Seabird Bycatch in Chile: a Synthesis of Its Impacts, and a Review of Strategies to Contribute to the Reduction of a Global Phenomenon

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Seabird bycatch in Chile: A synthesis of its impacts, and a review of strategies to contribute to the reduction of a global phenomenon

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By Cristián G. Suazo1, 2,*, Luis A. Cabezas2, 3, Carlos A. Moreno4, Javier A. Arata5, Guillermo Luna-Jorquera6, Alejan- dro Simeone7, Luis Adasme8, Jorge Azócar8, Marcelo García9, Oliver Yates10, and Graham Robertson11

1 Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Giessen, Germany. 2 Albatross Task Force, BirdLife International, Chile. 3 Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Valparaíso, Casilla 5080, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile. 4 Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile. 5 Instituto Antártico Chileno, Plaza Benjamín Muñoz Gamero 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile. 6 Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile. 7 Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 470, Santiago, Chile. 8 Departamento de Evaluación de Pesquerías, División de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Blanco 839, Valparaíso, Chile. 9 Unidad Biodiversidad y Patrimonio Acuático, Departamento de Pesquerías, Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura, Gobierno de Chile, Bellavista 168, Valparaíso, Chile. 10 BirdLife International Marine Programme, Casilla 145, La Serena, Chile. 11 Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Chile holds globally important colonies of endangered and endemic seabird species, and globally vulnerable nonbreeding species visit its waters. One of the major threats for seabirds in Chilean waters is the impact of fishing activities, both industrial and artisanal, which overlap with seabird breeding and foraging areas. Bycatch in fisheries threatens 27 identified species and two groups of unidentified albatrosses and penguins, with the Black-browed AlbatrossThalassarche melanophrys as the species most related to bycatch events. Responding to the international call for the voluntary adoption of a plan to reduce the impacts of fisheries on seabirds, Chile generated a National Plan of Action (PAN-AM/Chile) to monitor seabird bycatch, and to mitigate threats to seabirds with emphasis on industrial longline fisheries. Following the successful reduction of seabird bycatch in the demersal longline fishery for Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, with zero individuals caught during 2006, Chile is extending the PAN-AM/Chile to include other fisheries that use gear known to cause incidental mortality, such as trawl, purse seine, and gillnets. This initiative is supported by actions associated with the creation of a national scientific committee for biodiversity, and new collaborative research platforms under the auspices of the Chilean Undersecretariat for Fisheries and Aquaculture.

Keywords: Albatross, conservation, fisheries, gillnet, Humboldt Current System, longline, mortality, Oceanic Islands, purse seine, Subantarctic, trawl

Resumen Chile cuenta con importantes colonias a nivel global de especies de aves marinas endémicas y en peligro, así como especies no reproductivas globalmente vulnerables que visitan sus aguas. Una de las mayores amenazas para las aves marinas en aguas chilenas es el impacto de las actividades pesqueras, tanto industriales y artesanales, las cuales se sobreponen con áreas de reproducción y alimentación de aves marinas. Estas amenazan 27 especies identificadas y dos grupos de albatross y pingüinos no identificados, con el Albatros de ceja negra Thalassarche melanophrys como la especie más relacionada a eventos de captura incidental. Respondiendo al llamado internacional para la adopción voluntaria de un plan para reducir los impactos de las pesquerías en aves marinas, Chile generó un Plan de Acción Nacional (PAN-AM/Chile) para monitorear la captura incidental de aves marinas y mitigar amenazas con énfasis en pesquerías industriales de palangre. Seguido a la exitosa reducción de la captura incidental en la pesquería demersal de palangre para Bacalao de profundidad Dissostichus eleginoides, con cero individuos capturados durante 2006, Chile está ampliando el PAN-AM/Chile para incluir otras pesquerías que usan artes de pesca con conocida mortalidad incidental, tales como arrastre, cerco y redes agalleras. Esta iniciativa es apoyada por acciones asociadas con la creación de un comité científico de biodiversidad y nuevas plataformas de investigación colaborativa, bajo los auspicios de la Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura de Chile.

Palabras clave: Albatros, arrastre, cerco, conservación, Islas Oceánicas, mortalidad, palangre, pesquerías, red agallera, Sistema de Corriente de Humboldt, Subantártico

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 1 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile

INTRODUCTION species prone to negative interactions effort is distributed between industrial with fishing gear such as the hooks of and artisanal (i.e. small-scale) fishing. Bycatch is recognized as the major longliners, collisions with cables in Industrial fishing vessels are >18 m in threat to the conservation of seabird trawlers, and entanglement in net gear length. Artisanal activities are related species worldwide. The high rate of such gillnet and purse seine. mainly to manual operations in small mortality in these long-lived species is The important role of Chile for boats or semi-industrial vessels <18 m; conducive to population declines, and is seabird conservation is highlighted espe- these small-scale activities have a legal due to interaction with different fishing cially because the nation’s waters include exclusive fishing area of 5 miles from gears (Croxall et al. 2012) with its nega- globally important breeding grounds for the coastline. tive effects on demographic status. some albatrosses (e.g. Black-browed The present work includes a review The high biological productivity as- Thalassarche melanophrys), colonies of Chile’s actions related to seabird by- sociated with Chile’s coast supports ma- with endemic species (e.g. Pink-footed catch in different seabird endemism area jor fisheries that operate both in coastal Shearwater Puffinus creatopus), and in Chilean waters. Our paper includes and pelagic waters in these regions, and non-breeding visiting species such as both published information and new data. that deploy a variety of fishing gear, such albatrosses (Diomedidae) from New We also include future steps relating to as demersal and mid-water longline, Zealand (BirdLife International 2004). different stakeholders’ collaboration, trawl, gillnet and purse seine. In addi- All these species are overlapping with government actions, and further research tion, these activities frequently overlap some of the scattered fishing activi- to assess Chile’s part in the global impact with breeding and non-breeding seabird ties in Chilean waters, whose fishing of fisheries on seabird populations.

