10. Leadership, gerarchia e rapporti circolari. 168 11. La prima cerchia : i fedelissimi dello Sheikh 171 12. La seconda cerchia: i dervisci anziani 176 13. L’ultima cerchia: i non-discepoli 178 14. Dottrine dentro la teqe: la via alide 183 15. Sohbet: amore per la Famiglia del Profeta 188 16. Il matem: la via alide nella pratica? 191 17. Zikr: estetica e disciplina 197 18. Conclusioni 200 IV Capitolo La costruzione del carisma tra il locale e il sovralocale: la Rifā‘iyya a Tropoja 202 1. Introduzione 202 2. La base per la ricostruzione: la türbe di Sheh Hadem Nuri Gjakova 208 3. Sheh Hajdari e la costruzione della sua autorità multi-spaziale 215 4. La legittimità locale di Sheh Hajdari: benedizioni e opere sociali 217 5. L’autorità di Sheh Hajdari all’interno della confraternita: integrazione, gerarchia e regole 226 6. Il zikr: riconoscimento e spiritualità 236 7. L’estasi di Sheh Masari e le dimensione trans-nazionale di Sheh Hajdari 248 8. La dimensione nazionale dell’autorità di Sheh Hajdari 263 9. Conclusioni 269 V Capitolo La costruzione dell’autorità sufi in un contesto post-socialista: prospettive interpretative e proposte teoreticHe 272 1. Introduzione 272 2. La ricerca di un riconoscimento ufficiale: governo e Sheikh 273 3. Secolarizzazione, secolarismo e immanenza 281 4. Nazionalismo e orientalismo: la dimensione patriottica dell’autorità dello Sheikh 293 5. Attori esteri e altri immaginari: la costruzione trans-nazionale dell’autorità 298 6. Arena sufi e campo religioso: competitività, legittimazione e delegittimazione. 302 4 7. Strategie di legittimazione e delegittimazione: silsila e cultura. 307 8. Internet e social networks: spazi alternativi e legittimazione virtuale. 310 9. Religiosità privata e individuale: domanda di santità e contingenza 313 10. Privatizzazione della pietà 316 11. Incorporazione, rituali e valori 320 Conclusioni Finali 327 Appendice 334 Cartine Geografiche 335 1. Albania Politica 335 2. Albania fisica 336 3. Kosovo 337 Fotografie 338 Immagine 1 338 Immagine 2 339 Immagine 3 340 Immagine 4 341 Immagine 5 342 Immagine 6 343 Immagine 7 344 Immagine 8 345 Immagine 9 346 Immagine 10 347 Bibliografia 348 Sitografia 362 5 1 GLOSSARIO DEI TERMINI RELIGIOSI Āshūrā: termine che indica un piatto tradizionale albanese e turco. In relazione al matem, l’ Āshūrā indica un rituale celebrato il decimo giorno del mese di Moharrem. Asitane: in ordine gerarchico d’importanza, primo centro sufi di un particolare ordine sufi. Baraka: segno distintivo della grazia divina; presuppone dei poteri di intercessione. Appartiene a tutti i maestri sufi; si trasmette col contatto fisico. Buran: termine albanese che indica la mortificazione del corpo attraverso dei spilloni. Praticata dalla Rifā ̒iyya e dalla Sā ̒diyya. Dervish (in italiano derviscio): termine albanese che indica l’appartenenza a un ordine sufi. All’interno delle confraternite, dervish indica un certo grado gerarchico subordinato allo Sheikh e al vekil, ma superiore al muhib. Ehli Beyt (in arabo Ahl el-Bayt): indica la Famiglia del Profeta, nello specifico: ‘Ali, Fatima, Husayn, Hassan e tutti gli altri dei dodici imam sciiti. Hirka: indica il gilet che indossano i dervish Hoxha: imam, colui che guida la preghiera dei fedeli in una data moschea. Ilahi: canti religiosi recitati dai sufi. Sono solitamente dedicati a una particolare figura, come il Profeta, ‘Ali o anche dei Santi locali. Possono essere 1 I termini religiosi usati dai Sufi albanesi provengono da diverse lingue. Per questo motivo, si è deciso di raggruppare i più ricorrenti e rilevanti in un Glossario dei termini religiosi. 