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FROM SEASCAPES of EXTINCTION to SEASCAPES of CONFIDENCE Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in Chile: El Quisco and Puerto Oscuro

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FROM SEASCAPES of EXTINCTION to SEASCAPES of CONFIDENCE Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in Chile: El Quisco and Puerto Oscuro FROM SEASCAPES OF EXTINCTION TO SEASCAPES OF CONFIDENCE Territorial use rights in fisheries in Chile: El Quisco and Puerto Oscuro Gloria L. Gallardo Ferna´ ndez Uppsala Centre for Sustainable Development First published 2008 by Co-Action Publishing Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2008 Gloria L. Gallardo Ferna´ ndez The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those ofthe author. Typeset by Datapage Ltd, Dublin, Ireland Cover design: Julie Bindslev (with due permission from J.C. Campos to reproduce his drawings) Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the author or the publisher. ISBN: 978-91-977071-2-1 (pbk) I dedicate this study to my beloved son Max Emiliano Tornstam who at the age of seven accompanied me in the field trip to Chile Á and to the Chilean fishers who through the management areas are contributing toward preserving precious coastal resources for those coming after us. Uppsala, Sweden 3rd of June 2008 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................ix Preface ..............................................................xi List of Abbreviations .................................................... xiii List of Tables, Figures, Maps & Pictures .......................................xv PART I FISHERIES: BETWEEN THE GLOBAL AND THE LOCAL Chapter 1: The study setting.................................................2 International background .............................................2 National background.................................................6 The emergence of new cultural landscapes..................................9 Unattended concerns? Study relevance and justification . .....................11 Purpose of the study ................................................14 Rationale behind the selection of the cases . .............................15 Methodological approach ............................................16 The methods . ....................................................18 On the field conditions in El Quisco .....................................19 The PRA tools used in El Quisco. .....................................21 Evaluation of the methodology used in El Quisco . .........................23 Ethical considerations . ............................................23 The PRA field material . ............................................23 Chapter 2: Fishing management and property rights: a conceptual framework..............25 Introduction . ....................................................25 Socially constructed subdivisions of the ocean . .............................28 Property rights, common property, open access .............................31 The global ocean and property rights . .................................33 The global ocean: a common pool resource. .............................35 Fisheries management . ............................................40 Co-management . ................................................41 Territorial use rights for fisheries (TURFs) . .............................47 PART II CHILEAN FISHERIES AND THE MANAGEMENT AND EXPLOITATION AREAS FOR BENTHIC RESOURCES Chapter 3: Chile’s coast and fisheries legal and policy framework ......................54 Introduction . ....................................................54 Coastal border administration . .....................................54 Property regimes along the Chilean coast .................................59 The internationalization of fisheries .....................................63 Institutional structure of fishing authorities . .............................65 Fishing research and related stakeholders .................................66 v vi Contents Chapter 4: Industrial and artisanal fishing landing in Chile ..........................70 Introduction . ....................................................70 Employment in industrial and artisanal fishing sectors . .....................73 The artisanal fishers ................................................75 Theboats........................................................76 The fishing coves . ................................................77 The artisanal fishing organizations . .....................................78 Chapter 5: Loco fishery and the Management Areas ...............................82 Introduction . ....................................................82 Biological aspects of the Loco .........................................82 Modus operandi of the Loco harvest . .................................84 History of the Loco fishery . .....................................84 From domestic production and consumption to production for export.............85 First period (1960Á1974): Production for the domestic market . .............85 Second period (1975Á1980): Production for the international market .........86 Third period (1981Á1992): From limiting reproductive season to total closure . 86 Reproductive seasons (1981Á1984) .............................87 Global quota (1985Á1989) . .................................87 Total closure (1990Á1992) . .................................88 Prelude to the territorial use rights for fisheries (TURFs) . .....................88 The introduction of territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs) in Chile (1991) . .....90 The Benthic Extraction Regime (1993Á1997) . .........................91 The MEABRs (1995Á)..........................................91 The Management Area legal framework .............................92 Selection and proposition of a marine seabed or area . .................93 Application procedure to obtain a Management Area . .................93 The Management Plan and Exploitation of Area (PMEA) . .............96 Expansion and implementation of Management Areas: institutional problems and multiple interest ................................................97 Loco export and revenues (1987Á2005) . ................................101 Post Management Area illegal harvesting ................................102 PART III SEASCAPES OF CONFLICT, SEASCAPES OF CONFIDENCE: THE CASE STUDIES Chapter 6: Puerto Oscuro: the seascape of conflict ...............................106 Introduction . ...................................................106 Puerto Oscuro: multiple stakeholders, multiple claims . ................106 The Puerto Oscuro landed property................................107 The fishers . ...............................................108 The cottage owners ...........................................109 The conflict, the lawsuit . ....................................110 Uncertain outcomes...........................................113 The Management Area Puerto Oscuro . ................................115 Puerto Oscuro: the times prior to the Management Area. ................115 The constitution of the Management Area. ........................117 Contents vii Production and projections. ....................................119 Production between 1997 and 1999 ................................119 Production between 2000 and 2001 ................................120 Gross and net incomes . ...........................................121 Production after 2001 . ....................................122 Problems and achievements: Ocares’ perceptions . ....................123 On the connection between the Management Area and the historical areas ....125 Production in the historical areas . ................................126 Future plans . ...............................................127 Conclusions . ...................................................127 Chapter 7: El Quisco: the seascape of hope ....................................129 Section 1: The location: historical background . ............................129 Introduction . ...................................................129 The location . ...................................................130 Analysis of Village Map tools ....................................131 Historical background of the El Quisco fishing cove ........................132 Analysis of the Historical Profile. ................................136 From extinction to sustainable development . ............................136 Analysis of the reasons for the introduction of the Management Area . ....138 Sustainable development: fishers’ perceptions . ........................138 Analysis of the sustainable development concept . ....................139 The Union, governance arrangements and institutional linkages ................140 Union organization and governance arrangements . ....................140 Internal structure. ...........................................142 External institutional linkages....................................143 Analysis of the organization and institutional linkages . ................144 Section 2: Fishing . ...............................................144
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