Prepositional Case in Latvian
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The Case of Restricted Locatives Ora Matushansky
The case of restricted locatives Ora Matushansky To cite this version: Ora Matushansky. The case of restricted locatives. Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung , 2019, 23 (2), 10.18148/sub/2019.v23i2.604. halshs-02431372 HAL Id: halshs-02431372 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02431372 Submitted on 7 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The case of restricted locatives1 Ora MATUSHANSKY — SFL (CNRS/Université Paris-8)/UiL OTS/Utrecht University Abstract. This paper examines the cross-linguistic phenomenon of locative case restricted to a closed class of items (L-nouns). Starting with Latin, I suggest that the restriction is semantic in nature: L-nouns denote in the spatial domain and hence can be used as locatives without further material. I show how the independently motivated hypothesis that directional PPs consist of two layers, Path and Place, explains the directional uses of L-nouns and the cases that are assigned then, and locate the source of the locative case itself in p0, for which I then provide a clear semantic contribution: a type-shift from the domain of loci to the object domain. -
Accusative Case in Pps
Accusative case in PPs Boban Arsenijevi ć and Berit Gehrke University of Amsterdam Pompeu Fabra University 1. Introduction In some Indo-European languages, such as most Slavic ones, Latin, or German, a number of prepositions with spatial meanings take nominal complements in two different cases: an oblique case (e.g. dative, locative 1, or instrumental), as in (1), and accusative (2). (1) a. Elena čitala knigu v komnate. Russian Elena read book. ACC in room. LOC ‘Elena read a/the book in a/the room.’ b. Hans schob den Wagen in dem Graben. German Hans pushed the. ACC cart in the. DAT ditch ‘Hans pushed the cart inside the ditch.’ (2) a. Elena položila knigu v sumku. Russian Elena put book. ACC in bag. ACC ‘Elena put a/the book in a/the bag.’ b. Hans schob den Wagen in den Graben. German Hans pushed the. ACC cart in the. ACC ditch ‘Hans pushed the cart into the ditch.’ In this paper, we will concentrate on Serbo-Croatian (S-C) and German (G), but we assume that the analysis can be applied to other languages that display this kind of case alternation in the PP domain. Traditional grammar generalizes that prepositions assign accusative in the context of a change of state, most frequently of location, in which the relevant PP denotes the result state or final location of this change. Locative, or other oblique cases, are assigned in PPs that modify the entire event (structurally represented as VP), usually for place. Accusative is linked to the denotation of the goal. -
Dative Constructions in Romance and Beyond
Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language Open Generative Syntax 7 science press Open Generative Syntax Editors: Elena Anagnostopoulou, Mark Baker, Roberta D’Alessandro, David Pesetsky, Susi Wurmbrand In this series: 1. Bailey, Laura R. & Michelle Sheehan (eds.). Order and structure in syntax I: Word order and syntactic structure. 2. Sheehan, Michelle & Laura R. Bailey (eds.). Order and structure in syntax II: Subjecthood and argument structure. 3. BacskaiAtkari, Julia. Deletion phenomena in comparative constructions: English comparatives in a crosslinguistic perspective. 4. Franco, Ludovico, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.). Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains. 5. Bross, Fabian. The clausal syntax of German Sign Language: A cartographic approach. 6. Smith, Peter W., Johannes Mursell & Katharina Hartmann (eds.). Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme. 7. Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). Dative constructions in Romance and beyond. ISSN: 25687336 Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language science press Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). 2020. Dative constructions in Romance and beyond (Open Generative Syntax 7). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/258 © 2020, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-249-5 (Digital) 978-3-96110-250-1 -
Russian Grammar 1 Russian Grammar
Russian grammar 1 Russian grammar Russian grammar (Russian: грамматика русского языка, IPA: [ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]; also русская грамматика; IPA: [ˈruskəjə ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə]) encompasses: • a highly inflexional morphology • a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements: • a Church Slavonic inheritance; • a Western European style; • a polished vernacular foundation. The Russian language has preserved an Indo-European inflexional structure, although considerable adaption has taken place. The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one, but it continues to preserve some characteristic forms. Russian dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms discarded by the literary language. NOTE: In the discussion below, various terms are used in the meaning they have in standard Russian discussions of historical grammar. In particular, aorist, imperfect, etc. are considered verbal tenses rather than aspects, because ancient examples of them are attested for both perfective and imperfective verbs. Nouns Nominal declension is subject to six cases – nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional – in two numbers (singular and plural), and absolutely obeying grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Up to ten additional cases are identified in linguistics textbooks,[1][2][3] although all of them are either incomplete (do not apply to all nouns) or degenerate (appear identical to one of the six simple cases). The most recognized additional cases are locative (в лесу, в крови, в слезах), partitive (чаю, сахару, коньяку), and several forms of vocative (Господи, Боже, отче). The adjectives, pronouns, and the first two cardinal numbers further vary by gender. -
Andra Kalnača a Typological Perspective on Latvian Grammar