6 recitati durante i rituali e in qualsiasi altro momento della giornata. Sono solitamente in lingua albanese. Kafe-hane: indica la stanza adibita alla preparazione o consumazione di bevande come il caffè o il tè all’interno di una teqe. Kamish: indica un lungo vestito nero in lana indossato dallo Sheikh durante il zikr. Karāmat: usato per indicare gli atti miracolosi di una persona santa musulmana. Khalīfa: termine di origine araba che indica il successore di uno Sheikh. Khirqā (in arabo “mantello): indica la trasmissione della realizzazione spirituale tra il maestro e il discepolo. KMSH: acronimo di Komuniteti Musliman Shqiptar (Comunità Islamica d’Albania) Matem: (in turco “lutto”) è un rituale che i sufi albanesi celebrano durante i primi dieci giorni del mese di Moharrem, in ricordo del martirio di Husayn ibn Abi Talib (m. 680). Medrese: istituto privato o pubblico educativo dedicato allo studio delle scienze religiose islamiche. Mevlud: l’anniversario del Profeta Muhammed. I mevlud sono anche dei poemi palsimodiati in onore del Profeta. Muezzin: termine usato per indicare la persona che richiama i fedeli alla preghiera. 7 Muhib (in arabo murīd): discepolo e seguace dell’insegnamento di un maestro sufi. All’interno della confraternita, il muhib è l’ultimo grado gerarchico tra coloro che hanno intrapreso il percorso iniziatico. Njeri i mirë: “Persona Santa” viva o morta, capace di benedire le persone e dotate di poteri miracolosi. Trasversale rispetto alle tutte le confessioni religiose. Nuska: amuleti magici fabbricati da una Persona Santa. Pīr: indica il fondatore di un ordine sufi. Sema’-hane: indica la stanza ove è praticato il zikr nella teqe. Sema’: termine usato per indicare la danza effettuata dai sufi durante il zikr. Sheikh (in albanese Sheh o Shejh): maestro e capo di un centro sufi. Sohbet: pratica discorsiva che prevede l’insegnamento di alcuni precetti religiosi ed etici dello Sheikh verso i discepoli. Sultan nevruz: indica la celebrazione dell’anniversario della nascita di Ali ibn Abi Talib (m. 661). Festività ritenuta molto importante dai sufi e dai Bektashi albanesi, è celebrata il 22 marzo di ogni anno. Taç: indica il cappello usato da chi possiede il titolo di dervish, vekil o Sheh. Solitamente quest’ultimo indossa un taç leggermente diverso dagli altri. Tarīqa (pl. turuq – in albanese tarikat): termine arabo usato per indicare la “via” e il “patto” stabilito con Dio. E’ la strada che porta dall’essoterico (sharī‘a) all’esoterica ultima verità (ḥaqīqa). In linguaggio comune, tarīqa o tarikat indica un particolare ordine Sufi dell’Islam che si condensano attorno alla “via” iniziatica prodotta da alcuni eminenti maestri sufi. Il nome della tarīqa deriva dal suo fondatore (pīr). Ad esempio, la Rifā ̒iyya 8 deve il nome ad Ahmed ar-Rifā ̒i (m. 1182); la Bektashiyya a Haji Bektash Veli (m. 1271). Ṭāqīyah: copricapo in tessuto bianco indossato dai discepoli sufi. Teqe (in turco tekke): struttura architettonica specificatamente eretta per ospitare una confraternita sufi. In Albania, l’appellativo di teqe è destinato solo ai centri maggiori e più grandi. Türbe: la tomba o un particolare mausoleo legato a uno o più Santi sufi.
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