NI TOUT L'un, NI TOUT L'autre Rencontres, Métissages Et

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NI TOUT L'un, NI TOUT L'autre Rencontres, Métissages Et LOUIS-PASCAL ROUSSEAU NI TOUT L’UN, NI TOUT L’AUTRE Rencontres, métissages et ethnogenèse au Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean aux 16e et 17e siècles Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en histoire pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiæ doctor (Ph.D.) DÉPARTEMENT D’HISTOIRE FACULTÉ DES LETTRES UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2012 © Louis-Pascal Rousseau, 2012 0 RÉSUMÉ La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le mouvement de recherche en ethnogenèse métisse qui se déploie ces dernières années dans les milieux universitaires en sciences humaines et sociales au Canada et – dans une moindre mesure - aux États-Unis. Ce mouvement a pour objectif d’expliquer le processus par lequel de nouvelles communautés de Métis ont émergé au fil de l’histoire alors que colons et autochtones sont entrés en contact en sol nord-américain. Le cheminement proposé par cette étude consiste à utiliser les différents outils conceptuels et méthodologiques propres à ce mouvement de recherche et à les adapter à un contexte historique nouveau, en l’occurrence l’histoire du Saguenay – Lac- Saint-Jean durant les 16e et 17e siècles. Le choix de ce cadre spatio-temporel trouve son intérêt dans le fait qu’il a constitué le théâtre de rencontres régulières et prolongées entre colons et autochtones, ces deux groupes s’étant engagés dans de profonds processus de métissage entre eux –autant au niveau culturel que généalogique- pendant plusieurs générations. L’étude explore ainsi ces processus depuis l’époque des premières visites des marins européens sur le littoral du fleuve Saint-Laurent jusqu’à celle où les habitants de la colonie instaurent un réseau de postes de traite qui s’enfonce dans le territoire forestier. Elle n’est ni une histoire de la population amérindienne, ni une histoire de la population coloniale présente dans la région : elle prend pour objet central le métissage s’étant opéré entre ces deux groupes ainsi que ses résultantes identitaires durant les deux premiers siècles de leurs rencontres. Plus qu’une simple étude de cas régionale, la présente thèse s’intéresse au fonctionnement même des processus d’ethnogenèse métisse et aux facteurs contextuels fondamentaux qui induisent ou inhibent ces phénomènes identitaires. Elle se conclut sur une série de constats qui permettent de comprendre et d’expliquer pourquoi, dans certaines conditions, il peut y avoir absence d’ethnogenèse d’une nouvelle communauté métisse dans un contexte où il y a pourtant de profonds mécanismes de métissages entre deux groupes sur une période historique prolongée. Comprendre pourquoi une ethnogenèse métisse ne s’enclenche pas apparait aussi important que de comprendre pourquoi elle s’enclenche. i ii ABSTRACT This thesis is linked to the actual research movement on Métis ethnogenesis, which is getting in vogue since few years in the faculties of Social Sciences and Humanities of many universities in Canada and – to a lesser scale – United States. The aim of this research movement is to identify the process by which Métis communities (resulting from the contacts between European settlers and Aboriginal peoples) came into being during the North American history. This thesis uses the conceptual and methodological tools of this research movement and adapts them to a new historical context, that is to say the Saguenay – Lac-Saint-Jean region during the 16th and the 17th centuries. The choice of this spatio-temporal frame is based on the fact that it has been the scene of regular and prolonged meetings between Europeans settlers and Aboriginal peoples. For generations in that historical context, these two populations have been engaged into a profound process of intermixing (or métissage) at both genealogical and cultural levels. This work exposes what this process was, from its beginning when the first European sailors came on the banks of the Saint-Lawrence up to the time where the inhabitants of the French colony started to establish a fur trade posts network in the forest of the region. It is neither a history of the aboriginal peoples of the Saguenay – Lac-Saint- Jean region, nor a history of its settlers: it takes as its main object the intermixing process of these two populations and its result within the two first centuries of their encounters. More than just a case study, this thesis analyses the very fundamental mechanisms by which ethnogenesis processes work, and identify some of the contextual factors that induce and inhibit these phenomena. Its ultimate achievement is to suggest researchers tools that are intended to help explaining why, in certain historical contexts, there can be no ethnogenesis process even though there is a lot of métissage between two cultural groups for a long period of time. At the end of this thesis, to understand why an ethnogenesis process doesn’t occur appears as important as to understand why it does. iii REMERCIEMENTS Un cheminement académique au doctorat, par définition, constitue une épreuve pour l’étudiant, lequel doit consentir à plusieurs sacrifices personnels pour parvenir au terme de son parcours. Les journées, les soirées, les nuits de travail ont été innombrables pour en arriver au présent résultat. Sans le support de mon entourage, jamais ce cheminement n’aurait pu être accompli. Je tiens à remercier plusieurs personnes qui au cours de cette épreuve me sont venues en aide par des conseils touchant autant au contenu de mes recherches qu’au fonctionnement des milieux universitaires. Au rang de ces personnes figure en premier lieu le professeur Laurier Turgeon, qui a été pour moi plus qu’un simple directeur d’études doctorales : il fut aussi un conseiller hors-pair dans le décodage complexe des structures et des tribunes de diffusion de mes travaux académiques. Peu d’étudiants peuvent se targuer d’avoir eu un si bon enseignement à ce niveau. Mes remerciements sont aussi dirigés vers le professeur Serge Gruzinski qui, au cours de ses séminaires que j’ai suivi à l’ÉHESS de Paris, m’a peu à peu enlevé les œillères qui bloquaient mon regard sur une grande partie du champ de recherche américaniste. J’ai découvert avec lui d’autres terrains d’étude, ce qui m’a permis de prendre du recul par rapport au mien et de mieux en percevoir les contours. Il m’a amené à changer fondamentalement ma manière d’aborder la matière historique. Par ailleurs, je tiens aussi à remercier le professeur Denys Delâge, probablement l’une des personnes qui a le plus influencé ma trajectoire académique. Il y a de ça quelques années, alors que je débutais mon parcours universitaire, il m’avait reçu à son bureau pour une simple rencontre de routine dans le cadre d’un cours de premier cycle. Cette rencontre s’est transformée en un exposé sur les étapes à franchir pour se développer dans le champ de la recherche sur les autochtones. Ses conseils m’ont guidé pendant des années. Ils m’ont transporté aux Territoires du Nord-Ouest, où j’ai eu la chance et le privilège de vivre parmi des groupes d’Amérindiens et de Métis. J’ai ensuite traversé l’océan pour puiser de nouvelles ressources dans les milieux universitaires européens. Ses conseils soufflent encore dans les voiles de mes ambitions, alors que je me dirige vers les États-Unis pour poursuivre mes travaux. iv Lorsque j’étais en terres nordiques, je me suis rendu sur le site de Old Fort Rae, près de Yellowknife, où se rassemblaient plusieurs familles métisses des localités environnantes pour leur réunion annuelle. J’ai connu à cet endroit ce que l’on pourrait qualifer d’état de grâce ethnohistorique, ayant pu échanger des heures durant avec les derniers locuteurs du language local, un mélange de langues autochtones et de français. Le soir autour du feu, avec de la patience, ainsi qu’avec l’aide du père Guy Lavallée (un autre invité qui provenait pour sa part de la communauté métisse établie à Saint-Laurent, au Manitoba) nous étions arrivés à nous comprendre et à nous découvrir. Au terme de cette soirée, le père oblat et moi avons eu une discussion qui a fait germé en moi une idée de recherche : celle-là même qui est devenue, une décennie plus tard, la présente thèse. Ayant lui-même étudié l’histoire des métissages, il se questionnait alors sur ce qui fait en sorte que les métissages donnent, dans certaines situations historiques, des communautés métisses telles que celle dans laquelle nous baignions, alors que ce n’est pas le cas dans d’autres situations. En clair, il m’a amené à m’intéresser aux conditions fondamentales d’enclenchement ou d’inhibition des procesuus de formation des communautés métisses. Le destin a fait en sorte que j’ai croisé à nouveau le père Guy Lavallée lors d’un voyage à Winnipeg, alors même que se terminait mon parcours doctoral. J’ai eu la chance de le remercier personnellement de m’avoir donné cette idée de recherche. Je me devais également de le faire ici par écrit. Je remercie aussi Hélène Couture, généalogiste de premier plan, pour les lumières qu’elle a apportées sur la descendance de certains personnages historiques abordés dans ma recherche. Je remercie de la même manière l’historien Nelson-Martin Dawson, qui fait preuve à travers ses travaux d’une capacité bien supérieure à la mienne pour mémoriser et mettre au jour des détails événementiels micro-historiques régionaux, surtout à la fin du 17e siècle. Plusieurs autres personnes m’ont grandement aidé à diverses occasions, autant par leurs conseils que par leur travaux, leurs publications et leurs réflexions. Je les nomme ici, en ordre alphabétique : Alain Beaulieu, Jennifer Brown, Aimée Craft, Paul-André Dubois, Denis Gagnon, Claude Gélinas, Betty Harnum, Gilles Havard, Albert Lafferty, v Frédéric Laugrand, Michel Lavoie, Christian Morissonneau, Martin Pâquet, Diane Payment, Jacqueline Peterson Loomis, Daniel Richter, Étienne Rivard, Denis Vaugeois et Robert Vézina.
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