Andra Kalnača A Typological Perspective on Latvian Grammar Andra Kalnača A Typological Perspective on Latvian Grammar Managing Editor: Anna Borowska Associate Editor: Helle Metslang Language Editor: Uldis Balodis Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright © 2014 Andra Kalnača ISBN 978-3-11-041130-0 e- ISBN 978-3-11-041131-7 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Managing Editor: Anna Borowska Associate Editor: Helle Metslang Language Editor: Uldis Balodis www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © Ieva Kalnača Contents Abbreviations I Introduction II 1 The Paradigmatics and Declension of Nouns 1 1.1 Introductory Remarks on Paradigmatics 1 1.2 Declension 4 1.2.1 Noun Forms and Palatalization 9 1.2.2 Nondeclinable Nouns 11 1.3 Case Syncretism 14 1.3.1 Instrumental 18 1.3.2 Vocative 25 1.4 Reflexive Nouns 34 1.5 Case Polyfunctionality and Case Alternation 47 1.6 Gender 66 2 The Paradigmatics and Conjugation of Verbs 74 2.1 Introductory Remarks 74 2.2 Conjugation 75 2.3 Tense 80 2.4 Person 83 3 Aspect 89 -
Pashto Alphabets
LEARNING PASHTO Intensive Elementary & Secondary Pashto for Military and other Professionals by Dawood Azami Visiting Scholar Email: [email protected] The Middle East Studies Center (MESC) The Ohio State University, Columbus August 2009 1 Aims of the Course: *To provide a thorough introductory course in basic Pashto with the accent on practical spoken Pashto, coverage of grammar, familiarity with Pashto pronunciation, and essential vocabulary. *Ability to communicate within a range of situations and to handle simple survival situations (e.g. finding lodging, food, transportation etc.) *Ability to read the simple Pashto texts dealing with a variety of social and basic needs. In addition to author’s own command and expertise, a number of sources (books, both published and unpublished, journals, websites, etc.) have been consulted while preparing this material. Word of thanks: The author would like to thank Dr. Alam Payind, Director, Middle East Studies Center (MESC), and Melinda McClimans, Assistant Director, MESC. Their cooperation and assistance certainly made my stay in Columbus easier and enjoyable. Copy Right: This course material is for teaching of Pashto language at The Ohio State University. The author holds the copy right for any other use. The author intends to publish a modified version of the material as a book in the future. Please contact the author for more information. (Email: [email protected] ) 2 Contents I. Pashto Alphabet .................................................................................................................. 5 A. Pashto Sounds Similar to English ............................................................................... 7 B. Pashto Sounds Different from English ........................................................................ 7 C. Two letters pronounced differently in major Pashto dialects: ...................................... 8 D. Arabic Letters/ Sounds in Pashto .................................................................................. 8 II. -
Latgalian, a Short Grammar of (Nau).Pdf
Languages of the World/Materials 482 A short grammar of Latgal ian Nicole Nau full text research abstracts of all titles monthly updates 2011 LINCOM EUROPA LATGALIAN LW/M482 Published by LINCOM GmbH 2011. Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................ 3 LINCOMGmbH 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4 Gmunder Str. 35 J .1 General information .................................................................................................. 4 D-81379 Muenchen 1.2 History ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research and description ........................................................................................... 7 [email protected] 1.4 Typological overview ................................................................................................ 8 www.lincom-europa.com 2. The sound system ..................................................................................................... 9 2. 1 Phonemes, sounds, and letters ................................................................................... 9 webshop: www.lincom-shop.eu 2.2 Stress and tone ......................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Phonological processes .......................................................................................... -
Case Movement in Pps
Case Movement in PPs Pavel Caha CASTL, University of Tromsø Abstract In this paper, I outline the Peeling theory of Case (Starke 2005) and apply it to Case phenomena in adpositional phrases. The Peel- ing theory says that DPs are base generated with a number of Case related functional projections on top of them, and when they move to the left, they strand some of these projections in situ. To test this theory and the specific predictions it makes, I look at phenomena where a single adposition allows its complement to surface in var- ious Cases and phenomena where a single adposition allows for its complement to either precede or follow. In each case that we will look at, we will be interested in what semantic factors govern such alternations and in what way the DP helps bring about the contrast. 1. Introduction: The Peeling theory of Case The Peeling theory of Case has two ingredients. The first ingredient builds on the general assumption that binary syntactic structure is composed of large number of primitives (features) that appear in a hierarchy predestined by UG, called the functional sequence (fseq; see e.g., Cinque 1999, Starke 2004). Specifically, we can think of each DP as dominated by a number of Case-related functional projections that come in a particular universal hi- erarchy. Let me illustrate with an example that exploits a parallel between spatial adpositions and Case. In the domain of PPs, it has been often observed (see e.g., van Riemsdijk and Huybregts 2002) that a morpheme expressing directionality (e.g., from in English) can co-occur with a morpheme expressing location (e.g., be- hind), yielding (1). -
Baltic Languages and White Nights Contacts Between Baltic and Uralic Languages
Baltic Languages and White Nights Contacts between Baltic and Uralic languages International Conference University of Helsinki, 11–12 June 2012 Programme Abstracts Participants Conference Programme Monday 11 June Registration 9.30 – 10.00. Metsätalo - Forsthuset, Unioninkatu - Unionsgatan 40, III Floor. Plenary session 10.00 – 17.00, Room 8, III Floor. Moderated by Santeri Junttila and Laimute Balode. 10:00 Arto Mustajoki, University of Helsinki. Opening of the conference. 10:15 Santeri Junttila, University of Helsinki: The contacts between Proto-Finnic and Baltic: do we know anything Thomsen did not? 10:45 Riho Grünthal, University of Helsinki: Livonian at the cross-roads of language contacts 11:15 Anna Daugaviete, Saint Petersburg State University: The development of unstressed syllables in Latvian: Lithuanian and Baltic-Finnic parallels 11:45 Tea and coffee 12:00 Karl Pajusalu, University of Helsinki: On phonology of the Salaca Livonian language 12:30 Laimute Balode, University of Helsinki/ University of Latvia: Criteria for determining of possible Finno-Ugrisms in Latvian toponymy 13:00 Lunch 14:30 Pauls Balodis, Latvian Language Institute: Surnames of Finno-Ugric origin in Latvia 15:00 PƝteris Vanags, Stockholm University/ University of Latvia: Latvian and Estonian names for traditional feast days of the Christian church: Common history and sources 15:30 Tea and coffee 16:00 Adam Hyllested, University of Copenhagen: The origins of Finnish aika 'time' and aita 'fence': Germanic, Baltic, or Slavic? 16:30 Janne Saarikivi, University of Helsinki: On the stratigraphy of borrowings in Finnic. Reconsidering the Slavic and Baltic borrowings. 17.30–19.30 Reception at the Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania, Rauhankatu - Fredsgatan 13 A Tuesday 12 June Section I. -
Nominal Compounds in Old Latvian Texts in the 16Th and 17Th Centuries
!"#$ #%&"" ' ( ( )#"& !"# * + , #- #$ &* + , . &* + &. + + . + &* + . &* , + , & ( + . + & * . (+ + / ( ( ( ( & ( + & ,0&120&1& ( ,&3 + , . ( ,+ 4 & ( . + &3 4 ( + + (+ , &* ( . + &* ( + . , ( 5 & ( , & . ( / + + ( &6(/ + ( . + , & $ % !"#$ 722 && 2 8 9 77 7 7 ##: $" 3;<$ <#$-:< $!< 3;<$ <#$-:< $=- 3;"! #%:$ & '( # #( )*) & #) + (#"-<# NOMINAL COMPOUNDS IN OLD LATVIAN TEXTS IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES Kristina Bukelskytė-Čepelė Nominal Compounds in Old Latvian Texts in the 16th and 17th Centuries Kristina Bukelskytė-Čepelė ©Kristina Bukelskytė-Čepelė, Stockholm University 2017 ISBN print 978-91-7649-872-9 ISBN PDF 978-91-7649-873-6 ISSN 0281-5478 Cover: "Die Statt Riga" in S. Münster’s "Cosmographia" (ca. 16th c) Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2017 Distributor: Department of Slavic and Baltic Studies, Finnish, Dutch -
Estonian and Latvian Verb Government Comparison
TARTU UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ESTONIAN AND GENERAL LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT OF ESTONIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Miķelis Zeibārts ESTONIAN AND LATVIAN VERB GOVERNMENT COMPARISON Master thesis Supervisor Dr. phil Valts Ernštreits and co-supervisor Mg. phil Ilze Tālberga Tartu 2017 Table of contents Preface ............................................................................................................................... 5 1. Method of research .................................................................................................... 8 2. Description of research sources and theoretical literature ......................................... 9 2.1. Research sources ................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Theoretical literature ........................................................................................ 10 3. Theoretical research background ............................................................................. 12 3.1. Cases in Estonian and Latvian .......................................................................... 12 3.1.1. Estonian noun cases .................................................................................. 12 3.1.2. Latvian noun cases .................................................................................... 13 3.2. The differences and similarities between Estonian and Latvian cases ............. 14 3.2.1. The differences between Estonian and Latvian case systems ................... 14 3.2.2. The similarities -
German Grammar in English for International Students
German Grammar in English for International Students Version 2.6 Prof. Dr. Russell Block FK 13 – General Studies University of Applied Sciences – München Winter Semester 2013 © 2013 Contents: Introduction: .............................................................8 Chapter 1: The Sound of German ............................................9 1 Standard German .....................................................9 2 The standard dialect ...................................................9 3 Overview of the German consonants .....................................9 3.1 Tense vs. lax .................................................11 3.2 The final devoicing rule .........................................11 3.3 Comments on individual consonants . 11 3.3.1 Vogel-V ...............................................11 3.3.2 The origin of <w> .......................................12 3.3.3 The problem of /h/ .......................................12 3.3.4 Ach-Laut – ich-Laut ......................................12 3.3.5 The pronunciation of final <g> . 12 3.3.6 The strange case of /s/ ....................................13 3.3.7 r-peculiarities ...........................................13 3.3.8 Affricates ..............................................13 3.3.9 Foreign sounds ..........................................13 3.3.10 The Glottal Stop ///......................................14 4 Vowels ............................................................14 5 The German vowels ..................................................15 5.1 Vowel length