FIGURE 1. Chilean seabird endemism areas: (HCS) Humboldt Current System; (OI) Oceanic Islands, and (SA) Sub-Antarctic islands and fjords (Schlatter and Simeone 1999). Dashed line along the Chilean coast and around the Oceanic Islands represent Chile’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 2 Source Moreno et al. (2003) Unpubl. data, Moreno et al. (2003), Moreno Arata (2004); cited and by Robertson et al. (2014) Moreno et al. (2006) Moreno et al. (2006) Azócar et al. (2010) Céspedes et al. (2012) (2013) ATF–Chile Observers on board (seabird Trained identification and mortality assessment) Trained Trained Trained (seabird Trained identification and mortality assessment) (seabird Trained identification and mortality assessment) observer- Trained instructors (instructing scientific fisheries observers on seabird study) - Period covered 2001 (explor atory); 2002– 2003 (study) October- November 2003; March 2004 1999 2002 February 2007–October 2009 2nd half of 2012 June 2011– August 2012 Observation effort (% of total fishing) 222 sets, 1,310,585 hooks (21%) 96 sets 388 sets, 330,632 hooks (78.3%). 82 sets, 88,280 hooks (total fishing effort unknown) <28m: 1,856 sets, Vessels 2,312,258 hooks (62%); >28m: 864 sets, Vessels 1,353,418 hooks (97%) 76 trawls (14.3%) 198 trawls (66.7%) Seabird endemism area SA SA SA SA, HCS HCS, OI SA HCS a Fishing depth (m) 168–2,250 200–600 100–500 1,000–2,000 4–10 200–500 150–800

a of

General latitude range fishery South of 47°S 45°–57°S 41°–45°S 41°–47°S 29°–32°S 43°–53°S 34°–39°S

Merluccius Genypterus Merluccius Micromesistius Micromesistius Xiphias gladius Fisheries, target resources, and observer coverage during different studies focused on seabird bycatch in Chilean waters. Seabird endemism areas: SA = Seabird endemism areas: SA studies focused on seabird bycatch in Chilean waters. resources, and observer coverage during different Fisheries, target and ling and hoki

1. able Robertson et al. (2014) Fishery Industrial demersal longline for Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides Industrial demersal longline for austral hake australis blacodes Artisanal demersal longline for austral hake and ling Artisanal demersal longline for Patagonian toothfish Industrial pelagic longline for swordfish Industrial demersal trawl for austral hake, southern blue whiting australis magellanicus Macruronus Industrial demersal trawl for south Pacific hake gayi T Subantarctic islands and fjords; HCS = Humboldt Current System; OI Oceanic Islands (see text for details) (a)

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 3 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile

Fisheries [IFOP]); and (iii) the Albatross Ainley 2008). On the other hand, the SA Task Force–Chile (ATF-Chile). region is a complex geographic area with IFOP and ATF-Chile cooperate thousands of islands, fjords and channels. in providing bycatch observers. IFOP In this part of Chile there are important provides scientific observers; they are breeding sites for albatrosses, shearwa- trained in seabird identification and by- ters and penguins. For albatrosses the catch monitoring during workshops by two most important islands are Diego ATF-Chile instructors (Figure 2). The Ramírez and Ildefonso in the southern observers are later assigned by local section of this region (between 55°48’ authorities during government fisheries and 56°31’ south; Figure 1), which programs, or are authorized to deploy as together hold over 20% of the global FIGURE 2. Training workshop on seabird identification and bycatch monitoring. ATF- independent monitors on focal fisheries. populations of Black-browed and Gray- Chile instructors are training IFOP’s scientific In addition, local researchers are headed Thalassarche chrysostoma Alba- observers. Photo by L.A. Cabezas. taking the first steps in the field to iden- trosses (Robertson et al. 2007; Moreno tify and quantify seasonal interactions and Robertson 2008). METHODS between seabirds and unassessed fisher- In a global assessment of seabird ies, including the industrial and artisanal conservation status, threats and priority Endemism areas of seabirds in Chilean purse seine fisheries, and the artisanal actions, Chile was listed in the top three waters gillnet fishery at various latitudes along most important countries in terms of Chile’s linear coastline extends the Chilean coast. Information from dif- the number of breeding seabird species approximately 4000 km, from Latitude ferent initiatives is currently available in and the total number of visitor species 18°21’ south to 60° south (Figure 1). the form of unpublished results, which recorded within waters of national Ex- Chilean seas can be subdivided into are especially associated with small-scale clusive Economic Zones (EEZ) (Croxall three main seabird endemism areas (artisanal) fisheries. et al. 2012). These authors attribute (Schlatter and Simeone 1999). These commercial fisheries as one of the prin- are (i) the Subantarctic islands and fjords RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cipal threats to seabirds. (SA), from Chiloé to south of the Diego Ramírez archipelago (41˚47’ south to Biological diversity: Seabirds in Fisheries interactions: Background 60° south); (ii) the Humboldt Current Chilean waters on seabird bycatch in Chilean waters System (HCS), from the northern limit Several breeding colonies of The attraction of seabirds to fishing (18°21’ south) to Chiloé Island (41˚47’ seabirds are found in this mosaic of vessels is due to the presence of discards south); and (iii) the Oceanic Islands (OI), different endemism areas, including and/or offal at the sea surface. This is comprising Easter Island, Salas y Gómez petrels and shearwaters (Procellariidae), particularly true for trawl vessels with Island, Desventuradas Islands, and the gulls (Laridae), pelicans (Pelecanidae), onboard processing facilities (ATF-Chile Juan Fernández Archipelago. penguins (Sphenisciformes), and 2013). In longline fisheries an additional albatrosses (Diomedidae). These areas attraction is the use of fish and/or squid Seabird bycatch in Chilean waters are also frequented by a range of non- as bait (Moreno et al. 2007). In purse We review the history and state of breeding species, including those seine fisheries seabirds often forage on knowledge of seabird bycatch in Chilean coming from southern and tropical the same species targeted by the fishery waters, and also current information and regions. They include albatrosses such (Schlatter et al. 2009). Negative interac- actions on these topics. The main sources as the Salvin’s Thalassarche salvini, tions between seabirds and fisheries oc- of new information are key contributions Chatham T. eremita, Royal Diomedea cur when seabirds: (i) collide with cables from unpublished field records and local epomophora and D. sanfordi, that support trawl nets (trawl warp cable) literature searches. From this, we pres- Wandering D. exulans, Antipodean D. or are used to communicate with net sen- ent a summary of fisheries covered by antipodensis, and Waved Phoebastria sors (third wire); (ii) become entangled scientific observers (Table 1). Table 1 irrorata, all of which are considered in nets or lines; or (iii) are hooked. While is presented in relationship to three main globally threatened species (IUCN all these interactions can cause injury sources of seabird bycatch information 2013). through trauma, the main cause of mor- for Chilean waters: (i) the National As examples, the HCS in particular tality is drowning. At least 27 identified Plan of Action for Reducing Bycatch of is considered one of the most productive seabird species and unidentified penguins Seabirds in Longline Fisheries (PAN- marine systems in the world (Belkin and albatrosses (Table 2) were identified AM/Chile); (ii) Instituto de Fomento 2009) and holds a large number and among the seabird bycatch for Chilean Pesquero (Institute for the Promotion of abundance of seabird species (Spear and waters.

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 4 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile

Table 2. Seabird species for which mortality records in Chilean fisheries exist (years 1999-2014).Gear: G = Gillnet, PS = Purse seine, T = trawl, DL = Demersal longline, PL = Pelagic longline; Size category of fishery: (A) = Artisanal, (I) = Industrial. Endemism area: SA = Subantarctic islands and fjords, HCS = Humboldt Current system, OI = Oceanic islands. IUCN status: LC = Least concern, NT = Near threatened, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered (IUCN 2013). See text for details. IUCN status Endemism (population Species Source Fishery area trend) Wandering Albatross PL(I) OI VU (decreasing) ATF (2007), González et al. (2012) Diomedea exulans Southern Royal Albatross PL(I) OI VU (stable) González et al. (2012) D. epomophora Black-browed Albatross DL(I), DL(A), SA, HCS, NT (decreasing) Moreno et al. (2003), ATF (2007), Cés- Thalassarche melanoprys T(I), PL(I) OI pedes et al. (2012), ATF–Chile (2013), Suazo et al. (2013) Gray-headed Albatross DL(I), PL(I) SA, OI EN (decreasing) Moreno et al. (2003), González et al. T. chrysostoma (2012) Salvin’s Albatross T(I), L(I) HCS, OI VU (unknown) ATF (2007), ATF-Chile (2013) T. salvini Buller’s Albatross T. bul- PL(I) OI NT (stable) ATF (2007), González et al. (2012) leri Shy Albatross T. cauta PL(I) OI NT (unknown) Moreno et al. (2007)

Albatross (unidentified) PL(I) OI — ATF (2007) Diomededae

Southern Giant Petrel T(I), PL(I) SA, OI LC (increasing) ATF (2007), Céspedes et al. (2012) Macronectes giganteus Northern Giant Petrel M. PL(I) OI LC (increasing) González et al. (2012) halli

Southern Fulmar DL(I), PL(I), SA, HCS LC (stable) Moreno et al. (2003), González et al. Fulmarus glacialoides T(I) (2012), IFOP (unpubl. data) Cape Petrel Daption DL(I), T(I), SA, HCS, LC (stable) Moreno et al. (2003, Céspedes et al. capense PL(I) OI (2012), González et al. (2012), ATF- Chile (2013) White-chinned Petrel DL(I,A), T(I), SA, HCS, VU (decreasing) Moreno et al. (2003, 2006), ATF (2007), Procellaria aequinoctialis PL(I) OI Céspedes et al. (2012), ATF-Chile (2013) Westland Petrel DL(I) SA VU (stable) Cabezas (unpubl. data) Procellaria westlandica Gray Petrel Procellaria PL(I) OI NT (decreasing) Moreno et al. (2007) cinerea Common Diving Petrel DL(I) SA LC (decreasing) Moreno et al. (2003) Pelecanoides urinatrix

Pink-footed Shearwater PS(I,A), T(I) HCS VU (unknown) Cabezas and Suazo (2011), ATF–Chile Puffinus creatopus (2013), Suazo (unpubl. data) Sooty Shearwater P. gri- DL(I), PS(A,I) SA, HCS NT (decreasing) Brito (2002), Moreno et al. (2003), seus Suazo and Steffen (unpubl. data) Peruvian Pelican PS(I,A), T(I) HCS VU (stable) Brito (2002, ATF-Chile 2013), ATF- Pelecanus thagus Chile (unpubl. data)

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 5 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile

Table 2, continued

IUCN status Endemism (population Species Fishery area trend) Source Peruvian Booby Sula PS(A) HCS LC (stable) ATF-Chile (unpubl. data) variegata

Guanay Cormorant G(A), PS(I,A) HCS NT (decreasing) Simeone et al. (1999), Brito (2002) Phalacrocorax bougain- villii Red legged Cormorant P. G(A) HCS NT (decreasing) Simeone et al. (1999), Suazo and gaimadi Steffen (unpubl. data)

Neotropical Cormorant PS(A) HCS LC (increasing) IFOP (unpubl. data) P. brasilianus

White-tailed Tropicbird PL(I) OI LC (decreasing) González et al. (2012) Phaethon lepturus

Kelp Gull Larus domini- DL(A), T(I) SA, HCS LC (increasing) Moreno et al. (2006), ATF–Chile (2013) canus

Gray Gull Larus modes- PS(A) HCS LC (decreasing) ATF–Chile (unpubl. data) tus

Humboldt Penguin Sphe- G(A), PS(I,A) HCS VU (decreasing) Simeone et al. (1999), Brito (2002) niscus humboldti

Magellanic Penguin S. DL(A), G(A), SA, HCS NT (decreasing) Simeone et al. (1999), Ojeda et al. magellanicus PS(A) (2011), Pütz et al. (2011), Suazo et al. (2013), Suazo and Steffen (unpubl. data) Penguin (unidentified) DL(A), G(A) SA, HCS — Simeone et al. (1999), Moreno et al. Spheniscus sp. (2006)

Interactions in the Subantarctic the faster sink rates of demersal fishing the austral summer. (SA)—The SA region is a complex lines, due to a weight (0.3–1 kg) attached geographic area and an important fish- near the end of each secondary line with a Interactions in the Humboldt ing ground for demersal species such as series of hooks, which reduces the access Current System (HCS)—Seabird the austral hake Merluccius australis, of seabirds to baited hooks (for details bycatch evidence in the HCS indicates ling Genypterus blacodes, and Patago- see Moreno et al. 2006). that pursuit-diving seabirds such as nian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, Four species were recorded in by- penguins and shearwaters are killed which are targeted by trawlers and by catch events for the industrial demersal incidentally during their winter migra- both artisanal and industrial longlin- trawl in the SA area during spring–sum- tion towards lower latitudes. Magellanic ers. Observation of industrial demersal mer (Céspedes et al. 2012). The estimated Spheniscus magellanicus and Humboldt longline fishing operations in the Pata- mortality rate was 1.77 birds/trawl (Table S. humboldti Penguins are vulnerable gonian toothfish fishery indicated that 3), with the Black-browed Albatross as to drowning in industrial and artisanal 1588 seabirds were killed during 2002 the main bycatch (92.5%), along with purse seines and gillnets (Simeone et (Moreno and Arata 2006; Moreno et al. three petrel species. In contrast, studies al. 1999; Schlatter et al. 2009, Pütz et 2008). The Black-browed Albatross was in other regions showed lower mortality al. 2011, ATF-Chile unpubl. data); 1380 the most-affected species, with 97.9% rates, with a mean 0.26 birds/trawl for individuals were recorded in a single of the overall mortality. Observation of the squid fishery around the Snares and mass-mortality event in purse seine gear artisanal demersal longline operations Auckland Islands, New Zealand (Bartle (Schlatter et al. 2009). These fisheries in the fjords and channels of Patagonia 1991), and maximum rate of 0.11 birds/ target small pelagic species, principally recorded minimal numbers of seabird trawl during demersal fish catches around the anchovy Engraulis ringens and com- bycatch (Moreno et al. 2006, Suazo et the Kerguelen Islands, Indian Ocean mon sardine Strangomera bentincki. al. 2013). This was mainly attributed to (Weimerskirch et al. 2000), both during Pelicans, boobies (Sulidae), shearwaters,

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 6 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile and cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) trosses, pelicans, petrels, shearwaters and grounds for Black-browed Albatrosses. are also killed or injured in these types gulls are affected (Table 2). A monitor- However, during winter the trawl mor- of fisheries (see Table 2). Gillnets are ing effort of 198 trawls over 15 months tality rates for the HCS reached 0.152 deployed in artisanal fisheries along during 2011 and 2012 indicated a higher birds/hour. The latter figure includes the Chilean coast (mainly between 18˚ the estimated mortality during summer non-breeding subantarctic breeders such and 42° south) for pelagic species such than winter, reaching 890 seabirds (0.098 as Black-browed Albatrosses, in addition as the palm ruff Seriorella violacea and birds/trawl) through collisions with to endemic species from the SA such corvina drum Cilus gilberti. While no cables (ATF-Chile 2013; Table 3). The a Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus. official seabird mortality estimates exist near-threatened Black-browed Albatross Thus, this review shows the importance for these fisheries (Žydelis et al. 2013), was the most-affected species, represent- of assessing bycatch as a function of unpublished data suggest that artisanal ing 35% of the total mortality. contrasting seasonal blocks, an approach gillnets may kill >5000 birds per year During this same study on trawl in that is adjusted to seasonal abundance in southern Chile alone (Luna-Jorquera the HCS, hourly mortality rates for sum- and distribution patterns of seabirds. unpubl. results). mer (0.031 birds/hour for spring–sum- Our observations in this trawl fish- Another fishery that impacts sea- mer) were lower than estimations for the ery have detected seabird mortality due birds in the HCS is the industrial trawl Falklands trawl fishery during the austral to net entanglements that occur while the fishery for south Pacific hakeMerluccius spring (0.082 birds/hour; Sullivan et al. gear is floating at the sea surface, when gayi gayi. Seven species among alba- 2006) and around important breeding birds forage on fish remains or whole fish

Table 3. Seabird bycatch rates in longline and trawl fisheries for different seabird endemism areas in Chilean waters. Seabird endemism areas: SA = Subantarctic islands and fjords, HCS = Humboldt Current system, OI = Oceanic islands (see text for details). All bird species are combined for each fishery and study.

Seabird endemism Fishery area Bycatch rate Source Industrial demersal longline for SA 1.285 birds/1000 hooks Moreno et al. (2003) Patagonian toothfishDissostichus eleginoides Industrial demersal longline for austral SA 0.018 birds/1000 hooks for Unpubl. data, Moreno et al. (2003), hake Merluccius australis and ling Black-browed Albatross Moreno and Arata (2004); cited by Genypterus blacodes Robertson et al. (2014) Artisanal demersal longline for austral SA 0.030 birds/1000 hooks Moreno et al. (2006) hake and ling Genypterus blacodes

Artisanal demersal longline for SA, HCS 0.047 birds/1000 hooks Moreno et al. (2006) Patagonian toothfish

Industrial pelagic longline for sword- OI 0.032-0.104 birds/1,000 Azócar et al. (2010) fish Xiphias gladius hook Industrial demersal trawl for SA 1.776 birds/trawl Céspedes et al. (2012) austral hake, southern blue whiting Micromesistius australis, and hoki Macruronus magellanicus Industrial demersal trawl for south HCS 0.393 birds/trawl (winter), ATF - Chile (2013) Pacific hakeMerluccius gayi gayi 0.098 birds/trawl (summer); 0.152 birds/trawling hour (winter), 0.031 birds/ trawling hour (summer)

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 7 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile that are stuck in the folds and mesh of individuals per year during the next two measures for three longline fisheries. In the trawl. Although no counter-measures monitored periods (Azócar et al. 2010). the Patagonian toothfish longline fishery, were trialled in our study period, the use This pelagic longline fishery potentially these measures included the use of bird- of net binding has prevented similar net impacts other migratory species from scaring streamer lines during all sets and entanglements in other fisheries (Roe New Zealand, Australia and the Chilean the use of 8.5-kg weights placed every 2005). Before each setting, the net is 40 meters on the main line (Moreno and oceanic islands. These include the Black bound at intervals with breakable strings, Arata 2005). These two measures deter which prevents the mesh from opening petrel Procellaria parkinsoni (Cabezas et seabirds from attacking baited hooks on the surface and improves its rate of al. 2012), and the Juan Fernández Ptero- and reduce the amount of time baited sinking. However, a simpler method to droma externa and Masatierra P. defilip- hooks are available at the sea surface, prevent this source of seabird interaction piana Petrels (Cabezas unpubl. data). respectively. In the austral hake and ling is the habitual cleaning of nets before longline fishery, night setting was recom- the next trawl is deployed. This involves Seabird bycatch mitigation in Chile mended as the main mitigation measure, shaking fish remains out the mesh while A national commitment: Govern- complemented with the use of streamer preparing the gear on deck. ment initiatives and researchers’ par- lines during all sets and the use of 8-kg Entanglement of scavenging birds ticipation—Since the earliest records weights (no distance specified) on the should not be underestimated for Chile, main line. For the swordfish pelagic of Procellariiform mortality in fisheries where mortalities associated with net longline fishery, prescribed mitigation (Brothers 1991), longline fishing has measures included night setting, the use entanglement at the surface reached up increasingly been recognized as one of of streamer lines, and the addition of 60- 37% of all dead birds (ATF–Chile 2013). the main threats to albatross and petrel to 75-g lead weights to branch lines to Thus, overall estimations of bycatch for populations globally (Anderson et al. increase the sink rate (Moreno and Arata trawl fisheries should be considered as 2011). The United Nations Food and conservative, since cryptic sources of 2005). The weights are on lead swivels Agriculture Organization’s International that are attached to the monofilament line mortality may exist. These can include Plan of Action (FAO 1999) called for net entanglements on the surface and with crimps, and placed ca. 3.5 m from member states to respond to this issue the hook. strikes with trawl gear cables, even when by developing a national plan of ac- no seabird bycatch has been recorded in Following the development of the tion to reduce the bycatch of seabirds PAN-AM/Chile, the next stage was to the gear when it is retrieved on board. in their EEZs. In 2001, Chile started a monitor implementation and effective- process of expert consultation through ness. A more comprehensive monitoring Interactions in the Oceanic Islands the Fisheries Research Fund (Fondo de program onboard the pelagic longline (OI)—The waters around the OI support Investigación Pesquera [FIP]; www.fip. fleet revealed a higher mortality than pre- a pelagic longline fishery for swordfish cl), which generated participation in the viously identified (Moreno et al. 2007), Xiphias gladius, sharks, and tunas (e.g. diagnosis of seabird mortality levels and including a greater number of visitor spe- blue shark Prionace glauca and bigeye the development of PAN-AM/Chile. cies in Chilean waters (Table 2). During tuna Thunnus obesus). A total of 12 spe- The strategy to reach the objec- this second stage of the PAN-AM/Chile cies of seabird have been reported taken tives of this plan involved the following for the swordfish fishery (supported by incidentally in this fishery (González et steps: (i) estimate the magnitude of the FIP), observations revealed low compli- al. 2012). The main species killed are problem in the Chilean EEZ; (ii) develop Black-browed Albatrosses, Wandering an action plan, if needed; (iii) imple- ance in the use of streamer lines during day and night settings (Moreno et al. Albatrosses, and White-chinned Petrels ment mitigation measures in fisheries 2007), although the use of 60- to 75-g Procellaria aequinoctialis (Table 2), where negative interactions occur with line weights was adopted throughout with a higher occurrence of these events seabirds; (iv) research, and (v) training the fishery. during winter (Azócar et al. 2010, Barría of fishermen on the issue of bycatch and In the longline fishery for Patago- et al. 2012, González et al. 2012). The mitigation measures (Moreno and Arata nian toothfish, compliance with recom- greatest bycatch record for this fishery 2005). This process was focused on the mendations in the PAN-AM/Chile led to was in 2007, with 128 individuals (73.9% Chilean longline fleet, and particularly zero seabird mortality in 2006 (Moreno of all mortality) from 11 species, among the fisheries for Patagonian toothfish and swordfish. et al. 2007). This great achievement was them albatrosses, petrels, and shear- PAN-AM/Chile was established attributed to a change in fishing technol- waters (Azócar et al. 2010; Table 3). through Supreme Decree No. 136 of 2007, ogy, from the Spanish longline system to Subsequently, when larger vessels (>28 issued by Chilean fisheries authorities and a “Chilean” longline or trotline system. m) left the fishery after 2007, seabird supported with the signature of Chile’s As described in Robertson et al. (2008, mortality dropped to a level of around 20 president. The plan specified mandatory 2014), the Spanish system uses two lines

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 8 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile set in parallel—a hauling line (retenida), On the other hand, a direct assess- the implementation of the PAN-AM/ and a hook line (linea madre) with nu- ment of seabird bycatch and compliance Chile to include other fisheries. merous secondary lines or branch lines with the mitigation measures proposed in (barandillos) that connect the two main the PAN-AM/Chile are still pending for New government initiatives for lines. In contrast, the Chilean longline the industrial longline fishery for austral science-based seabird conservation— system uses a single main line, equivalent hake in SA waters, as well as for other In 2011 the Chilean Undersecretariat to the Spanish retenida. Hooks are now Chilean fisheries farther north. for Fisheries and Aquaculture (Subsec- attached to short snoods in clusters near In 2008 an expert consultation was retaría de Pesca y Acuicultura) created a the ends of each branch line, where a held on technical guidelines for the ap- National Scientific Committee for Bio- weight is also attached. plication of best practices in the Inter- diversity–Seabirds (Comité Científico Nacional de Biodiversidad–Aves Marinas; This fishing gear adaptation repre- national Plan of Action/National Plan CCNB-AM) to support current and future sented a technology transfer from the of Action for Seabirds (IPOA/NPOA– conservation actions. artisanal longline fishery for toothfish Seabirds; FAO 2008). This publication (boats <18 m long). Industrial fishermen The CCNB-AM is a working group recommended the inclusion of trawl and of scientists and conservation profession- configured the gear to include a 10-m gillnet fisheries in all National Plans for secondary line placed every 20 m along als with the objective to formulate sci- Action–Seabirds. Recognising this, the entifically supported recommendations the main line. Each secondary line carries Albatross Task Force in central-southern on the population status, conservation, 6 to 10 hooks, with a weight 4-8 kg at Chile (latitude 33 to 42° south) assessed and fisheries interactions of seabirds. its terminal end; this makes the second- seabird interactions in the trawl fishery The goal is to ary line sink fast and prevents seabird for south Pacific hake between June 2011 apply practical bycatch (Moreno et al. 2008). A further and August 2012. Of the 34 seabird spe- knowledge to improvement of the method made by cies observed in this fishery, seven spe- the conservation fishermen included a “net sleeve” that cies were found to be vulnerable to mor- of seabirds in covers the catch and prevents damage by tality through collisions with trawl warp Chilean waters. sperm Physeter macrocephalus and killer cables and the third wire (netsonde), plus This in- whales Orcinus orca during hauling. entanglements in the net while foraging cludes a propos- Adoption of the Chilean system for offal and discards (Table 2). During al for improve- was also supported by full compliance this study, the experimental deployment ments to the with measures proposed in the PAN- of bird-scaring lines on 54.5% of the existing PAN- AM/Chile for the Patagonian toothfish 198 monitored AM/Chile, and longline fishery: (i) the disposal of pro- trawls resulted cessing discards on the opposite side of in zero bird mor- the vessel from the hauling bay, which talities through avoids incidental capture of scavenging cable strikes, es- seabirds during hauling of the gear; (ii) pecially during setting lines with minimal deck lights; the winter period and (iii) the use of bird-scaring lines when mortality (Moreno et al. 2007). The transition events are almost from Spanish to Chilean gear configura- six times higher tion started during 2006-2007 and was than during sum- completed in 2008. The measures are mer (ATF-Chile recognized among the most innovative 2013). This re- initiatives in Chilean fisheries (Castilla view, in addition et al. 2013). The changes are associated with the current with an increase of 23% in breeding pairs work carried of Black-browed Albatrosses from 2002 out by scientific through 2012 at their two main colonies observers from in SA Chile (Robertson et al. 2014). In IFOP in industri- this way, low-cost modifications to fish- al trawl for aus- FIGURE 3. New efforts to understand seabird bycatch are concentrating ing gear can improve catches of target tral hake in Sub- on artisanal gill net and purse seine fisheries distributed in Chilean waters. species and save seabirds from bycatch. antarctic waters, Top: Gillnets in south-central Chile overlap with seasonal migration and These changes can easily be transferred has reinforced juvenile dispersal of penguins, such as this juvenile Magellanic Penguin. and adopted by longline fleets around the sense of ur- Bottom: Purse seines operate in breeding and feeding areas of endemic subantarctic waters. gency to upgrade species such as Pink-footed Shearwater. Photos by C.G. Suazo.

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 9 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile research to mitigate seabird mortality in New efforts: other fisheries— in litt.) This fishery operated strongly in all domestic fisheries through the adop- Currently, local researchers are taking central Chile until the end of the 1990s. tion of best practices. A recent update of the first steps in the field to identify and New efforts: collective involve- the General Law on Fisheries and Aqua- quantify seasonal interactions between ment in land-based conservation— culture (Law No. 20,657 of February 6, seabirds and unassessed fisheries. 2013) established mandatory technical They are focusing on the industrial Other ongoing efforts include the pro- support for decision-making (recommen- and artisanal purse seine fisheries and motion of citizen engagement to sys- dations from experts). In order to imple- the artisanal gillnet fishery at various tematically monitor events of beached ment this change, the Undersecretariat latitudes along the Chilean coast, which seabirds along the Chilean coast. The for Fisheries and Aquaculture has es- strongly affect diving species such as standardized collection of this informa- tablished eight new Technical Scientific shearwaters, cormorants, and penguins tion will contribute towards the genera- Committees, including one dedicated to through entanglement in fishing gear tion of Internet open-access databases, biodiversity and environmental issues. (ATF-Chile unpubl. data; Suazo and a good example of which is the seabird This development means that the former Steffen unpubl. data; Figure 3). One strandings network (Red de Varamientos CCNB-AM has now been expanded to example comes from artisanal purse de Aves Marinas; REVAM). This initia- include the conservation of highly migra- seine fishery in south-central Chile tive, born during 2013 in northern Chile, tory species and sharks (Chondrichthyes) (approximately 39°S). Here, preliminary currently has simultaneous monitoring within a wider context for conservation data suggest mortality of pursuit-diving covering the coast between north-central of biodiversity. species such as the Pink-footed and Sooty (29°S) and south-central Chile (39°S), Notwithstanding this change in with voluntary support of regional rep- committee structure, it is expected that Puffinus griseusShearwaters, among 13 resentatives (Miranda-Urbina in litt.). the CCNB-AM will continue to improve other species associated with this fishery. Thus, this network compiles informa- PAN-AM/Chile, contribute new assess- In this study, 55.6% of 9 exploratory ments and proposals for mitigation mea- sets during the austral spring resulted tion from throughout Chile pertinent to sures, and identify best fishing practices. in a mean combined bycatch of 11.4 seabird mortality events, likely related to Finally, estimation of bycatch levels individuals per set. This was comprised fisheries but also to other causes such as in any fishery is made more difficult of 81% Pink-footed and 19% Sooty contamination and disease. by activities that are illegal, unregu- Shearwaters (ATF-Chile unpubl. results). Some of these early instances are lated, and unreported. These are still Of course, these first results from ATF- already materializing as joint projects on a widespread issue among countries Chile’s study must not be considered topics of seabirds and their interactions (Trouwborst 2008). In some cases, these a final, absolute estimate, since the with fisheries. These initiatives are of activities are supported by organized studies are part of ongoing systematic current interest to the national fisheries groups (Österblom et al. 2011) with an monitoring. Our monitoring will work authority, and also where the collabora- international working structure to avoid towards future bycatch mitigation in the tion of citizen action along coasts and regulatory actions by countries. On the purse seine fishery. We plan to expand islands of Chile is expected. Citizens, in Chilean scene, there are intrusions by turn, are already demonstrating a grow- artisanal vessels into other artisanal or our work to additional latitudes along the ing commitment to working with admin- industrial administrative fishing areas HCS, add the winter period, and include istrators of public protected areas, and (Oyarzún et al. 2003). Industrial opera- other species with feeding methods such tions also overlap onto artisanal fishing as plunge diving (e.g. Peruvian booby they are focused on long-term efforts, grounds. Sula variegata; Table 2). such as protection of breeding colonies Under a wider view that includes However, there is a long way to of the endemic Pink-footed Shearwater. international waters, the Chilean go before we understand the level of government is currently focused on negative interactions with seabirds and CONCLUDING REMARKS acquiring international commitments other taxa in unstudied fisheries. These Today, the commitment from Chile to improve regulatory systems, through include trawling for crustaceans in is progressing towards a better under- actions by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs coastal waters and the drift net fishery for standing of the level of seabird bycatch, (e.g. Our Ocean Conference). In addition, swordfish in pelagic waters. For the latter and the generation of strategies to imple- local actions through the fisheries fishery there are past records of marine authorities are on the current agenda, in ment effective protection of threatened turtle bycatch since the second part of order to address the problem of intrusions seabirds. Thus, Chilean participation is with measures such as remote tracking the 1980s (Frazier and Brito 1990), but active in different international forums, of vessels and monitoring of onboard there was also unreported mortality of such as the Agreement on the Conserva- practices. fish, birds, dolphins and whales (Brito tion of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP),

Pacific Seabirds • Volume 41, Numbers 1 and 2 • 2014 • Page 10 ARTICLE • Bycatch and mitigation in Chile with the promotion of new species for Azócar, J.R., J.C. Saavedra, P. Barría, Z. Castilla, J.C., C.A Moreno, and H. Baci- listing, such as the Pink-footed Shearwa- Young, R. Vega, C. Moreno, A. García, galupo. 2013. Innovaciones en manejo ter; the Commission for the Conservation and M. González. 2010. Fondo de Inves- pesquero y conservación en Chile. In: tigación Pesquera. Proyecto FIP 2008-55: Santelices, B., F. Lund, T. Cooper, and of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Seguimiento del Plan de Acción de Aves J.A. Asenjo (editors). Innovación basada (CCAMLR); and the South Pacific Re- Marinas 2008 (Final Report). Instituto de en conocimiento científico. Academia gional Fisheries Management Organisa- Fomento Pesquero (IFOP) - Subsecretaría Chilena de Ciencias de Chile y Ministerio tion (SPRFMO). These organizations de Pesca y Acuicultura (SUBPESCA). de Educación, Santiago, Chile. facilitate actions by Chile towards the Valparaíso, Chile (www.ifop.cl; accessed Céspedes, R., V. Ojeda, L. Chong, L. Adasme, L. Muñoz, K. Hunt, L. Cid, M. Miranda, assessment and mitigation of the nega- 16 June 2014) Barría, P., J. Azócar, C. Bernal, A. González, and A. Villalón. 2012. Convenio asesoría tive effects of bycatch. And, in turn, our S. Mora, F. Cerna, and H. Miranda. integral para la toma de decisiones en local initiatives can also be externalized 2012. Asesoría integral para la toma de pesca y acuicultura 2012. Actividad 2: to different contexts in international col- decisiones en Pesca y Acuicultura, 2011. Peces Demersales: Pesquerías de Re- laboration. Actividad 1: Recursos Pelágicos. Inves- cursos Demersales y Aguas Profundas tigación situación de pesquerías de recur- 2013. Sección IV: Demersales sur Aus- tral–industrial (Final Report). Instituto de ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS sos altamente migratorios, 2011. Final Report. Instituto de Fomento Pesquero Fomento Pesquero (IFOP)–Subsecretaría Our gratitude goes to all the observ- (IFOP)—Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acui- de Pesca y Acuicultura (SUBPESCA). ers working in Chilean waters for their cultura (SUBPESCA). Valparaíso, Chile Valparaíso, Chile. (Contact: L. Adasme, important efforts at sea. Thanks to all (www.ifop.cl; accessed 16 June 2014) [email protected]) Croxall, J.P., S.H.M. Butchart, B. Lascelles, artisanal fishermen and crews from fish- Bartle, J.A. 1991. Incidental capture of seabirds in the New Zealand subantarctic A.J. Stattersfield, B. Sullivan, A. Symes, ing companies who openly allowed our and P. Taylor. 2012. Seabird conserva- squid trawl fishery, 1990. Bird Conserva- work onboard. To Patricio Ortiz Soazo, tion status, threats and priority actions: tion International 1: 351–359. Jaime Ojeda, Mauricio Steffen, Juan C. a global assessment. Bird Conservation Belkin, I.M. 2009. Rapid warming of large González-But, Diego Miranda-Urbina, International 22: 1–34. marine ecosystems. Progress in Ocean- FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture José L. Brito, Subsecretaría de Pesca y ography 81: 207–213. Organization). 1999. International Plan Acuicultura (SUBPESCA), and Instituto BirdLife International. 2004. Tracking ocean of Action for reducing incidental catch of de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP) for all their wanderers: The global distribution of seabirds in longline fisheries. Rome, Italy. support. We thank Vivian Mendenhall albatrosses and petrels. Results from the (www.fao.org; accessed 16 June 2014) for her invitation, support, and sug- Global Procellariiform Tracking Work- FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture gestions during the preparation of this shop, 1–5 September 2003, Gordon’s Organization). 2008. Report of the expert contribution. