Religion and the Early Modern State: Views from China, Russia, and the West Edited by James D

Cambridge University Press 0521828252 - Religion and the Early Modern State: Views from China, Russia, and the West Edited by James D. Tracy and Marguerite Ragnow Index More information

Index

Abbot, George, Calvinist archbishop of alternative moral universe, 17, 121, 149 Canterbury (1611–33), 210–11, 215, heterodox tradition of, 17–18 217 Amitabha Buddha, 20, 21, 25–30, 48, 142, as bishop of London (1609–11), 210 152 accommodation, religious, 6, 16, 142, 149, and Eternal Mother, 29 151, 153, 157, 167–70 as Eternal Venerable Parent, 21, 25 process of, 4, 122, 123, 149 incarnated as Patriarch of Wuji, 29 acculturation, 4 Amsterdam, 82, 91, 93, 223 thesis of, 95 orthodox tradition of, 92 admonitions, 288–9, 300 Anabapism, Anabaptists, 159, 228, 301 and the ecclesiastical ordinance of 1580, anathema(s), 67, 211, 310 288–9 ancestor worship, 39–40, 125 see also preaching; sermons Andrewes, Lancelot (1555–1626), bishop Adrian, patriarch of Muscovy (1690–1700), of Winchester, 211, 212, 231 255 dean of the Chapel Royal, 216 adultery, 189, 194, 195, 313–14 angels, 338 Afanasii, archbishop of Kholmogory, nine orders of, 337 260 Anna, empress of Russia (1730–40), 261, Agnes, St., 372 262, 270, 271 church at Cardinham, Cornwall, 365 Anna of Kashin(skaia), popular cult of, 70, patron of Cawston parish, Norwich, 277 331, 335 anti-Semitism guild dedicated to, 331 in Muscovy, 182 Aleksei Mikhailovich (1629–76), tsar of in Ukraine, 182 Muscovy, 6, 55, 58, 60, 62–6, 70–1, see also Jews 155, 172, 178–9, 180, 181, 184, 255, Antichrist, 71, 74, 78, 189, 223, 255 256, 277 Antony parish, Cornwall, 356, 366 Alexander, bishop of Viatka, 66, 67 wells at, 355 alms, 171, 174, 327, 330, 332, 344 apocalypse, 44–5, 68, 69, 255 see also charity prophesies of, 67 altars, 57, 104, 106–8, 112, 117, 124, 125, visions of, 44 133–4, 136, 138–9, 217, 229, 240, 267, see also kalpic change, disaster(s) 275, 290, 292–3, 326, 328, 329, 330, apostasy, 63, 73–4, 262 332, 333, 335–6, 341–2, 352, 358, 360, apostles, 335–6, 338, 367 361, 363 appropriation, 97, 100, 300–1 chantry, 333, 342 of liturgy, 298–9 guild, 328, 329, 330–1, 341–2, 356 narrative of, 96–7 household, 143 of religious sites, 132 open-air, 125, 133 of ritual, 297, 300

387

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521828252 - Religion and the Early Modern State: Views from China, Russia, and the West Edited by James D. Tracy and Marguerite Ragnow Index More information

388 Index

Archangel, diocese of, and unattested religious, 37, 159, 160 relics, 271, 277–8 religiously legitimated, 76, 78, 92, 174 Arminians, 178, 211, 219, 234 sacral, 285 Arminianism, 216, 230 state, 36 and controversy, 211 of tradition, 296 and heresy, 221 auto-da-f´e,303 Arminius, James (Jacob) (1560–1609), auto sacramental, 303–4 Dutch Remonstrant theologian, Avalokitesvara, see Guanyin 211, 235 Avraamii, 67, 69 arms, coats of, 355 “Secure Shield of Faith,” 66 of gentry, 325–6, 357 Avvakum, member of the Zealots of Piety, royal, 113 55, 60–1, 64, 74–6 see also proper names dean of Iurevets cathedral, 61 Arsenii, archbishop of Pereiaslavl’, 278, “Life” of, 60–1, 64, 66, 67 281 parish priest of Lapatitsy, 60–1 author of 1744 decree, 271, 278 and V.P. Sheremetev, 60–1 assemblies, Chinese sectarian, see proper and riot, 61 names Azure Sun (qingyang) Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 292 Assembly (hui), 29 guild of, 328–30, 333 and kalpic progression, 33 Kremlin Cathedral of the, and robe of Christ, 263 Baisajya-guru, see buddha Rzhev Cathedral of the, 276 Bancroft, Richard, bishop of London Smolensk Cathedral of the, 270 (1597–1605), archbishop of authorities Canterbury (1605–10), 210, 233 distinction between political and Bastwick, John, 218, 239, 245, 247 religious, 15 Baoming-Si, 32, 33 ecclesiastical, 3–4, 56, 64–5, 71, 75, 81, 87, and Eternal Mother, 32 92, 93, 101, 111, 187, 192, 195–6, 203, legend of, 31–2 213, 232–4, 236, 242–4, 246, 253, 255, baptism, 7, 73, 76, 82, 111, 158, 189, 221, 258–9, 280, 289, 299, 305, 308, 323, 230, 232, 289, 291, 297–9, 301, 312, 365, 369, 374 361, 363 and record keeping, 196, 204 of converts, 158 poor relief, 87 infant, 83, 298–9, 362 religious, 188, 307 and salvation, 297, 298 secular, 4, 61, 64, 72, 81–3, 85, 89, 92–3, and water, 298–9 123, 134–6, 138, 167, 178, 181, 188, Baxian, see immortals 195, 253, 255–6, 258–9, 264–5, 270, Bazha rites, 136–41 280, 289 cult of, 139–40, 144 distrust of the Church, 93 temples for, 138, 140–1 local, 82, 135–6, 139–41, 144–5, 150, see also spirits, agriculture; Zha rites 152, 186 behavior, 5–6, 15, 40, 57, 59, 60, 77, 107, royal, 360 302 underworld, 128 Christian, 287, 309, 311 authority, xv, 55, 69, 93, 140 clerical, 103, 310 episcopal, 99, 109, 115–16 control of, 3, 56, 57, 103, 112, 187, 196, familial, 50 197, 314, 317 hierarchy of, 36 ethical, 15–16, 188 imperial, 17, 38, 69, 132, 136, 255 group, 80 intellectual, 81 ideal, 15 monarchical, 50, 115, 177 inﬂuenced by words and symbols, monastic, 77 303–5 moral, 47 moral or social, 7, 16, 48, 56, 60, 197, 310, orthodox, 43, 48 311, 316–17 patriarchal, 36, 40 and psychology of denunciation, 309, political, 14, 157, 175, 178 311

Index 389

religiously sanctioned, 16 Eastern Peak, 128, 133, 142, 145, restructure of, 304 152 ritual, 15, 80, 117, 284, 300, 364 temples of, 143 public, 111 as wife of the God of the Eastern Ocean, sinful, 58, 310 143 suspicious, 71 blasphemy, 188, 262, 264, 304, 311, 312, Beijing, 32, 124, 133–4, 138, 140 314, 317, 322 Being, 23, 27 Maureen Flynn on, 304 see also Non-being bodhisattvas, 42, 142 Bekker, Balthasar (1634–98), critic of see also Guanyin; Ksitigarbha demonology, 93 bodies, 282 dismissal by Reformed Synod (1692), characterization as relics (moshchi), 93 271 Belarus, 158, 161, 173–4, 176, 180, 183 and saints, 278 belief, 3, 5–7, 15–16, 38, 50, 100, 107, 109, uncorrupted, 257, 259, 282 117, 301, 311, 315, 317, 351, 357, 371 “unattested dead,” 254, 270–1, 282 articulation of, 116, 304 Bodmin, Cornwall, 356 Catholic, 2, 7, 340, 351 Augustinian priory, 353 concept of, 80–4, 88, 93–5, 101, 117 church at, 363 continuity of, 317 friary at, 353 control of, 71, 302 Scarlet’s Well, 369, 375 folk or popular, 2–8, 52, 54–5, 59, 79, 87, shrine of St. Petroc, 353 93, 128, 141, 295, 324 Body of Christ, 298–9 influenced by policy, 118 unity of, 67 influenced by ritual practice, 99–100, Bogdanov, Sila, 64–5, 70 106–7 Boleyn medieval, 302 Anne, 325, 337–8, 343 orthodox, 48 Geoffrey, 332 signified by actions, 100, 304–5 Godfrey, 325 and state, 84 James, 337, 343 believers, 9, 97, 178 Simon, 333–4 categories of, 85–8 see also Salle, Norfolk Catholic, 86 Book of Common Prayer (1549), 102–5, Christian, 256, 258, 307 117, 221, 224, 227, 231–2, 360, 361–2, communities of, 85, 276 364, 365 Orthodox, 53, 56, 62, 76, 269 and communion bread, 110, 111 Reformed, 89, 159 required purchase of, 102, 113 sectarian, 39 see also revolts Eternal Mother, 32, 37, 43–5, 50 Book of Sports, 215, 216, 226–8 Pure Land, 21 books, 76, 113, 172, 333–4 true, 178 liturgical, 73 see also Catholics; non-believers; Mass, 108 Orthodox; Protestants morality, 48 Bell, Catherine, 100, 296 prayer or service, 6, 56–7, 63, 65, 69, bequests, 107, 243, 320, 326–7, 330–4 102–4, 116, 305, 342, 357 see also wills Latin “Sarum,” 361, 363–4 betrothal, 191–2, 193 prohibited, 107 promises, 191–3 schism of (knizhnoi raskol), 68 see also marriage, vows see also hymns; psalters Beza, Theodore (1519–1605), 191, 194 Boriatinskaia, Ioanna, princess of biaoming (substituting names), 45 Muscovy, nun of Voznesenskii Bible, 67, 287–8, 368 convent, 266–7 English, 102, 113, 340, 359, 361, 363, 374 Borlase, William, 373 use by Calvinists, 85, 201 Observations on the Antiquities... Bixia Yuanjun, Princess of the Azure Cornwall, 371 Clouds, daughter of the God of the The Natural History of Cornwall, 371

390 Index

Brest, 168, 183 Calvin, John (1509–64), 191, 194, 312 archimandrite of, 171 Calvinism, 83–4, 88–9, 95, 97, 187, 211, 300 see also Union of Brest Calvinists, 159, 201, 204, 298 Brigg, Thomas, 328–9, 332 and moral order, 186–7 and his son John, 329 conformist, 236 Brookes, James, Marian bishop of Dutch, 8, 84–5 Gloucester, 108 conflict with Libertines, 88 Brosse, Salomon de, 202 as defenders of theocracy, 88 brotherhood, see confraternities as progressive believers, 88 Brough, William, parson of St. Michael, Puritan, 210, 225, 234 Cornhill, 229–30 see also Dutch Reformed Church; Brown, Richard, of Cawston, 331, 336 Huguenots; Puritans Brownists, 218 Cambridge, 235, 237–9 Bucer, Martin (1491–1551), 194, 298 Christ’s College, 210, 345 Buchelius, Arnoldus, 83 Lady Margaret Professors, 235 Buckeridge, John (1564–1630), bishop of canon law, 256, 258 Rochester, 211 and divorce, 194 Buddha, 26, 34, 143 canonization, 70, 259, 279, 280, 282 Dipamkara, 29 procedures, 258–9, 278 of Medicine (Baisajya-guru), 30 standards for, 258 Pujing, 42 canons, 65, 71 see also buddhas; proper names of 1604, 209, 210, 226, 227, 231, 233 buddhas, 24, 25, 27–9, 35, 37, 41, 42 and subscription to the articles, 210, Buddhism, Buddhists, 6, 14, 16, 22, 122, 224, 230, 233 123, 125–6, 129–30, 142, 145, 149, Canterbury, 98 150–2 archbishop of, 1, 99, 217–18 and clerical autonomy, 17 diocese of, 217, 220 importation to China, 16 see also proper names Mahayana, 146, 152 Carew, Richard, Survey of Cornwall, 366, offices of, 126 367, 368–70 registries of, 144 as Prostestant, 366–7 buildings, church, 64, 82, 111, 172, 325–6, Carey, Valentine, bishop of Exeter 328, 347, 352–3, 361, 365, 374 (1621–26), 211 and furnishings, 104, 357, 360–1, 365, carnival, 59–60, 79, 188, 285, 317 374 Castile, 320–1 and seating, 114, 221, 287, 290–1, 342, Castres, Reformed community at, 185, 202 346, 362–5, 374 cataclysm, see apocaplypse; kalpic change and windows, 104, 329, 336, 342, 355, catechism, 116, 196–7, 231, 299, 304, 308 365, 374 instruction, 188–7, 305–6, 363 communal, 359 in Latin, 305–6 public status of, 82, 84 lessons, 187–8, 196, 309 Bullinger, Heinrich, 98, 100 Catesby, George, 239–40 Burgess, Dr. Cornelius, 234, 236 cathedrals, xvi, xvii Burton, Henry, 218, 221, 239, 245, 247 see also church(es); and proper names Byzantine Empire, Byzantium, 174, 177, Catherine I, empress of Russia (1725–27), 257 261–2 emperor, 173 Catholic Church, 85, 87, 94, 159, 160, 162, 173, 175, 193, 194, 256, 258, 291, 294, Cáceres, 316 296, 334–5, 371 calendar, 358, 375 as community of believers, 85 alternative, 46, 48 continuity of local organization, 87 ecclesiastical, 367, 373 Fathers of, 336, 339 ritual, 59, 138 French absolutist state, 187, 201 set by Book of Common Prayer, 367, 373 policy of self-correction, 322–3 see also Zhou dynasty provider of instrumental ritual, 84

Index 391

medieval, 81, 192–1 chancels, 114, 222, 331–2, 335, 337, 346, idolatrous practices of, 186 362, 365 non-public character of, 87 chant, 25, 35, 40, 244 pastoral strategy of, 86 mnogoglasie,57 pope of, 63, 214–15 chantries, 338, 341, 360 rites of, 219 private or family, 320, 333, 342 strategies for recuperating members, 87 chapels, chapelries, 8, 189, 268, 326, 328, Tridentine, 307 330–1, 334, 353, 354, 356, 358–60, Uniate, 161, 175 363, 366 Visigothic, 318 as cult centers, 354 whore of Babylon, 215 family, 8, 329, 333, 337, 357 Catholicism, 8, 54, 62, 83, 86–7, 94, 106, chantry-, 325, 331, 342 156, 164, 166, 173, 176, 217, 262, and guild, 8, 329, 331–3 286–7, 300, 335 parish, 352, 353, 354, 356, 362 contaminating contact with, 188–90, 203 side, 104, 107, 290, 325 conversion to, 160, 167, 174–5, 190, 191, charity, 312, 347, 351, 358 256 Charles I, king of England (1625–49), 7, Dutch, 87, 97 217 Marian Restoration of, 108, 112, 115–17, Declaration of 1628, 220–1 360 ecclesiastical policies of, 216–17, 219, medieval, 297 241, 243 popular religion as strategy of, 94 marriage to Spanish Infanta, 212–14 state-supported, 159 Chauncy, Charles, vicar of Ware, see also Counter-Reformation Hertfordshire, 232–3, 244 Catholics, 56, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 108, Chelmsford, 219, 237 159, 160, 164, 173–4, 177–8, 181, 190, Chernigov, diocese of, 276 198, 200–1, 215, 304–5, 308, 312 Bishop Amvrosii of, 276, 277 confessional consciousness of, 164 Cathedral of Sts. Boris and Gleb, 277 conservative believers, 88 Cheyney, Richard, bishop of Gloucester, decline of population in, 84–5 108–10, 115–16 expulsion of, 177 and Edmund Campion, 108 Latin-rite, 162, 166, 170–1, 178 China, 5, 8, 9, 14–17, 34, 41, 43, 44, 49, 128, moderate, 90 130, 133, 136, 141, 143–4, 149, 152–3 slaughter of, 154 empire, as church, 123 split with Utraquists, 157 Five Dynasties period (907–60), 131 Uniate, 160, 162–5, 167, 170, 176–7, 256 imperial government of, 5, 122, 126, 132, Caves monastery (Kiev), 164–5, 167, 263 139–41, 150, 152 Cawston, Norfolk, 326, 331, 338 indigenous traditions of, 14 church of, 326–8, 331 Wei dynasty, 139 roodscreen, 335–6 see also individual dynasties; specific parish of, 326–8, 337, 344 place names guilds, 331 chrism, 111, 285 rector, 346 Christianity, 8, 74, 186, 203, 257 Cecil, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Eastern, 5, 62, 157, 183 secretary of state to Queen evolution of, 94 Elizabeth I and King James I Reformed, 201 (1596–1608), 209 Western, 5, 157, 160, 183 Cévennes mountains Church, 65, 69, 80–1, 83, 84, 87, 89, 93–4, church at Bédarieux,192 97, 159, 289, 300–1, 352, 354 church of Saint-Jean-du-Gard, 197–8 control by state, 93 Protestant villages at, 185, 189 Latin doctors of, 335 chambres de l’Edit´ , 198–200 official, 6, 87, 300 see also Edict of Nantes organization, 54, 81, 85, 87 Chan School, 22 primitive or early, 186, 296 see also Huineng public, 81–4, 87–9, 95–6

392 Index

Church (cont.) Protestant, 287, 289, 290–1, 294, 298, 300 public service organization, 93 Arminian, 219, 223, 233–4 as model, 89 Calvinist, 234, 301 state, 54–5, 69, 72, 74, 82, 88–90, 93, 109, Lutheran, 298–9 168, 177, 180, 300 Puritan, 208, 219, 225, 233–4, 236, 238, “true,” 99; see also religion 240–1, 248 see also proper names regular church(es), 58, 73, 87, 89, 104, 112, 290, 300, Jesuit domination of, 87 332, 358–60, 363, 366, 372 rejection of, 68, 69 Calvinist, 300 Russian Orthodox, 64–6, 68–9, 71, 158, destruction of, 3 161, 166, 168, 169, 170–2, 177, 179, forced attendance, 287, 374 180, 256, 257, 261–2, 266, 279 Huguenot, 185 Catholic-oriented, 261 Orthodox, 62, 257, 258 Protestant-oriented, 261–2, 280 parish or local, 8, 105, 112, 188, 193, 239, Ukrainian, 180, 182, 256, 261 258, 276, 281, 285, 292, 342, 352–9, social status of, 130 361–2, 367, 372 vestments of, 98, 103, 105, 107, 111, 113, patronage of, 326, 336, 351, 357 116–17, 221, 223, 226, 232, 239, 247, Reformed, 89, 95, 189, 301 293, 299, 330, 333, 334, 344, 346 Russian, 160, 168, 182, 257, 269 see also ministers; priests see also cathedrals; courts; specific places clericalism, 95, 291 church-ales, 8, 300, 328, 367–9 Clerk(e), Samuel, 222, 244–5, 248 Church of England, 1, 101, 105, 110, 218, coexistence, religious, 96, 183, 189, 198, 221–2, 225, 231–2, 234, 237, 240, 246, 203, 204 249, 362 cofrad´ıa, see confraternities and break with Rome, xvi Collins, Samuel, minister at Braintree, 237, and Puritan threat, 208, 210 238, 247 Faculty Office, 339 communion, 71, 87, 88, 103, 112–14, 195, Jacobian, 210–11, 214 196, 221, 228, 232, 239, 287–8, 292, persecution by “Puritan Faction,” 207 300, 301, 305, 307–8, 360, 364–5, 374 policies of, 99, 101, 107, 109, 110–11, admission tokens (mereaux´ ), 196, 204 115–17 bread or Host, 64, 110–11, 299–300, 330, rites of, 212, 227 361 Thirty-nine Articles of 1563, 226 cup, 111, 113 churchwardens, 226–30, 245, 248, 341, 356, Easter, 111, 307, 361 359, 360, 374 healing, 300 accounts, 341, 355–6, 361, 363 service, 188, 205, 362–5 office-holding, 341 table, 103–4, 106–7, 113–14, 117, 217, status, 84 221–2, 229, 248, 293, 299, clergy, xvi, xvii, 6–7, 87, 99, 102, 128–9, 131, 360 149–50, 207, 222, 240, 249, 264, 290, see also Eucharist 295, 322, 353, 358, 359, 361–4, 374 communities, 5, 52–3, 90, 97, 126, 184 Buddhist, 123, 126–8, 130, 134–6, 144, Calvinist, 90 150, 152 Old Believer, 6, 68, 69, 73, 75–8 cathedral, xvi as textual community, 76 conformist, 238 parish, 8, 99, 101, 337, 341 Daoist, 123, 126–8, 130, 133–6, 150, 152 Protestant, 90 education of, 166–7, 256, 263, 294–5 Puritan, 233 family, 333 Reformed, 84 guild, 333–4, 343 secular clerical, 353 mendicant, 322 see also parish; Old Believers nonconformist, 210–11, 221 community Orthodox, 57, 62, 78, 178–9, 181 civic, 83 parochial or local, 57, 99–100, 103–5, conceptions of, 5, 9, 56, 122, 204 208, 226, 258–9, 267–8, 276, 280–1, moral, 186 294, 330, 332–3, 335, 353, 356, 362 national, 91–2, 96

Index 393

people of God, 8, 362 Constantinople, 3, 159, 172, 174 religious, 39, 162, 173, 191 fall of, 159, 173 saints, 186 patriarch of, 64, 161, 163 conception, 315–17, 322 convents, 50, 77, 126, 151 concupiscence, 312–13 see also proper names conduct, see behavior conventicles, 97, 112, 218, 238 confession(s), religious, 4, 82, 84–5, 96, 157, conversion, 160, 313 162 Catholicism, 161, 190–1, 256 and conformity, 303 Kyivan Rus’, 158, 180 and identity, 187, 191, 205 medieval, 302, 336 Reformed, 84 pastorate, 293 variety of, 89 sectarianism, 45 see also coexistence; faith Conway, Sir Edward, secretary of state to confession, sacrament of, 264, 304, 307–9, James I (1623–25), 214 311–12, 314, 321–2, 358, 364, 365 Cornwall, 2, 8, 351–2, 354, 360, 370, 372, annual, 71, 305, 307–8, 358 374 certificates of, 308 Hanoverian, 372–3 educational value of, 308 medieval, 352, 353 Fr. Hernando de Talavera, 309 parishes of, 352, 354 Mart´ınPérez de Ayala, 308 post-Reformation, 363, 365–74 penance, 307 pre-Reformation, 351, 354, 356, 358–9 sanctity of, 77 Tudor, 353, 356, 359, 360, 361–2 San Juan de Ribera, 308 Corpus Christi confessionalism, 79, 89, 173 feast of, 355, 370 Catholic, 176 processions, 285 confessionalization, 4–5, 9, 53, 62, 65, 89, Correr, Angelo (Anzolo), Venetian 95, 187, 298 ambassador to England, 217–19 model, 187 cosmogony, tripartite, 123 Olav Mörke,95 systems of, 124 conformity, cultural, 83 cosmology, 30, 124, 127, 152 sexual, 312, 314 Daoist, 145 conformity, religious, 6, 48, 107–8, 113, Cossacks, 6, 162–3, 165, 168–71, 178, 181, 115–17, 150, 193, 221, 225, 232, 233, 183 238, 242, 247–9, 255–6, 295, 303–4, Zaporozhian, 165, 169, 177 308, 323, 342 council, municipal or town, 84, 90, 201 enforcement of, 99, 100–2, 109, 209, 233, councils, Church, 58, 70, 263 240, 248, 302, 305, 323 Russian (1667), 66–7, 71, 255 lack of, 110 Braga (561), 318 see also nonconformity Coyanza (1055), 318–19 confraternities, 162, 165, 171, 175, 311–12, Florence (1438–45), 63, 173 320–1 Toledo (6th cen.), 318 lay, 190, 305 Toledo (1565), 311 of the Sant´ısimoNombre de Jesus, Trent (1545–63), 173, 193, 305, 308–9 311 Counter-Reformation, 3, 6, 9, 87, 159, 163, Confucius, Confucianism, 6, 14, 16, 136, 169, 180, 190, 302–4, 307, 309, 311, 141 317, 320, 322–3 consistory, consistories, 187, 295 as “backward” movement, 323 archives and records, 272, 297 international strategy, 87 censureship of sinners, 195–6 see also Catholicism elders, 83, 194, 196–7, 205 Court of High Commission, 222–5, 228, Huguenot, 185, 188–90, 192, 194–5, 197, 231–2, 239–40, 244 203 courts Orthodox, 272, 276 church or ecclesiastical, 110, 208, 226, “political commissioners” at, 93 230, 238, 244 Reformed, 85, 188 civil, 311 Utrecht, 83 consistory, 109

394 Index

courts (cont.) Dashi, Bodhisattva, 142, 152 high, of Paris, 199 Davenant, John, bishop of Salisbury high, of Rouen, 199 (1621–41), 235 manorial, 334 Davenport, John, 234–5 Covenanters, Scots, 223–4, 242, 248 Day, St., chapel, 367 and first Bishops’ War (1639), 224 Trinity shrine, 354, 357, 367 rebellion of, 222 dazha, 136, 137 Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556), archbishop and Yiqi, 138 of Canterbury, 1, 98, 365 decapitation, 38, 50 Creator, 26 decrees, and religious practice, 85, 260 Eternal Unbegotten (wusheng), 24–6 imperial, 58–9, 60, 138, 264 labeled by Luo Qing, 24 of 1684, 72 see also jiaxiang; niang; nonbeing synodal, 71, 271 creed(s), of 1722, 77, 269 Apostle’s, 112, 306, 308, 335, 364–5, 367 of 1737, 270–3, 281 Nicene, 64 of 1739, 271 Cromwell, Thomas (1489–1540), xv, xvi, 1, of 1744, 271–3, 278, 281 370 deity, deities, traditional, 16, 24, 41–2, cross, 73, 85, 105, 111, 113 123–5, 127–31, 136, 141–2, 146, as crucifix, 108, 113, 215, 287, 292, 299 148–51, 286, 296 palm, 367 celestial, 125 sign of the, 8, 63–4, 67, 69, 232 communal, local tutelary (tudi), 125, stone, 355 127–8, 137, 147 style of, 64 Daoist, 48, 145 true, 335 local, 126–7 Cuenca, diocese of, 308, 310–12, 317, 319, terrestrial, 125, 132–3 321 see also gods, spirits episcopal visitation of, 311 Denisov Inquisition, 306, 308, 314 Andrei, 75, 77 cults, 127, 147, 151–2, 323, 356, 362, 372 Semen, 75, 77 agricultural, 137, 138; see also Bazha Vinograd rossiikii,76 authentification and documentation of, Devon, 351, 356, 361, 372 274, 277–82; see also decrees, of devotion 1744; Holy Synod forms of, 56, 87 communal, 129 personal, 321, 357–9, 361 Daoist, 132 popular, 69, 278, 367 domestic, 147 D’Ewes, Simon, 213, 236 miracle, 69–70, 263, 265–71, 274–9, 281 Diet, see Polish-Lithuanian of death, 317 Commonwealth of traditional deities, 124–5, 131–2, 151–2 discipline, 7, 40, 54, 71, 78, 87, 100, 109, official, 132, 144, 147, 148, 150, 312 191, 300–1, 374 popular, 69, 70, 131–6, 139, 141–6, 149, ecclesiastical, 88, 187–8, 194, 209–10, 211, 232, 257–9, 276, 279, 280–3, 352–4, 233–4, 238–9, 255, 291 358 monastic, 126 see also ancestor worship; Eternal penitential, 187 Mother; immortals; icons; saints social or moral, 187–8, 197, 205, 286, 288, Culverwell, Ezechial, 210, 234, 243 302; see also social control; moral(s) curate, see clergy control see also minister; priest vozderzhanie,57 Discipline of the Reformed Churches of dances, dancing, 112, 189–90, 197, 290, 300, France, 192 327, 328, 332, 341, 375 see also National Synod Daoism, Daoists, 6, 14, 16, 17, 122–3, dissent, religious, 52–3, 55, 65, 70–2, 261, 125–6, 129–30, 146, 149, 150–1, 153 300 registries of, 126, 134 see also revolt Three Agents of, 145 dissenters, 74–5, 82–3, 121

Index 395

divines, see clergy, Lutheran East Mahayana Sect (Dong dacheng jiao), divorce, 194–5 33–4 and right to remarry, 194–5, 310 see also Incense-Smelling Sect Dobrynin, Nikita (“Pustosviat”), 66–7, Easter, 104, 111–12, 190, 248, 307–8, 317, 72 338, 361, 365, 367 doctrine, 4, 9, 16, 17, 30, 127, 132, 220–1, and Arminian controversy, 212 234, 245, 247, 256, 312 Eastern Peak, spirit or God of, 127–8, 132, Arminian, 223 133, 142, 151–2 Buddhist, 125 birthday of, 133–4, 136 Catholic, 7, 215, 286, 304–5, 320, 322, 344 see also Dongyue; Taishan; temples Chinese sectarian, 33, 37 Ecclesia purior,89 Confucian, 14 see also elect Daoist, 14, 125, 130 Ecclesiastical College, see Holy Synod eschatological, 17 Edict of Nantes (1598), 197–205 false, 226 revocation of (1685), 7, 191, 197, 200, liturgical, 288 202, 205 Protestant, 294 Edict of Visitation, 309–10 Reformed, 208 Edward VI (1547–53), king of England, 101, seditious, 213, 229 106–7, 115, 117, 341, 343–4, 358 see also lijiao commissioners of, 344 dogma, 173, 304, 320 religious policies of, 101–2, 344, 359, 361 donations, pious, 264, 344 Egerton, Stephen, 233, 243 Dongyue, 127, 136, 144 elect, religious, 30, 38, 43–5 temples of, 134–6 huangtai zi, 30, 45 see also Eastern Peak, Taishan election to, 44–8, 204 Downham (Downame), John, 234, 236 Reformed community of, 84 Dragon Flower (longhua) youyuan ren, 30, 45 Assembly (hui), 32, 34, 45 see also Ecclesia purior Vegetarian Assembly (Longhua zhaihui), elites 35 ecclesiastical, 52, 54, 65–7, 75, 130, dramas, plays, 124, 303, 358, 367 256–7, 297, 323–4, 337 gwary or miracle, 368 lay or social, 3, 4, 87, 93, 172–3, 199, 202, “The Creation of the World,” 368 243, 245, 254–6, 300, 320, 324, 331, vetus comedia, 368 337, 369 see also auto sacramental ruling, 78, 151 Drutskii-Sokolinskii, Prince, 269 Elizabeth I (1533–1603), queen of England, Duck, Dr. Arthur, 231, 237–8, 247 xvi, 108–9, 111, 114–17, 345, 360, 366 Duffy, Eamon, 2, 5, 7, 65 and Sir James Boleyn, 343 The Stripping of the Altars,2 religious policies of, 3, 110–11, 115, 118, dui hetong (verifying contracts), 30, 35, 45 240–1, 360–1 Durham, 220 Elton, Geoffrey, xv, xvi, 1 cathedral, 244 and Sir John Neale, xv diocese of, 225 Elyot, Thomas, xv prebendaries at, 244 Book named the governor,xv Dutch Reformed Church, 6, 81–2, 86, 89, emperors of China, 37, 48, 130–2, 135, 139 92–3, 96 Daoguang (1821–51), categories of believers, 87 dual roles, 15, 17, 48, 123, 125, 136 liefhebbers,87 pontiﬁx maximus,14 see also Calvinists, Dutch Son of Heaven, 48, 129 Dutch Republic, 4, 9, 82, 89–92, 94, 96 supporters of Daoism, 14, 133 Dutch Revolt, 89, 90, 92, 154, 156 see proper names; speciﬁc dynasties emperors of Chinese mythology, 124 Earth, 22, 25–6, 46, 130, 132, 135 four cardinal directions (Sidi), 142, 145, August Spirit of (Huang diqi), 133–4 151 cosmic mother, 123–5 Haotian shangdi (Exalted Emperor of Houtu, 124 August Heaven), 124, 129, 132

396 Index

Emptiness, 22–3 Evfrosin, 73, 75–6 True (zhenkong), 22–5, 27, 35, 40 excommunication, 187, 195–6, 204, 310 Lao zhenkong,23 Exeter, diocese of, 224, 233–4, 352 Xiaoshi zhenkong saoxin baozhuan,40 Joseph Hall (1574–1656), bishop, 370 Vacuous (xukong), 22, 24 exorcism, 85–6, 126–7 End Time, 62, 67, 74 baptism, 298–9 see also apocalypse gender-specific, 291 England, xvii, 1, 2, 5, 7–8, 54, 65, 98–9, 103, Eyewitness Chronicler, 156, 183 106, 108, 115, 158, 208, 219–20, 233, 324, 336, 341, 351, 353–5, 372 faith, 7, 26, 59, 72, 96, 99, 157–8, 160, 174–6, Hanoverian, 352, 373 184, 304, 321, 323 immigration from, 219 Articles of, 306, 308 Protestant or Reformation, 3, 101, 117 declarations of, 99, 117, 303–5 Puritan Revolution, 255 ecclesiastic control, 86, 106 Stuart, 352 lay, 254 Tudor, xvii, 325, 332, 343, 351, 352, 359 symbols of, 302 Edwardian, 101, 102, 106, 358, 359 true, 64, 67 Marian, 344 see also belief Tudor-Stuart, 2 Fan Hen, Yunjian jumu chao,39 entertainments, entertainers, 64, 70 fasts, fasting, 68, 82 folk (skomorokhi), 58–60 feasts, feast days, festivals, 59, 64, 127, impious, 58–9 136–7, 140–1, 152, 300, 319, 328, 331, Epifanii 356, 358–9, 367–8, 372–3, 375 “Life,” 66–7 Catholic, 189 Erasmus, 83 Ascension, 58 Paraphrases,113 Feast of the Circumcision, 312 Erlang, 31, 33 graveside, 318; see also ofrenda Erlang baozhuan, 31–2 Qingming, of sweeping the graves, 136 eschatology, 29, 30, 43, 47, 49 votive, 188–9 see also apocalypse; salvation see also dazha; La; practices; saints Essex, 210, 219–20, 230, 233, 235, 237, 247 Feoffees for Impropriations, 241–3 Eternal Venerable Mother (Wusheng Filipovich, Afanasii, heguman, 167–8 laomu), 9, 17–19, 21, 25, 27–30, 32–3, Filippov, Ivan, History,76 35, 40–5, 48, 149, 153 Fincham, Kenneth, 216, 227 chant (zhenkong jiaxiang, wusheng laomu), fiskaly, 255, 265, 270 35, 40 Five Sacred Mountains, cult of, 132–3 myth, 18–19, 26, 30–1, 35, 49 fornication, 189, 192, 313–14 religion or belief, 6, 18–19, 24, 32–7, 41, bludnia,61 43, 49, 51 see also sex see also believers; sectarianism Fountaine, John, 327 Eternal Venerable Parent (Wusheng fumu), and wives, 326 21, 25–7 will of (1453), 326–7 and the Amitabha Buddha, 21, 25 Foxley, Thomas, 222, 234 Eucharist, 56, 103, 105, 291–2, 297, 300 France, 7, 54, 94–5, 154–5, 158, 185, 190, and supernatural authority, 299 192, 194–5, 201–2, 205 see also communion bipartisan efforts of monarchy, 200–1 Europe, 9, 52–4, 56, 59, 62, 88, 94, 154–5, minority Calvinist community, 186 175, 187, 199, 255, 257, 296, 302, 352, state-building and confessional identity, 353 187 absolutist, 255 freedom orthodoxy as prerequisite for association, 90 heterodoxy in, 17 concept of, 90 Everard, John, lecturer, St. Martin in the conscience, 89, 96, 175 Fields, 213, 231–2, 236 discussion, 90 Evfimov, Vasilii, visions of, 264, 268 political, 90

Index 397

superstition, 99 domestic stove, 127 worship, 204 see also deities; spirits; and proper names see also toleration Gongyang Commentary (on Spring and friaries, 353, 362 Autumn Annals), 135 Friesland, 83 Gospel(s), 103, 229, 248, 258, 287, 363, 365 funerals, 39, 288–9, 332, 356, 358, 363 falsifications of propriety of, 284 Grindal, Edmund (c. 1519–1583), games, 190, 285, 358, 367 archbishop of Canterbury, 98–9, as signs of moral delinquency, 189, 197 101, 111, 114, 118 Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester guahao (registering one’s name), 30, 35, 45 (1531–51; 1553–55), 345 Guangdong province, 134, 147–8 Gascony, 189–90 see also merchants Huguenot towns, 190 Guanyin, 142–6, 152–3 Gavriil, archbishop of Vologda, 275 Bodhisattva, 41, 48, 142–3, 152 gazetteers, 130, 134–5, 139, 144, 147, 149, incarnation as nun, 31–2 366 temple at Putuo Shan grotto, 142 Jiangnan, 141 Bringer of Children (Songzi), 142, 153 “Manners and Customs” chapters, 141 Goddess of Mercy, 128 Wuxi (Jiangsu), 39 Pure Land cult, 142 Gelderland, province of, 239 Wanli emperor, 144 appropriation of Batavian myth, 92 Guan Y ü,God of Wealth, 142, 151 gender, 327 Gufo tianzhen kaozheng longhua baojing, and status, 291–2 34–5, 42, 44–5 Geneva, 205, 297 guilds, 8, 84, 153, 325–6, 328–33, 341–3, gentry, 152, 334, 339, 342, 354, 356–7, 370 356–8, 360, 362 domination of community or parish life, accounts, 341, 357 324, 328 alms, 332 families, 325–6, 330–1, 333, 346, 366 certificates of 1369, 330 memorials of, 325 membership of, 356–7 Germany, 7, 9, 95, 100, 298 office-holding, 341, 359 Lutheran, 297 salaries for clergy, 330 principalities of, 4 guildhalls, 147, 148 Protestant princes of, 3 Guiyuan, 32 Gloucester, diocese of, 2, 6, 98–9, 101–6, “Five books in six volumes,” 32 109–11, 113, 115, 117 Xiaoshi dacheng baozhuan,32 Bishop John Wakeman (abbot of Tewkesbury Abbey), 102 Haarlem, 83, 90 Bishop’s Cleve parish, 113 courage of burghers at seige of Fairford parish, 116 Damietta, 90 Minchinhampton parish, 106, 114, 116, town council of, 90 224 Habsburgs, 155, 212 and Gilbert Bourne (d. 1569), rector, Hals, William (d. 1737), 371, 373 Marian bishop of Bath and Wells, Han dynasty, 14, 16, 17, 124–5, 132, 137, 106 139 Minsterworth parish, 116 Hanlon, Gregory, 190–1 St. Michael’s parish, 107–8, 116–17 Harley, Sir Robert, knight of the Bath, 245 Tewkesbury parish, 106, 113, 116 Harsnett, Samuel (1561–1631) Robert Erean, curate, 106 bishop of Chicester (1609–19), 211 Woodchester parish, 116 bishop of Norwich, 215 Gloucestershire, 101–2, 108, 113, 224 healing, healers testators of, 107, 117 folk, 58, 60 gods and goddesses, 27, 41, 129–30, 142, miraculous, 265–7, 269, 271, 274, 278, 152 294, 369–71, 373 city (chenghuang zhishen), 127–8 shrines, 86 communal temples, 128 see also saints

398 Index

Heaven, 15, 22, 25–6, 28, 38, 42, 46–9, 125, Holland, province of, 84, 86, 91, 95 130, 132, 135, 175, 257, 337–8, 345 appropriation of Batavian myth, 92 astral court, 124 Holy Communion, see communion Celestial Palace, 46 Holy Synod, 77, 253–4, 261–3, 269, 270–1, cosmic abstraction, 124–5 281 cosmic father, 123–4 and control of relics and miracle cults, Parliament of, 337 263–9, 271–4, 276–82 Prior (xiantian i’qi), 42 Moscow Synodal Ofﬁce, 272 will of, see Tian see also decrees see also Tian Holy Trinity, 157, 289, 354, 356, 367 hegemony guilds of, 326, 328–9, 331, 356 moral, 63 holy water, 285, 294 political, 282 healing properties of, 189 religious, 282 Hooker, Thomas, lecturer at Chelmsford, social, 324 219, 237–8 hegumen, 167 and John Browning, parson of Raworth, Hell, 26, 38, 40, 46, 133, 143 237–8 Kings of, 127, 136 Hooper, John, bishop of Gloucester see also underworld; Yanluo (1551–55), 2, 98–103, 105–12, 115–17 Helston, Cornwall, 356 articles of visitation, 103, 106–7, 111 and Furry Day, 373 episcopal consecration, 98, 102–3 guild of Holy Trinity, 356, 358 views on lay piety, 104–6 founders, 356 views on reform, 98–9, 104, 106, 107 parish church, 356, 373 vision of reformed ritual, 103–4, 118 Henry VIII (1491–1547), king of England, hospodar, 178 xv, xvi, 1, 343, 345, 360 Howson, John, 211–12 religious policies of, 101, 115, 338, 359, bishop of Oxford, 211 361 Huang diqi, see Earth proclamation of 1541, 359 Huang Yubian, 37–8, 40–2, 48–50 Ten Articles of 1536, 341 Poxie xiangbian, 37, 46, 48 see also parliaments; Lehmberg, Stanford Huangji jindan jiulian Hereford, diocese of, 225, 245 zhengxin...baozhuan, 27–31, 34–5 rectory of Treatire and Michaelchurch, Huangtian Sect, see Yellow Heaven 224 Sect heresy, 111, 176, 221, 234, 304, 311 Huguenots, 185, 193, 195, 198–200, 203, 205 Pelagian, 221 assimilation of, 190, 193, 205 sacramental, 345 local majority, 189 Western, 257 minority status of, 186, 188, 190–1, 201, heterodoxy, 13, 16–17, 37–8, 40, 49–50 203–6 hetman, Cossack, 155, 177–8, 181 national ecclesiastical system, 186 hetmanate, Cossack, 156, 172, 180–1, 184 proximity to Catholic society, 189, 203 hierarchs, Orthodox, 56, 160, 162–3, 166–7, relationship with French state, 7, 185, 170, 254–8, 262, 264, 270–3, 276, 186, 188, 194, 204 279–82 St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 185 hierarchy, 337 see also Protestants; Protestantism, ecclesiastical, 6, 55–6, 65–6, 69–72, 74, French; Reformed Church, French 77, 102, 126, 161, 167, 169, 175, 210, Huineng (638–713), sixth patriarch of the 218, 254, 263 Chan School, 22 imperial, 40, 56, 125, 127, 150 Humankind, 122, 125 religious, 127, 143 characterization of, 123 socio-political, 123 relationship with spiritual beings or special, 290–1 forces, 124, 135, 288 see also authorities; leaders Hutton, Matthew, archbishop of York Hill, Christopher, 50 (1595–1606), 209, 211 Holdsworth, Dr. Richard, 234, 236 hymns, 64, 86, 124, 287–8

Index 399

Ianovskii, Feodosii, archbishop of Supreme Council of, 314 Novgorod, ﬁrst vice-president of trials, 310–11 Holy Synod, 261, 264 tribunals, 311, 314 Iarenskie, Ioann, 259, 277–9 Ioakim, patriarch of Muscovy (1674–90), Iarenskie, Loggin, 259, 277–9 70, 275 Iavorskii, Stefan, 261–2, 270 Ioasaf, patriarch of Muscovy (1634–47), as Catholic-oriented, 261–2 57–8, 61 ﬁrst president of the Holy Synod, 261 Islam, 181, 305 Kamen’ viery, 262 Isles of Scilly icons, 64, 69, 73, 257, 263–4, 270, 273, 276, St. Elide chapel, 354, 360 279 Istanbul, see Constantinople Akhtyrka, 278, 280–1 conduits of sacred power, 257 Jade Emperor (Yudi), 41, 127, 143, 145 cults of, 257, 270, 282 James I (1566–1625), king of England, 210, Kazan, 265–7 211, 215–16, 233, 366 miracles, 253–4, 257, 263, 265–6, 269–70, and Arminians, 211–12 278–80, 282 and denunciation of presbyteries, 208 Mother of God and Hampton Court Conference, 208–9 Shelbitsy, 269–70, 279, 281 and marriage of Charles I, 212, 214 Tikhvin, 264 “Directions concerning Preachers,” Vladimir, 265 213–14, 226, 231 Savior at Krasnobor, 267, 268 James, St., 329, 334–5 veneration of, 262–4, 280 guild of, 328–30, 334 iconoclasm, 41, 262, 297, 345, 361, 374 Jenison, Robert, 214 iconography, 129, 131, 337, 363, 365 “A Word in Season,” 235 identity, 180, 184 town preacher at Newcastle, 223–4, 235 confessional, 86, 96, 160, 174, 187, 191, Jerusalem, 178 203, 304, 308 Holy Sepulchre, 178 Dutch, 91, 97 New, 205 family, 344 patriarch of, 161, 178 group, 6 Jesuits, 87, 213, 309 Protestant, 187 expulsion of, 177 idolatry, 114, 222, 240, 248, 264, 360 Jesus, 267, 322 Ilarion, bishop of Riazan’, 68, 71 bowing at name of, 215–17, 224, 230, images, 86, 100, 104, 112, 116, 215, 286, 293, 231, 240 315, 328, 341–2, 356, 358–9, 361–3 cult of the Name of, 312, 338 destruction of, 297, 360, 362, 374 transliteration of, 64 feminine, 105, 131, 292 Jews, 154, 177–8, 182, 207, 228 goddesses, 143 massacre of, 182 gods, 131, 133 toleration of, 157, 161, 182 observation of, 304 see also anti-Semitism ritual artifacts, 297, 330 Jiajing, emperor of China (1522–67), 32, 39 of saints, 85, 104, 113–14, 329, 330–1, 352, Jiangnan, 141, 146 354 Director-general of Grand Canal, 148 immortals, Daoist (xian), 27–8, 35, 41, 132, jiaxiang (native place), 19, 20, 24–5, 27, 40 144, 146, 149, 153 Jin dynasty, 138–9 Imperial Heaven Sect (Huangtian dao), see jiugan shibazhi (nine poles and eighteen Yellow Heaven Sect branches), 30, 34 Incense-smelling Sect (Wenxiang jiao), Jiuju zhongxiao yaowang baozhuan,42 33 Journey to the West,31 see also East Mahayana Sect Juan de Avila (1499–1569), Second indulgences, 312, 358 Memorial to the Council of Trent, Inquisition, 303, 306, 312–13 305, 311 edicts, 310–11, 314 Juxon, William, bishop of London records of, 306, 308 (1633–49), 222, 238

400 Index

kalpa (jie), 26, 29, 34, 43, 45, 47 Laozi, 48 age of Huangji,29 Daodejing,23 age of Taiji,29 Last Judgment, 306, 320 age of Wuji,29 Latin rite, see Catholic Church; Catholics see also Non-being Laud, William, archbishop of Canterbury kalpic change, 28, 30, 44, 47 (1633–45), 216–20, 229–30, 232, 239, disaster(s) resulting from (yingjie), 33, 241–3, 245–8 35, 43, 44, 46–7 appointment as bishop of St. David’s, stages of, 33–4, 43–4 211, 216 Kapiton, 68 bishop of London (1628–33), 219, 222, disciples of, 68–9 230–1, 236–8, 247 Kapitonovshchina,69 dean of Chapel Royal and privy see also movements counselor, 216 Kaplan, Benjamin, 88, 89 Feoffees for Impropriations, 241 Karelia, 73, 75 Pope of England, 218 Keretskii, St. Varlaam, 268–9 Launceston, Cornwall Keyne, St., 369 Augustinian priory, 353 khan, khanate, of Crimea, 155, 178–9 castle, 367 Khmel’nyts’ki, Bohdan, Cossack hetman, leaders, leadership 155, 169–70, 172, 177–9, 181 confessional, 59, 285 Illustrissime Princeps, 178 ecclesiastical, 6, 52–5, 57–8, 62, 67, 69, 71, Ottomans, 170, 171 100, 108–9, 170, 175, 208, 211, 287 Tatars, 155, 169, 170, 178–9, 181 parish, 6–8, 99–101, 106–7 uprising of 1648, 154–8, 161, 164–5, resistance to reforms, 107, 113 168–73, 177–8, 181–4 political, 62 Kiev (Kyiv), 158–60, 162–3, 165–6, 172–4, religious, 75–8, 173, 256 177–8 see also authorities; hierarchy metropolitan, and see of, 163, 169, Lehmberg, Stanford, xv–xvii 173–4, 180 and Book named the Governor,xv palatine of, 175 Cathedrals Under Siege, xvi synod of (1629), 165 The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, Kiev (Kyiv) Academy, 177, 270 xvi, 1 Kirchmeyer, Thomas, Pammachius, 345 The Reformation of Cathedrals, xvi klikushki (hysterical women), 253, 265–6, The Reformation Parliament, xvi, 1 270 Leland, John, 360 see also women Lenin, Vladimir Ilich Kosiv, Sylvester, metropolitan of Kiev, and relics, 282–3 169–72, 178 Lent, 58, 60, 64, 78, 190, 264, 267, 307, Kozma [Koz’ma] Iakhrinskii, St., founder 315–17, 345, 358 of Kozmin monastery, 65, 277 Levan, St., and ﬁshing, 372 Krasnobor, parish of, 267–8 and healing, 373 Ksitigarbha (Dizang), Bodhisattva, 142–3 and holy paths, 355 Kysil, Adam, 169, 171 well and chapel of, 374 Levin, Eve, 7, 52, 70 La festival, 137, 141 Lhuyd, Edward, 371, 373 rites, 139, 141 li (rituals), 15 Lady Nant Well, Colan parish, Cornwall, and numinous elements, 15 355, 367 rites contrary to, 135 Laikhs, 160, 176, 180 see also Bazha rites; rites; ritual see also Poland; Poles libertines, libertinage, 313 Lake, Peter, 216 Libertines Lamb(e), Sir John (1566–1644), 222, 231, as Erastian humanists, 88 244–6 conﬂict with Calvinists, 88 Lapthorne, Anthony, 210, 224–5, 236 liefhebbers, see Dutch Reformed Church royal chaplaincy at Landrake, Exeter, lights, 328, 331, 334, 342, 356, 359, 224 360

Index 401

maiden, 327 Luo Qing, 18–28, 31–2, 35, 49 plough, 327–8, 332, 341 Diamond sutra, 21–2 rood, 326 Kugong wudao zhuan, 19–20 lijiao (doctrine of propriety-and-ritual), 15, Poxie xianzheng yaoshi zhuan, 20, 26 121, 128 Tanshi wuwei zhuan,20 Lincoln, diocese of, 246 True Emptiness, 22–3 John Andrewes, parson of Beaconsfield, Weiwei budong Taishan shen ‘gen jieguo 246 baozhuan,20 Liskeard, Cornwall Wubu liuce, 19, 24 Our Lady in the Park chapel, 354, 360 Zhengxin chu ’I wuxiuzheng zizai Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 157–9, 174 baozhuan, 20, 25 liturgy, 54, 58, 63, 80, 103–4, 123, 125, zongheng zizai,23 129–30, 132–3, 148, 153, 289, 298, Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 194, 286–7, 312 300–1, 325, 359, 361–3, 374 Lutheranism, 84, 289, 292 Divine, 57 Lutherans, 83–4, 86, 90, 159, 298 edinoglasie, 58, 64 categories of believers, 87 official, 124–5, 138 Orthodox, 54 Ma Xisha Protestant, 287–8, 295 and Foshuo Yangshi gui xiu hongluo Reformed, 64, 65, 102, 112, 299 Huaziange boazhuan, 18–19 reform of, 66, 111, 285 Madrid, 220, 319, 321–2 see also Nikon; reforms Madron well, Cornwall, 355, 369, 370–1, Liu, Kwang-ching, Orthodoxy in Late 373–5 Imperial China, 15, 16 chapel, 370 London, 2, 207, 220, 222, 225, 229, 233–5, magic, 59, 80, 188 237, 240, 246, 339 magistrates, 6, 9 Allhallowes, Bread Street, 221, 243 prefectural and county, 125, 128, 132, Richard Stock, parson, 243 140, 149 irregularities among churches and secular/civil, 194–6, 290, 297 clergy, 221 Calvinist, 301 John Goodwin of St. Stephen’s Coleman Reformed, 198 Street, 220–1 urban, 88, 92 St. Antholins, 230, 235 Mahasthamaprapta, see Dashi William Gouge, St. Anne, Blackfriars, Maitreya Buddha, 17, 29, 41, 44, 46 230, 234, 243 followers of, 17 Lord’s Prayer, 112, 222, 289, 306, 364, 367 fugitive, 147 Lord’s Supper, see communion Manchu, rulers of China, and offering Louis XIV (1638–1765), 7, 197, 200, 205 rites, 138, 151–2 Lu, abbess of Baoming-Si, 31, 33 Mardi Gras, 190 Bodhisattva Lu, 33 see also carnival incarnation as Eternal Mother, 33 Marian Restoration, see Catholicism see also Baoming-Si, Guanyin Marprelate, Martin, 240–1 Lü Dongbin (LuZu¨ or Master L ü),147–9, marriage, 7, 82, 145, 190–2, 194–5, 305, 308, 153 314, 316, 363, 369 Chunyang yanzheng jinghua zunyou dijun, administration, 82 147 canon law model, 191 deity of popular pantheon, 146, 153 civil registration of, 82 tutelary diety, 147, 153 clandestine, 191 elevation to Imperial Lord (Dijun), 149 debt, 315 one of the eight immortals of Daoism, dissolution of, 194 146–7, 153 inferring higher status, 93, 291 Lucaris, Cyril, patriarch of irregularities, 188 Constantinople, 163 of mixed confession, 7, 189, 190–1, 203 Luce, Robert, chaplain of Assumption a´ la messe; a´ la papaute´, 190 guild, Salle, 333–4 parental control of, 192 will of, 329 patterns, 313, 316

402 Index

marriage (cont.) ministers, 103–5, 111, 219–20, 225–8, 231, regulation of reform of, 191, 193–4 235, 346, 368 solemnization, 192–3 conformist, 228 vows, 192, 195 London, 220–1, 234 see also divorce, and remarriage Lutheran, 7, 298 martyrdom, 67, 74, 143, 329 orthodoxy of, 93 martyrs, 6, 74–6, 108, 145, 162, 168, 283, 338 preaching of, 214, 223 Mary (1496–1533), queen of England, 108, presbytery of, 208 115, 343, 345, 360, 363 Puritan, 211, 228, 233–4, 237, 246 and restoration of Catholicism, 115, 117, as idol shepherds and soul 360 murderers, 225 see also Catholicism Reformed, 81–2, 84, 92 Mary Magdalene, St., 189, 366 social status of, 93 Mass, 103–4, 112, 114–15, 201, 286, 299–300, Ministry of Rites, 37, 126, 131, 142, 148 327, 330, 356, 358, 361, 363, 367 miracles, 70, 254, 257–60, 265–70, 273–4, attendance, 305, 310, 330 277–80, 282, 285, 369, 370 by Protestants, 189 age of, 288 concept of, 287 false or falsification of, 21, 253, 258, Latin, 103, 361 264–5, 268, 270–1, 278, 282, 360 miraculous or sacred power of, 285–6, Mitrofan, archbishop of Tver, 276, 281 299 Mohyla, Peter, metropolitan of Kiev, 163, rituals of, 329 165, 167–70, 177, 180 masses, 358–9, 362 Moldavia, 163–4, 177 chantry, 341 Vasile Lupu, hospodar of, 178 for the dead, 7, 104, 320–2, 327, 331, 333, monarch, see king; emperor; and proper 338, 340, 343–4, 347 names guild, 331, 359 monarchy, 99, 101, 104, 210, 213 healing, 189 and presbyteries, 209 novena, 319, 321 centralized, 54 trental, 318–19, 321 monasteries, 71, 126, 141, 151, 167, 170, Mazu, folk goddess, 41, 143, 145 172, 175, 262, 352, 353 see also Tianhou assaults on, 73–4 Mennonites, 83, 85, 87, 90 dissolution of, 339, 359, 362 Mercers’ Company of London, 242–3 for education and book production, 167 Chapel, 222 miracle cults, 269, 271–2, 281 merchants, 357 patrons of, 126 Haberdashers’ Company, 243 prisons, 64–5, 71 Guangdong provincial, 258 as devotees of L üDongbin, 147–9 Ukrainian dominance of, 256 Puritan, 222 see also monks; nuns; religious houses; messiah, see savior temples; and proper names Miakiseva, Agafia, visions of, 265, 280 Mongols, 174 Michael I Romanov, tsar of Muscovy Oirat, 32 (1613–45), 277 -Tatars, see Tatars and his father, Filaret, patriarch of Monkey King, 31 Muscovy (1619–33), 259 see also Journey to the West Michels, Georg, 53, 65–6, 71 monks “middle groups,” see undecided Buddhist, 21, 126, 128, 130, 134–5, 141, midwives, conduct of, 103, 105–6 144, 150–1 Mildmay, Sir Walter (ca. 1520–89), xv, 241 Catholic, 294, 362 millennium, 38, 45, 49 false, 57 Ming dynasty, 18, 31, 34–44, 47, 133–34, Orthodox, 75, 167, 175, 259, 260, 263, 138–40, 142, 144, 151 275, 277, 281 founder of, 133 self-proclaimed or itinerant, 50, 68, 71, Wanli period of, 37 73–4

Index 403

Montague, James, bishop of Bath and Myrc, John, Instructions for Parish Priests, Wells (1608–16), 224 363 Montague, Richard (1577–1641) myth, mythology, 34, 124 bishop of Chicester (1628–38), 216 national, 91–2 A New Gagg for an Old Goose, 216 see also Eternal Mother Montauban, Reformed community at, 185, 202, 204 Nalle, Sara, God in la Mancha, 303 moral control, 83, 89, 188, 197 National Synod of the Reformed Church denunciation, 314 at Privas (1612), 193 sexual order, 313–14 Nectarius, Orthodox patriarch of through education, 260, 302, 311 Jerusalem (1660–69), 257, 260, 279 see also social control Nectan, St. morality, 16, 24, 60, 81, 351 chapel in Newlyn East parish, 361 immodest dress, 189, 197 chapel in St. Winnow parish, 362 lay understanding, 313 Neile, Richard (1562–1640) public, 53, 82 appointment as bishop of Rochester Moriscos, 305 (1608), 211 and taqiyya, 305 archbishop of York (1631–40), 217, 224 Morozova, Boiarynia, 69, 74 visitations, 223 Morton, Thomas, bishop of Durham privy counselor, 216 (1632–59), 219, 225 Nemyrych, Iurii, 179 as bishop of Lichﬁeld and Coventry, 225 Neronov, Ivan, 55, 57, 64–5, 67 Moscow, 59, 61, 65–6, 69–70, 72, 171–2, the Netherlands, 80, 83–9, 94–6, 205 178, 180, 265, 283 as Puritan refuge, 219, 222–3, 238, 248 and episcopal compliance, 272 discussion, culture of, 90 metropolitanate of, 159 national community of, 96 mother, see Eternal Venerable Mother; see also Dutch Reformed Church; Dutch niang; mu; Virgin Mary; zhenkong Revolt Mount Ling, 29, 31, 50 New England Buddha, 26 as Puritan refuge, 219, 230, 235, 238, Mountaigne, George (d. 1628) 247–8 bishop of Lincoln (1617–21), 211 Newcastle, 219, 223, 235 bishop of London (1621–28), 214, 219, Alexander Davyson, mayor, 222–3 227 church of All Saints, 223 and visitation articles, 227 nianfo (chanting the Buddha’s name), 21 movements, religious, 53, 55, 241 niang (mother), 23–4 Kapiton reform, 68, 74 Nikon mendicant, 320 Greek orthodoxy, 62–3 Old Belief, 6, 55, 75, 76 opposition to, 54–5, 64–7, 69–72 popular, 53, 55, 69 metropolitan of Novogrod, 55, 61 reform, 160, 166, 297 patriarch of Muscovy (1652–58), 61–5, Muchembled, Robert, 94–5 70–1, 76, 179, 255–6 Muir, Edward, 100 reforms of, 53–5, 63–72, 180, 255 Muscovite Church, 62, 165, 172, 178–9 Paul, bishop of Koloma, 64 Muscovy, 62, 67, 155, 161, 163–4, 171–4, Simeon Polotskii, Zhezl pravlenie 178, 179–82, 184, 257 (1668), 66 Agrafena Khovanskaia, princess of, 266 Skrizhal’ (1656), 66 Eternal Peace of 1634, 179 Nˆımes patriarch of, 69, 77, 174, 180, 258 college` at, 201 and Printing Ofﬁce, 65 consistory, 194, 196–7 see also Moscow; Muscovite Church Reformed community at, 185 mu (mother), 24–5 Nine Lotus Fragrance (Sanyuan ru’i jiulian Muslims, 181 xiang), 28 toleration of, 157, 161 Nizhnii-Novgorod, 57–9, 69, 75 see also Islam petition of 1636, 58

404 Index

Non-being (wu), 23–4 alliance with Moscow rebels, 72 Supreme Ultimate of (taiji), 28 see also communities; texts Ultimate of (wuji), 24–6, 28 Order of Communion (1548), 102 Sage patriarch of (wuji shengzu), 24–6, 29 Orthodox, 155, 157–62, 164, 166, 168–70, see also kalpa 173–8, 182 non-believers, 46 Orthodox Church annihilation of, 45 Eastern or Greek, 54, 62–3, 65, 158, 173, nonconformity, 109, 300, 343 258 clerical, 208, 210–11, 222–5, 227, 230, oecumene, 65, 258 232–3, 248 patriarchs of, 163; see also Norden, John, 366–7, 369 Constantinople; Jerusalem as Prostestant, 366, 367 scholarship of, 63 Norfolk, 2, 324, 328, 335, 338–9 Russian, 57, 62–3, 66–7, 71, 76–8, 156–8, communities of, 332, 346 160–1, 163–4, 167–77, 179–81, 183, Heydon parish, 338–9, 342 253–4, 255, 260, 263–4, 270 North Creake parish, 339 Elizabeth, tsarina of Muscovy, 261 1586 Puritan ministry survey, 346–7 image of, 260, 279 rectors, 334 importation of Ukrainian clergy, 255 Valor Ecclesiasticus, 338 Law Code of 1649, 62 see also Salle, Cawston political culture of, 175 North Hill, Cornwall, 372, 373 reformed, 69, 72 Northampton, 222, 245, 248 restructure on Protestant models, 260 Northamptonshire, 232, 240 see also Ruthenian Church Northumberland, 220, 225 Orthodoxy Norwich, diocese of, 110, 226, 326 Eastern 62–3, 68, 174 Bishop Henry Dispencer of, 326 Puritan, 84 Bishop John Parkhurst of, 110 see also orthodoxy, religious; Puritanism, cathedral, and Passion of Christ Puritans; Orthodoxy, Russian altarpiece, 326 Orthodoxy, Russian, 52–4, 57, 62, 64, 68, mayor of, 342 157, 161, 164–5, 172–3, 175, 178–81, Novgorod, 264 184, 260, 262, 269 and compliance to 1744 decree, 272 confessional consciousness, 164 Kornilii, metropolitan of, 74–5 education, 62 see also Nizhnii-Novgorod missa breva,57 nuns, 31–2, 50, 71, 87, 151, 265–6, 309; opponents of, 168 see also convents persecution of, 156 prerequisite for sanctity, 258 offering(s), 123–5, 131, 134–41, 145, 147–8, ritual and moral obligations, 56 152, 355, 358–9, 362, 367 true, 74, 257 and death, 318–19, 321 orthodoxy, moral, 16, 17, 49, 129 -from-a-distance (wangji), 138 orthodoxy, religious, 5, 13, 87, 93, 279, 281, see also ofrenda; rites; ritual 298, 345 Official History of the Ming Dynasty, 124 Calvinist, 89 official religion, see religion, state or Chinese, 5, 9, 13–15, 17, 35, 37–8, 41, official 48–51, 121–3, 126–8, 132, 135, 145, Offspring, Charles, vicar of St. Antholins, 149, 150, 153 London, 234–5 Confucian, 14 ofrenda, 318–19, 321 opposition to, 17 Old Belief, 54, 67, 69, 72–3, 76–8, 276, 280 traditions of, 13 as textual community, 76 definition of, 5 “dukovnye stikhi,” 76 Mennonite, 87 tradition, 76 Pietist, 84 see also movements, religious Puritan, 84 Old Believers, 55, 65, 69, 73–6, 78, 161, 255, Ossolinski, Jerzy, crown chancellor, 169 267, 276, 277 Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, 2, 155, 157, accords of, 78 163, 168, 170, 174, 179, 181

Index 405

court of, 171–2, 174, 177–8, 181 1624, 215 Greeks under, 174, 181 1625, Act of, 228 Overall, John (1560–1619) 1626, 216 bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, 211 Long, 218, 248 bishop of Norwich, 226 Paul of Aleppo, 178, 182 visitation articles of, 226 Paul’s Cross, church of, 213–14 Oxford, 212, 235 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 83, 89 penumbra, spirits of, 131–3 Padstow, Cornwall, 354, 366 definition of, 131 well of St. Cadoc, 354 Perranzabuloe, Cornwall, 372 paintings, religious, 112, 292, 331, 357, 360 parish church Paleostrovskii monastery, 73, 75 shrine of St. Piran, 353 pantheons, Chinese, 41, 129, 130–2, 149, Pereiaslav Agreement (1654), 172, 178–80 151, 153 Perfect Completion Sect (Yuan Chiao), 46 official, 125, 130–1, 142, 147, 149–51 persecution, religious, 73, 75, 156, 179, 245 popular, 127, 142–3, 145–7, 150 Pertominskii monastery, 260 see also deities; gods; spirits; temples saints of, 260 papacy, 345; see also Rome 345 Peter I, the Great, tsar of Muscovy, 7, 77–8, papistry, papists, 99, 205, 209, 212, 214–15, 156, 173, 256–7, 260–2 217, 220, 224, 285 Antichrist, 78, 255 see also popery heirs of, 261 paradise, 38, 49, 297 Hetman Ivan Mazepa, 181 Western, 21, 142–3, 152 policy of forced Europeanization, 78, see also Pure Land 254, 255, 256 Paris, 202 Russian Orthodox Church, 253–5, 260–3 high courts of, 199 Tsar-Transformer, 254 parish, 8–9, 57, 65, 78, 99, 102–3, 106, 111, see also Spiritual Regulation 113, 228, 238, 247, 256, 286, 300, 308, Peter II, emperor of Russia, 261–2 334, 337, 340–1, 353–4, 356–9, 362, Peter, St., 336 367, 370, 372–3 guilds of, 331 as institution, 228 petitions, 57, 66–7, 147–8, 179, 221 burial fees, 229 King Charles I of England, 220 conformist, 117, 228 Nizhnii-Novgorod (1636), 58 life, 52, 55–6, 63, 107, 285, 326–7, 353 recognition of saints, 258–9 morals of, 61, 288 Right (1628), 240 organization, 56 William Laud, 237 patrons of, 331, 336, 338, 343, 355, 359 Pietism, Pietists poor of, 332, 340, 370 Dutch, 86 records of, 52 German, 262 response to reforms, 106–7, 109, 113–14, see also orthodoxy, religious 116–18, 344 piety, 24, 40, 55, 70, 83, 197, 240, 289, 338, stores, 341, 355–7 342 and office-holding, 359 affective, 292 vestries, 229, 230, 374 lay, 87, 105, 327, 331 see also churches; churchwardens; lights; ritual acts of, 99 priests; worship; and proper pilgrimage, 85, 261, 264, 267, 269, 358–60, names 362, 367 Parker, Matthew (1504–1575), archbishop dictionary of, 85 of Canterbury, 342, 345 of Grace, 343 advice concerning ritual practices, 110 sites, 150, 353, 357 parlements, 199–200 pilgrims, 133, 373 of Bordeaux, Grenoble and Toulouse, pillarization, 85, 97 199 Pimen, bishop of Vologda, 272, 274–6, 281 bipartisan nature, 199–200 pluralism, religious, 16–17, 49, 129, 156–7 parliaments, xvi, 215, 240, 247 pneuma (qi), 133, 135 Henrician, xvi, 1 of yang,42

406 Index

pod spodum, see relics see also Book of Common Prayer; creeds; Poland, kingdom of, 156–9, 172, 175, Lord’s Prayer; services 179 prayers, 82, 103, 104–5, 123–4, 138, 143, kings of, 159, 174, 179 145, 147, 196, 221, 267, 288, 300, Sigismund Vasa, 159 305–6, 308, 312, 338, 340–1, 364 Poles, 170, 174, 178, 181 and Latin, 306, 364 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 6, for bishops, 221 154–8, 161, 163–9, 171–2, 174, for Zhuli, 146 177–83 gender-specific, 291 Diet of, 161, 163, 165–9, 171–2 preachers or lecturers, 7, 210, 212–14, expulsion of Antitrinitarians, 180 226–7, 230–1, 235–6, 240–3, 293, 345 Hadiach Union (1658–59), 179–80 preaching, 56, 68, 112, 116, 210, 212, 215, Magdeburg laws, 158 220–1, 225, 230–1, 237–8, 288 Protestant churches of, 256 depictions of, 290 Union of Lublin, 159 licenses for, 116, 224–6, 242 popery, 188, 209, 212, 237, 248 seditious, 212, 222, 225, 229 Porthilly chapel, Cornwall, 362 predestination, 83, 220, 235, 344 Poughill, Cornwall, 356, 372 in Buddhism, 30 practice(s), religious, 38, 54, 65, 94, 100–2, priests, 56–9, 61, 64–5, 69–70, 76, 103, 108, 115, 122, 125–6, 132, 141, 152, 162, 111–12, 123, 126, 166, 170, 207, 246, 172, 254, 357, 371 264, 268, 290, 310, 312, 318, 321, 338, burial, 317–18, 333, 343, 347, 363 358, 362, 364 Catholic, 85, 112, 296, 300, 370, 374 and Pupilla Occuli, 333 and “right” religion, 305 as performer of miracles, 285–6, 294; see control of, 55, 71, 300, 307, 359 also transubstantiation; Mass early Christian, 285 Buddhist, elite, 357 civil officials as, 123 flexibility of, 6 Daoist, 130, 135, 144, 151 folk or popular, 52, 54–5, 59, 127–8, 136, Greek, 63, 66 139, 141, 357, 368, 370–1 impiety of, 98 funeral, 317–18, 320–2, 327, 347 parish, 54–7, 59, 67, 71–2, 77, 110, 253, healing, 85 257, 265, 275, 281, 293, 308, 325, initiation, 30, 45 333–5, 341, 345, 367 liturgical, 63, 76, 106, 117, 162–3, 188 reformist, 61 Lutheran, 285 renegade, 76 Nikonian, 66; see also Nikon see also clergy; ministers nonconformist, 162, 223, 233, 236, 245 Privy Council, 99, 101, 109–10, 118, 209 Orthodox, 63, 66, 283 processions, 325, 360–1, 370 pagan survivals, 59, 77 Corpus Christi, 285 pre-Reformation, 87, 104, 351, 369 funeral, 7 Reformed, 82, 299 Rogationtide, 344, 355 ritual, 99–100 Prokopovich, Feofan, 262–4, 269–70, 281 superstitious, 104, 253, 256, 270, 280 bishop of Pskov (1718–1736), 262 traditional, 58, 63–4, 66, 72, 79, 85, 106, Protestant-oriented, 261–2, 268, 280 112, 118, 172, 317, 344, 370 Spiritual Regulation, 261 versus policy, 101, 118 Protestantism, 54, 83, 98, 105, 160, 166, 323 see also rites; ritual English, 98, 101–2, 106–11, 113–17, 342, prayer, 4, 105, 112, 232, 238, 240, 245, 344, 347, 370; see also Puritanism 362 French, 185, 194, 203–5; see also evening and evensong, 112, 226, 232, Huguenots 362–4 Protestantization, 4, 94 morning and matins, 112, 228, 356, 362–4 forced, 84 private, 351, 358 Protestants, 7, 86, 88, 160, 162, 173, 177, public, 82 178, 186, 188, 189, 193, 198, 199–205, vernacular, 188 217, 247, 305, 312, 371

Index 407

approach to ceremonies or rituals, 100, Red Sun (hongyang), 46 291 Assembly (hui), 29 divorce, 194–5 Han Piaogao, 33, 40 engagement in cultural offensive, 202–3, Hongyang tanshi jing,40 205 kalpic progression, 33 percent of French population, 185 Sect (jiao), 41 persecution of, 191, 206 and doctrine of linfan shouyuan,33 see also Calvinists; Huguenots redemption, 48 Prynne, William, 218, 239, 245, 247 Reformation Psalms, 64, 103, 112, 224, 293, 364 Catholic, see Counter-Reformation psalters, 113, 330, 356 English, 1, 2, 8, 100–1, 324, 326, 335, of 1653, 63 337–44, 351, 353, 356, 359–60, 362–6, Pudu xinsheng jiuku baozhuan,32 371–5 Pujing rulai yaoshi tongtian baozhuan,42 Protestant, 3, 9, 86, 88, 159, 185–6, 189, Puming rulai wuwei liaoyi baozhuan, 31, 46 198, 203, 205, 255, 284, 291, 294–6, Pure Land, 50 298, 300, 302–3, 323 and Guanyin, 142 Lutheran, 292 Sect, 21–2 Reformed Church, 187 monk of, 20–1 cooperation with German and Swiss see also believers; paradise; states, 186 sectarianism French, 188–9, 191–8, 200–1, 203, 205 Purgatory, 105, 320–1, 341, 343 Ordinance of Blois (1579), 193 doctrine of, 7, 320 see also Church of England; Dutch Chinese popular religion, 127 Reformed Church “Puritan Faction,” 207–8, 220–1, 223–4, 246 reformers, religious, 3–4, 6–8, 55–6, 58–61, Puritanism, 3, 211, 212, 217, 228, 246 63, 98–101, 290, 297, 308, 374 patronage of, 243–4 reforms, religious, 1, 4–5, 7, 65, 68, 106, Puritans, 208–11, 215–20, 225, 232–6, 239, 109, 166 242, 245–6 degree of, 106, 116 divines, 208 ecclesiastical, 55, 60, 62 expulsion of, 210 Edwardian, 102, 360 heretics, 213 Henrician, 340, 360 policy of suppression, 208, 210, 217 message of, 4 “schismatical,” 222, 248 moral, 7; see also morals control Putuo Shan Island, 143–4 pace of, 98–9 temple of Bodhisattva Guanyin, 142–3 Petrine, 254, 261 program of, 107 Qing dynasty, 30, 33, 35, 46, 133–4, 138, resistance to, 53 140, 142, 147 Tridentine, 308 ofﬁcial history of, 138 see also Henry VIII; Nikon; Peter I Rites Monograph, 147 reincarnation, 128, 130 Qianlong emperor, 138–41, 152 and retributive justice, 128 Yongzheng emperor, 138–9, 152 relics, 257–8, 260–3, 268, 270–1, 277–80, edict concerning Bazha rites, 140 282–3, 335 “Ordinances of the Months” as conduits of sacred power, 257, 282 (Yeuling), 138 display of, 258, 271 Qingyuan miaodao xiansheng zhenjun Erlang false or suspicious, 253, 262, 272–3 baozhuan,33 of unofﬁcial saints, 254, 274, 276 pod spudom, 258, 271, 274–6 raskol, see schism transfer of, 259, 275 rebellion, see revolt uncorrupted state of, 258–60, 277, 279, rebels, 72–5, 167–8, 171–2, 175, 179 280, 282 Prayer Book, 361, 365; see also revolts value for healing, 257 Record of Rites, 137 veneration of, 257, 262–4 recusants, 111, 114 see also bodies

408 Index

religion, 53, 80–1, 93, 95, 97, 118, 123, 131, rites, 45, 54, 71–3, 102, 130, 136, 147, 150, 145, 156–66, 347, 357, 365–6 288, 294 civic, 83 agrarian, 60, 137–8, 141; see also Bazha definition of, 94, 264 rites folk or popular, 2–4, 6, 54, 78, 80, 94, bazha (eight spirits of agriculture), see 122–3, 126–32, 134, 136, 142, 146–7, Bazha rites; spirits 149–54, 280, 351–5, 358–9, 361–2, burial, 292 367, 369, 371, 374 communal, 127–8 concept of, 93–4, 126 ecclesiastical, 288, 297–8 heterodox, 48–9 intercessory, 128 innovation in, 240 kneelings and prostrations, 129 institutionalized, 126, 129, 130–1, 150 last, 358 instruction in, 8, 48 liturgical, 123–5, 295, 300 instrumental, 6, 86–7 Nikonian, 71, see also Nikon instrumentalization of, 85, 95 Lutheran, 285, 293 power of, 302 official, 104, 111, 130, 136, 140–2, 148, pre-Christian, 59 152, 222, 226–7, 284, 290 social organization of, 80, 358 popular forms of, 133, 149 state or official, xv, 2, 4, 9, 80–1, 99, 102, of offering, 125, 129, 137, 152; see also La 109, 114–18, 121–5, 127, 129–32, rites 136–7, 140, 142, 146, 149–53, 324, pagan, 70 351, 371 popular, 140, 142, 152, 299, 361 traditional, 2, 124 pre-Christian survivals, 56, 58 true, 99, 102–3, 105, 118, 210; see also Reformed, 100 church 99, 102–3, 105, 118, 210 Ruthenian, 160, see also Catholics, understanding of, 304 Uniate 160 see also belief; practice; and specific secret or esoteric, 130 institutions see also li, lijiao; Ministry of Rites; religious houses, 353, 358, 360, 366, 368 offering; ritual dissolution of, 362 ritual, 3, 7, 35–6, 59, 82, 85–6, 94, 100, see also convents; monasteries; proper 102–3, 106, 115, 125, 284–5, 288, 290, names 296, 300–1, 304, 325, 351, 374 religious individualism, 4, 320, 323 associated with birth, 103, 105, 111 Remonstrants, 84 associated with illness or death, 103, see also Arminius; Arminians 105, 111, 304, 318–21, 358 Renzong, emperor of China (1796–1820), baptismal, 7, 291, 298 147–8, 153 Catholic, 85, 87, 111, 285, 298, 323, 361 resistance, religious, 2, 6, 55, 67, 183, 297 communal, 307 see also reforms; ritual confessional, 85 Resurrection, 58, 319 control of, 85, 296 revolts, 37, 50, 61, 154–5, 168, 180–1, 313, ecclesiastical, 286, 291 342 enforcement of, 100–1, 116, 255 China (1622), 34 holy rite, 16 Eight Trigrams (1813), 46 instrumental, 85 Huguenot, 201 Koliada (winter solstice), 58 Kett’s, 342–3 liturgical, 284, 286 Kolii, 170 marriage, 191 Peasant’s (1381), 326 meaning or interpretation of, 100, 296 Prayer Book (1549), 360 official, 118, 137, 296 Scottish Covenanters, 222 popular or folk, 60, 83, 85–7, 359, 367 Zaporozhian Cossack, 165–6, 170 power of, 6, 284, 296 Zebrzydowski, 165 private, 100, 103, 110–11 see also Khmel’nyts’ki, Bohdan Protestant, 101, 106–7, 111, 116 Revolution of 1917, 279, 282 Reformed, 82, 99, 103–4, 110, 113 Reynolds, John, 208 public, 86, 100, 103, 105, 109, 110–11

Index 409

purpose or goals of, 288, 296 Ruthenians, 6–7, 157, 160, 168, 173–4, 176, reformation of, 98, 106–7, 114, 118, 290 177, 179–80 repentance, 195 see also Catholics, Uniate resistance to, 297–8, 300 Rycaut, Paul, 3, 5 Rusalii, 58, 60 Rzhevskie, Agripena and Vladimir, cult shaming, 289–90 of, 276, 281 theories of, 100, 296 see also li, lijiao; rites Sabbath, observation of, 227–8, 232 Rodyshevskii, Markell (d. 1743), 262–3, sacraments, 76, 111, 182, 196, 224, 227, 230, 270 238–9, 248, 267, 286, 297, 300, 308, Rogationtide, 111 334, 344, 358 processions, 344 see also individual names Rome, 327, 372 Sacriﬁcial Statutes (Sidian), 125, 135, 148, church of, xvi, 155, 161, 163, 166, 169, 152 174–5, 217, 231 St. Augustine, (354–430), 318, 335, 339, 368 see also Catholic Church St. Carroc monastery, 353, 366 Romney, Sir William, alderman, 243 St. Columb Major, church, 365 widow of, 243 St. Columb Minor, parish, 373 rood, 113, 326, 341 St. Endellion, parish, Cornwall loft, 104, 107–8, 112, 116, 336 chapel of St. Illick’s well screen, 113, 329, 331, 335–7, 341, 355, holy paths, 355 362, 364–5, 374 holy trees, 355, 361 see also cross prebendal church, 360 Roos, Thomas, 326 Roscarrock family, 357, 366 and wife Katherine, 326 St. Enodoc, chapel, 362 patron of Trinity guild, 326, 328–9 St. Germans parish, Cornwall, 371 rosary, 85, 330, 332, 334, 356 Augustinian priory, 353 Roscarrock, Nicholas (ﬂ. 1548–1633), 357, church, 353 360–1, 366, 370 St. Ignatii, founder of Spaskaia- “Lives of the Saints,” 366 Lomovskaia monastery, cult of, Rostov, diocese of, 64 275–6, 281 and unattested relics, 273 and Iosif, archbishop of Vologda, 275 Iona, metropolitan of, 70 St. Jerome, 335–6 Royal Injunctions St. John the Baptist, 108, 113, 329 of 1538, 340, 359–60 feast day of, 58, 285, 347, 373 of 1547, 102, 360 guilds dedicated to, 326, 328–31 of 1559, 110 St. Margaret, 329, 336 Rtishchev, F.M., 55, 62 guild of, 326, 328–9 Rus’, 166, 175, 177, 180 St. Martinian, and Ferapontov Monastery, Duchy of, 155 274 Tatar-Mongol conquest of, 158, 175 cult of, 274 Rus’ Church, see Orthodox Church, St. Michael, 373 Russian and Michaelmas, 368, 373 Russia, 8, 52–6, 59–64, 67, 69, 76, 154, 257, see also St. Michael’s Mount 279 St. Michael’s Mount, 353, 355 as “New Israel,” 257 shrine at, 357, 367 as “Third Rome,” 256 St. Neot, pre-Petrine, 258 church, 355, 365 westernization of, 254–6 St. Nicholas, feast day of, 358, 359 Russian Empire, 155–6, 181 St. Nonn’s pool, Altarnun, Cornwall, 367, government of, 53, 76 369 Russian Orthodox Church, see Orthodox St. Paul, 336 Church, Russian church of (Rome), 327 Ruthenian Church, 158, 160–6, 169, 173, guild of, 326, 328 176 St. Petersburg, 267–8, 270, 273

410 Index

St. Petroc, 352–3 poor of, 332, 333–4, 340, 344, 347 St. Piran, 353, 372 population of, 325 St. Thomas, 335 rectors of, 332–3, 338–9, 343, 345–6 guilds of, 328, 331 will of Robert Sendall, 346–7 St. Unskie, Iona, 259–60 Thomas Aldred, 346; John Crane, St. Unskie, Vassian, 259–60 345–6; John Howley, 329; John St. Winnow, parish (Cornwall), 362, 366 Nekton, 332–3; John Thurston, saints, 7, 8, 44, 67, 69, 75, 80, 104, 205, 346–7; Richard Wrathall, 343–4, 345; 257–64, 271, 274, 276–7, 279, 282–3, William Worrison, 343–5; see also 314, 340–1, 344, 353, 355, 360, proper names 367–9 testators, 327, 333 bodily incorruptibility, 258, 279, 282 see also gentry Brittonic, 352–3, 357 salvation, 18, 22, 24–6, 29–31, 33, 42, 45, 48, Celtic, 353 122, 320, 344 Cornish, 371 and baptism, 297–8 cults of, 8, 258–9, 268, 270–1, 274, 276–7, eschatological, 18, 36, 45 278, 282, 357 messianic, 48 images of, 85, 292, 331, 335–6, 352, 365 see also kalpic change international, 357 samsara, 20, 24, 26, 50 invocations to, 105 effects of, 26, 31, 34–5 lives of (vitae), 253, 259, 261, 268, 279, 370 see also transmigration miracles, 257–60, 277–8 Sancreed parish, Cornwall New Testament, 360 Chapel Euny well, 373 patron, 8, 327, 329, 355, 369–70, 372–3 patron saint, 372 feast days of, 330, 367–71, 373 sanctity, 258, 262, 271, 277–9, 282 veneration of, 70, 258, 262, 271, 275–6, aroma of, 258 280–1, 292, 352–3 characteristics of or criteria for, 258–60, see also healing, icons; relics 279 Sakovych, Kasiian, 162, 168 see also canonization Sakyamuni Buddha, 29, 147 sangang (Three Bonds), 15–17, 121–2 Salisbury, diocese of, 339 sanzong wupai (Three schools and ﬁve Salle, Norfolk, 325, 326, 331–2, 337–8, 342, factions), 30, 34 343–5 savior, Savior, 48, 207, 267, 287, 292, 299, church, 2, 7, 324–6, 329–37, 341–2, 344, 347, 357 346–7 see also icons Boleyn family, 325–6, 337–8 Saye and Sele, Lord, 216, 245 Brewes family, patrons of the living, schism 325–6, 332, 336 Old Believer, 52, 54, 68, 70–1, 154 Briggs family, 325–6, 329, 331, 336, 347 between Orthodox and Uniates, 160, Fountaine family, 326, 344, 346–7 163, 176 Gower family, 326 Western Christian, 158, 176 Kerdeston family, 325–6 within Church of England, 210, 234 Roos family, 326, 331, 333, 347 scholars, scholarship Shardelow family, 326 Greek Orthodox, 63 Townsend family, 338, 342–3 Ukrainian, 62, 66 funding for, 326, 344 on Islam, 181 guilds, 328–31 schools, 84, 167, 305 lamps, 327 charity (yixue), 128 rebuilding of, 325–6, 335 elite, 128 parish, 324–7, 331, 333–5, 338, 341, or colleges` , 201–2, 205 343–4, 346 seminaries, 256 communities of Kirkgate, 327–8, 341 Sunday, 305 inventory of 1552, 344–5, 347 village or neighborhood (shexue), 128 Lunton, 327–8, 341; Marshgate, Scot, Cuthbert, Marian bishop of Chester 327, 328, 341; Steynwade, 327–8, 341 (1556–59), 345

Index 411

Scotland, 195, 205, 223 Shang dynasty, 132, 138 Scripture, 112, 114, 202, 212, 223, 231, 344 Sharpe, Lionel, 240–1 Buddhist, 25 Shek, Richard, 5, 121–2, 129 sectarianism, sectarians, 97 Shelbitsy, village of, 269, 279 Chinese, 18–19, 25, 27, 30, 36, 38, 39–51, see also icons 150, 153 Shepard, Thomas, preacher at Earle’s Eternal Mother, 18, 29, 33, 46–7, 121 Colne, Essex, 219 Pure Land, 21 Sherley, Anthony, 2–3, 5 subversive, 36–40, 51 shrines, 9, 86, 131, 143–5, 148, 273, 327, White Lotus, 18 335, 338, 353, 357, 360, 362, 374 Wuwei, 40 see also temples English, 50, 234 Shukeevich, Matfei, vision of, 269–70 see also proper names Sibbes, Richard, 214, 235 sects, religious, 18, 37–41, 43–4, 49–51, 149, Sichuan, 134, 142, 146, 148 173 sign of the cross, see cross patriarchs of, 37, 40 Silvestr, bishop of Kostroma, 273, 276 power of, 37 Simon, bishop of Pskov, 272, 274 see also proper names Simon, bishop of Suzdal, 273–4 self-control, 304, 316 slow-slicing, 38, 50 self-immolation, 55, 68, 73–5, 78 Smith, Sir Thomas, alderman, 243 Senate, see Diet Smolensk, diocese of, 269–70 sermons, 188, 210, 212–15, 221–5, 227–9, and unattested relics, 272 232, 234, 239, 244, 246–8, 287–95, Smotryts’kyi, Meletii, archbishop, 162, 176 304, 312, 340, 347, 363 Trenos, 175 admonitory, 289, 300 social control, 6, 9, 50, 83, 158, 187–8, 205, printed, 288 306, 323, 337 see also preaching self-imposed, 311, 323 services, religious, 57–8, 64, 81, 84, 86–7, see also behavior; discipline; moral 103–4, 111–12, 114, 116, 238, 248, control 288, 300, 310, 330, 357, 361–4, 367, Solovetskii monastery, 259, 267–8 373 Abbot Varfolomei of, 259 baptismal, 363 revolt of 1668, 72 divine, 104, 114, 224, 226, 229, 239, Somerset, 224, 356 247–8, 367 Oliver Chiver, minister at Brislington, funeral, 86, 319 228–9 Latin, 361 Song dynasty, 22, 134, 148–9, 152 Gottesdienst, 287 founder of, 137 prayer, 277, 279 space, 331, 332 Prayer Book, 363 liturgical, 104, 325 sermon, 187, 196 ritual, 100, 290, 292 singing, 244, 293 sacred, 150, 291, 328, 330, 341 worship, 57, 105–6, 289 worship, 6, 8–9, 99, 103–4, 106, 111–12, sex, sexual relations, 304, 313–17, 365 114, 116, 293, 324, 362 abstinence, 315 see also buildings, church extra-marital, 314 Spain, 54, 89, 302–3, 307, 309, 316–17 illegitimate birth, 315–16 Fuero de Ledesma, 319 illicit or promiscuous, 41–2, 60 Roman, 318 misconduct, 77, 189 testators, 320, 321–2 pre-marital, 7, 289 Visigothic, 318 see also adultery; fornication Spaskaia-Lomovskaia monastery, 275, sexes 276 distinctions between, 292 spirit tablets, 125, 129, 131, 133 (nannu youbie), 42–3 spirits, 6, 50, 125, 129, 130–3, 135, 139, 145 equality between, 42, 49, 291 agriculture, 137, 152; see also Bazha rites separation between, 42 cats and tigers (maohu), 137, 139

412 Index

spirits (cont.) Tatars, 155, 158, 169, 170, 174, 179, 181 First Husbandman (Xianse, also First see also Khmel’nyts’ki, Bohdan Farmer: Xiannong), 137–9, 141 Taylor, Romeyn, 6, 13 household, 125 temple(s), 9, 31–2, 50, 125, 127–8, 133, human, 125 144–5, 151–2 penumbra, see penumbra Buddhist, 126, 143–4, 148, 151 ministers of agriculture (sise), 137, 139 Buddhist public monastery-, 126, 142, mountains, see also Eastern Peak 150 swarming insects (kunchong), 137–8 Daoist, 144 Soil and Grain, 141 dedicated to Bixia Yuanjun, 128, 133, 143 warrior, 145 dedicated to Guanyin, 128, 143–4, 146 without mission, 146 dedicated to L ¨uZu, 148–9 yin,42 dedicated to Tianhou, 143 see also cults; deities; gods hereditary, 126 Spiritual Regulation (1721), 253–4, 257, Huguenot, 192, 199, 202–3, 205 260–1, 263, 268, 270, 273, 279, 281 Wenchang, 148 stained glass, 104, 112–13, 116, 336–7, 360, see also Baoming-si; Bazha rites, 365 Dongyue Star Chamber, 218, 221, 234, 239, 247 Temple of the Old Salt Lady (Yanmu Starodub, 65, 75 miao), 131 Starodubskii, St. Feodor, 273 Ten Commandments, 113–14, 293, 306, cult of, 273–4 308, 313–14, 364–5, 367 States-General, 82, 91 Tentler, Thomas, Sin and Confession, 307 Great Assembly (Grote Vergadering) texts, 63, 67, 179, 335, 368 (1651), 89 anti-Nikonian (Old Believer), 66 statues, religious, 108, 112, 116, 292 Fedor, “Response to the Faithful,” 66 Suffolk, 233, 235, 338 Spiridon Potemkin, archimandrite of Sui dynasty, 137 Pokrovskii monastery, 66 suicide, 74–5, 83 apocalyptic, 62 group or mass, 69, 73–5 Buddhist, 16; see also sutra ritual, 68 canonical, 130, 141, 150 see also self-immolation from Baoming-si temple, 32–3 superstition, 8, 85, 99, 103–5, 107, 112, 261, Daoist, 16 264–5, 271, 280–1, 295, 360, 367, pre-imperial, 152 369–70, 374 pre-Nikonian, 76 Catholic, Roman, or popish, 270, 298 sectarian, 19, 27, 35, 37, 43, 45 Sussex, 233 theocracy, 81, 88–9, 92 parish at Lewys, 224 Three Bonds, see sangang sutra, 21 Three Disasters, 28, 35 Diamond, 22 see also kalpic change Jingang ke’i,22 Tian (Heaven), 15–17 Sykes, Norman, xvi Will of, 15–16, 121 symbolism, religious, 87, 335 see also Heaven symbols, religious, 64, 302, 304, 330 Tianhou, Empress of Heaven, 128, 143 synods, 85, 163, 175, 295 as devotee of Guanyin, 145 of Dordrecht (1618–19), 84, 89, 93 temples dedicated to, 143 of Kiev (1629), 165 Tikhanov, Aleksandr, 267 see also decrees time Sysyn, Frank, 6, 62 altered, 46, 48 see also calendar Taishan (Eastern Peak), 132–3, 135, 152 Toledo, diocese of, 310–11 as home to Daoist immortals (xian), 132 and the Inquisition, 306, 308, 314 Lady of, see Bixia Yuanjun toleration, religious, 78, 95–6, 141–2, sacred mother of (shen mu), 133 157–9, 161, 163, 168, 203, 208, 210, see also Eastern Peak, spirit or God of 215, 247, 368 Tang dynasty, 137, 146, 149 championed by Libertines, 88

Index 413

Tonkin, Thomas (d. 1742), 371 Ussher, James, 235 Townsend archbishop of Armagh and primate of Sir Roger, 338, 340, 344 Ireland (1625–56), 235 Sir Roger II, 338–9, 342–4 bishop of Meath (1621–25), 214, marriage to Anne Brewes, 338 235 will of, 343 Utraquists, 157 Roger III, rector of Salle, 338–40, 343, 345 orthodox tradition of, 92 will of, 340–1 Utrecht, 88 transmigration see also Union of Utrecht samsaric, 20–1 transubstantiation, 105, 285–6, 299 values Transylvania, 155, 157 antinomian, 51 Trelille, John, 370, 374 civic, 6, 90 Tretherffe, Thomas, 357 community, 80–1, 309 Troitskii-Sergiev monastery, and cultural, 81, 97 unattested relics, 272–3 elite, 286 relics of founder Sergei Radonezh, 282 religious, 15, 153, 290 “true” church or religion of Christ, 98–9, Varnava, archbishop of Kholmogory, 102, 103, 105, 118, 210 267–9 Tuptalo, Dimitrii, bishop of Rostov, 261 Venice, 63, 168 and sanctity of, 278, 280 vespers, 57, 330 Tver, diocese of, 276 Vestiarian Controversy, 101 vestments, see clergy Uglitskii, Feodosii, archbishop of Viazniki, 68 Chernigov, veneration of, 276–7 radicals, 69, 71 Ukraine, 62, 65–7, 72, 75, 155–8, 161, 168, Vasilii Fedorov, 71 171–4, 176, 178–83, 256 Prince I. S. Prozorovskii, 71 see also scholars Vilnius, 169, 174 Ukrainian Church, 172, 178 Virgin Mary, 108, 113, 267, 292, 320, 331, see also Orthodox Church; Ruthenian 338, 344–5, 354, 367 Church Annunciation of, 292, 337 Ukrainians, 6, 160, 172, 179–80 changes in forms of veneration, 292 Orthodox, 6 coronation of, 292, 337 see also Ruthenians; Catholics, Uniate death of, 292 undecided, confessionally, 83, 86 guild of, 331, 326 underworld, of Chinese popular religion, Mother of God, 265 127–8, 132–3, 143 icons of, 264–5, 278 unﬁliality, 39, 50 Our Lady of Pity, 331, 357 uniformity, 74, 95, 154, 237, 249 Our Lady of the West, 325 confessional, 53 pains of, 292 discipline, 209 Puriﬁcation of, 292 practice, 210, 363 Visitation, 292, 337 liturgical, 56, 363 see also Assumption Union of Brest, 155, 160–1, 164, 166–7, 171, Vishnevskii, Gedeon, bishop of Smolensk, 173, 175–7, 183 261–2, 269–70, 281 and Kostiantyn Ostroz’kyi, palatine of visitations, episcopal, 6, 98, 99–100, 101, Kyiv, 175 103, 106–7, 110–11, 113–14, 116–17, Union of Florence, 158, 160, 174 217, 223, 226, 232, 246, 291, 299, 311 Union of Utrecht (1579), 89, 91 articles of, 99, 106–7, 111, 114, 217, 226–7, United Provinces, 80–1, 83, 86, 89 297 formation of, 91 means of enforcing conformity, 23, structure of, 91 101–2, 108, 115, 238, 294–5, 299 Unity Sect (Iguan dao), 35 resistance to, 100 Jiaxiang shuxin,35 teaching licenses, 226 see also, sectarianism Volkov, Pimin, of Sestriniskii monastery, uprisings, see revolts vision of, 267–8, 280

414 Index

Vologda, 69, 272 will, free, 312, 358, 363 Vonifat’ev, Stefan, 55, 64 zhi, 124 Voznesenskii convent see also Tian Abbess Venedikta Pushkina of, 266 Williams, Edward, parson of Holy Trinity, and the Kazan icon of the Mother of Dorset, presentment for God, 265–7 nonconformity, 227–8 Vyg, monastic community of, 75–8 Willis, Browne, 371–2 and Daniil Vikulich, 75 wills, 103, 106–7, 117, 243–4, 319–20, 326–7, Vyhovs’kyi, Ivan Mazepa, 155 329, 331, 333–4, 336, 338–41, 343–5, successor to hetmanate, 156, 179–80 347, 355, 357 see also Peter I Windebank, Sir Francis (1582–1646), Vyshens’kyi, Ivan, 167, 175 secretary of state to King Charles I of England, 222, 225, 242 Wales, 352 Wittenberg, 286, 287, 299 Walker, George, rector of St. John city church of, 287 Evangelist; lecturer at St. Helen’s W✟ladys✟law IV, king of Poland (1632–48), Bishopsgate, 221, 234 161, 163–4, 168–9 Wallachia, 164, 177 Woerden, 84 Walsingham plot, 338 Wolsey, Thomas (1475?–1530), cardinal Walsingham priory, 338 archbishop of York, xvi Wang Sen, 33–4 women, 37, 42, 58, 61, 151, 266, 292, and Xu Hongru, 34 313–14, 343 see also East Mahayana Sect childbirth, 105, 300 Wanli emperor, 144 death, 318–19 war, 154–6, 161, 168–9, 172, 184 devotees of Guanyin, 142–6 English civil, xvi, 3, 154 incarnated as Buddha mothers, 37, 42 Smolensk, 164–5, 179 inspiration for sin, 314 see also Dutch Revolt; revolts; Wars of klopjes,87 Religion marriage, 190, 192–3 Ward, Simon, master of Sidney Sussex, parish life, 326, 334 Cambridge, 213–14, 235–6 participation in religious activity, 41, 43, Wars of Religion, French, 185, 198–200, 205 69, 151, 297, 357, 374 Warwickshire, 369 and book production, 76 parish at Tamworth, 224 and selective exclusion or Way, 47, 130 discrimination, 267, 280, 291–2 Weber, Max, 14–15 religious equality, 39, 41–2, 43, 292 thesis, 14, 16, 36, 40 saints, 259, 265, 267 weddings, 301, 363 see also klikushki, midwives; sexes and preaching, 288–9 Word of God, 6, 8, 100, 104, 112, 237, 289, and shaming, 290 338, 346 Weld, Lady Mary, widow of Alderman Sir religion of the, 53 Humphrey Weld, 243 worship, 6, 8–9, 41, 49, 57, 63, 99, 104, 111, Weld, Thomas, vicar of Terling, Essex, 219, 130, 144, 152, 161, 197, 342, 351, 358, 230 363 wells, holy or sacred, 85–6, 125, 352, 354–5, Catholic, 3, 116 357, 359, 369–70, 373–5 condition of, 53, 98, 152 pre-Reformation origin, 354 content of, 288, 361 well houses, 354 disorder in, 56 see also proper names domestic, 143 West Mahayana Sect (Xi dacheng jiao), 33 landscape of, 8 White Lotus, 18, 37 material culture of, 106 see also sectarianism open-altar, 152 White Sun (baiyang) Orthodox, 56, 76, 263 and kalpic progression, 33, 46 parish, 103, 106, 117, 325, 327, 330, 335, Sect, 46; see also sectarianism 344, 351, 353–4, 358–9, 362 Whiting, Robert, 2, 360 places of, 362

Index 415

reform of, 4, 7, 61 Yongle emperor, 144 Reformed, 100, 201 and X ¨u,empress, 144 rigor of, 77–8 York see also services; space archbishop of, 244 Wotton, Anthony, 233, 243 diocese of, 217, 219 Wuji, see Non-being Minster, 336 W¨urttemberg, church ordinance of 1553, York House conference (1626), 216 299 Yuan dynasty, 18, 134, 138–9, 147, 149 Wusheng fumu, see Eternal Venerable Yuandun Sect (Complete and Parent instantaneous enlightenment), 30, Wusheng laomu, see Eternal Venerable 34, 45 Mother Gongchang, founder, 34 Wuwei, 39 Yunnan province, 134 patriarch of, 40 incarnation of Amitabha Buddha, 27 Zamora, diocese of 311, 319, 321 Sect, 39, 50 Zaragoza, 317 Xiaoshi zhenkong saoxin baozhuan,40 Zboriv Agreement (1649), 171, 178 wuwei fa, 23–4, 27 Zealots of Piety, 55–8, 60, 62, 77 see also Nikon; reformers Xia dynasty, 138 zha, 138 Xiao Wu, emperor of China, 132 see also offerings; spirits Xuanwu, the Dark Warrior (Zhenwu, Zha rites, 137–8, 139, 141 the Immortal Warrior), 148–9, 151 see also Bazha rites xukong, see Emptiness Zhejiang, 40, 50, 147–8 zheng (right and correct teaching), 15 Yan Yuan, 42–3, 47, 50 zhenkong, see Emptiness yang, 14, 42 Zhenwu, the Immortal Warrior, see Yangtze, 148 Xuanwu Huguang province, 140 Zhili, northern, 33, 44, 47 Jiangxi province, 140 Zhou dynasty, 132, 136–8 Yanluo, king of Hell (Skt. Yama), 127, 143 calendar, 136 Yaoshi benyuan gongde baozhuan,30 Northern, 137 Yellow Heaven Sect (huangtian dao), 31, 42, Zhu Guozhen, Yongchuang xiaopin, 40, 50 46–7, 50 Znachno-Iavors’kyi, Melkhizedyk, Yellow Sun Assembly (huangyang hui), archimandrite, 170 29 Zurich, 98–100 Yelverton, Sir Henry, 244 Zwinglian, 102, 287 yin, 14, 42 Zwingli, Ullrych (1484–1531), 100, 286, Yingzong, emperor of China, 32 298, 312