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Phonetic and Phonological Changes in Obsolescing Languages a Case Study of the Khorasani Variety of Kurmanji Language

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Phonetic and Phonological Changes in Obsolescing Languages a Case Study of the Khorasani Variety of Kurmanji Language Doctoral Thesis Phonetic and Phonological Changes in Obsolescing Languages A Case Study of the Khorasani Variety of Kurmanji Language ༴ᶵゝㄒࡢ㡢ኌ࣭㡢㡩ኚ໬࣮࣮࣍ࣛࢧ࣮ࣥࡢࢡ࣐ࣝࣥࢪ࣮ㄒࡢ஦౛ⓗ◊✲− Mahjoub Zirak Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Hiroshima University March 2014 Acknowledgment This thesis is the end of my journey in obtaining my Ph.D. At the end of my thesis, it is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all those who contributed in many ways to the success of this study and made it an unforgettable experience for me. At this moment of accomplishment, first of all I pay homage to my supervisor, Professor Peter M. Skaer. This work would not have been possible without his guidance, support and encouragement. Under his guidance I successfully overcame many difficulties and learned a lot. He reviewed my thesis progress, gave his valuable suggestions and made corrections. His unflinching courage and conviction always inspired me. It is to him that I dedicate this work. I am also extremely indebted to my advisor Professor Aniya Sousei, for providing necessary assistance to accomplish my research work. I am very much thankful to him for helping me in terms of administrative procedures in the Japanese language at the critical stages of my Ph.D. I warmly thank Professor Yoshimura Shintaro, for his valuable advice and his extensive discussions about my work. My thanks are due to Professor Tanimoto Hideyasu for his valuable suggestions and help. I am also thankful to Professor Yoshida Mitsunobu, the dean of the Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences for his constant support and encouragement. I take this opportunity to sincerely acknowledge Hiroshima University, for providing financial assistance which buttressed me to perform my work comfortably. I gratefully acknowledge Ms. Abe and her team in the Student Support Office of the Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences as well as Ms. Yahata for their understanding, encouragement and personal attention which have provided good and smooth basis on the administrative procedures during my study. Professor Farhad Sasani, my brilliant supervisor during my study in my Master of Arts, deserves my sincere expression of thanks for providing me experimental hands-on-training on different aspects of my study in linguistics. I owe gratitude to him who willingly devoted so much time in giving guidance to me. I owe a great deal of appreciation and gratitude to Professor Mehrdad Naghzguy Kohan for his constant moral support and for the discussions regarding my project from which he deserves special mention here. It’s my fortune to gratefully acknowledge the support of Kurmanji community in northeast of Iran. I am much indebted to them for sharing their language and culture with me and their valuable patience in my work, spending their precious time during the data recordings. This thesis is the result of their generosity as well as the valuable support of the Pishin Pazhuh Organization in Iran providing me with their precious archive of Kurmanji Language recorded in the 1970s. It is also a pleasure to mention my parents for their faith in me and allowing me to be as ambitious as I wanted. Last but not least, I would like to pay high regards to my husband Mohammad for his sincere encouragement and inspiration throughout my research work and lifting me uphill in this phase of life. I owe everything to him. Table of content Page No. Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Chapter1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………….6 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..6 2. Overview of the language contact and change……………………………………………8 2.1. Language maintenance…………………………………………………………………….8 2.2. Language shift……………………………………………………………………...…….11 3. Mechanisms of contact induced change…………………………………………………13 3.1. Linguistic factors in contact-induced change……………………………………………13 3.2. Social and psychological mechanisms in contact-induced change………………………14 3.3. Concergence vs. Divergence change…………………………………………………….16 4. How is change evaluated? …………………………………………………………..…...17 4.1. Is contact-induced change inevitable? …………………………………………………..19 5. Variation and variability…………………………………………………………………20 5.1. Variation in endangered languages………………………………………………………20 5.2. Individual variability, the effect of semi- speakers………………………………………21 6. Types of change in endangered languages……………………………………………….22 6.1. Predictable or expected changes…………………………………………………………23 6.2. Changes of uncertain predictability……………………………………………………...23 6.2.1. Overgeneralization of unmarked features (loss of marked features through replacement with unmarked counterparts) ……………………………………………………………………23 6.2.2. Overgeneralization of marked features…………………………………………………..25 6.2.3. Loss or reduction in phonological contrasts (mergers) ………………………………….25 6.2.4. Acts of reception…………………………………………………………………………26 7. Cultural consequences of language shift…………………………………………………26 8. Theoretical implications of sociophonetic studies……………………………………….28 I Chapter 2: Kurmanji Language in Northeast of Iran………………………………..31 1. Background of the Kurdish language………………………………………………...31 2. The history of Khorasani variety of Kurmanji………………………………………33 3. The history of Kurdish linguistics…………………………………………………….35 3.1. European descriptive and dialectal studies…………………………………………...35 3.2. Kurdish studies in the Soviet tradition………………………………………………..36 3.3. Work within a structuralist linguistic framework……………………………………37 3.4. Kurdish literacy………………………………………………………………………..37 3.5. Phonology of Kurmanji………………………………………………………………..38 4. Selected issues in recent Kurdish Linguistics………………………………………..40 4.1. Language contact……………………………………………………………………….40 4.2. The generation gap……………………………………………………………………..43 5. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………45 Chapter3: A Contrastive Study of Kurmanji and the Dominant Persian VOT………..…..48 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………48 2. Explanations of VOT Distinctions……………………………………………………….51 1. Variations and Universals in Voice Onset Time (VOT) ………………………………........55 2. VOT variations due to the place of articulation……………………………………………...58 2.2.1. The relative size of the cavity at the point of constrictions……………………………...58 2.2.2. Artic ula tor y mo ve me nts………………………………………………………………….59 2.2.3. Articulatory contact area………………………………………………………………....60 2.2.4. Glottal opening area……………………………………………………………………..61 2.2.5. Temporal adjustment between stop closure duration and VOT………………………….62 3. Unaspirated vs. aspirated stops………………………………………………………….63 4. Laryngeal markedness and aspiration………………………..…………………………..65 2.4.1. Aspiration as unmarked………………………………………………………………….67 2.4.1.1. Acquisition……………………………………………………………………….67 2.4.1.2. Articulation………………………………………………………………………68 2.4.1.3. Perception………………………………………………………………………..70 II 2.4.1.3.1. Dispersion/enhancement…………………………………………………………70 2.4.1.3.2. Perceptual salience……………………………………………………………….71 2.4.1.4. Phonological behaviour………………………………………………………….73 2.4.1.4.1. Previous proposals for voiceless aspirates being unmarked……………………..74 2.4.1.4.2. Second-language facts…………………………………………………………...74 2.4.1.5. Language change………………………………………………………………...75 3. Kurmanji vs. Persian Voice Onset Time…………………………………………………76 1. Aims of the study………………………………………………………………………...78 2. The phonology of Kurmanji stops……………………………………………………….78 3. The phonology of Persian stops………………………………………………………….82 4. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………..83 4.1. Participants……………………………………………………………………………….83 4.2. Materials…………………………………………………………………………………84 4.3. Recordings and measurements…………………………………………………………..85 4.4. Statistical analysis………………………………………………………………………..87 5. Results and discussion…………………………………………………………………..87 5.1. Voicing contrast distinction……………………………………………………………...87 5.2. Factors affecting VOT………………………………………………………………….103 6. Discussion………………………………………………………………………………108 Chapter 4: Initial Consonant Clusters in Kurmanji and the Dominant Persian….117 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….117 1.1. Transfer, approximation, and expansion in phonological merger……………………...118 2. Structural complexity of consonant clusters: A phonologist’s view…………………...122 2.1. What is a consonant cluster?……………………………………………………………125 2.2. What is consonant cluster complexity? ………………………………………………...128 2.3. How is consonant cluster complexity reduced? ………………………………………..129 2.3.1. Epenthesis………………………………………………………………………………129 2.3.2. C1-deletion……………………………………………………………………………..130 2.3.3. C2-deletion……………………………………………………………………………...130 2.3.4. CV-metathesis…………………………………………………………………………..131 III 2.3.5. Syncope…………………………………………………………………………………131 2.4. Repair strategies and cluster types……………………………………………………...131 3. Limited consonant clusters in OV languages…………………………………………...132 3.1. Implicational universals………………………………………………………………...132 4. Clustering of sonorants (S) and obstruents (O) ……………..………………………….135 4.1. Sonority sequencing principle…………………………….…………………………….136 4.2. Predictions about language type shifts………………………………………………….140 4.3. Multiple articulatory gestures…………………………………………………………..141 4.3.1. Secondary articulations…………………………………………………………………142 4.3.1.1. Labialization……………………………………………………………………143 5. Relative markedness in consonant clusters……………………………………………..144 6. Kurmanji vs. Persian consonant clusters……………………………………………….146 6.1. Syllable structures in Kurmanji………………………………………………………...147 6.2. Syllable Structures in Persian…………………………………………………………..150 6.3. Aims of the study……………………………………………………………………….152 7. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………153
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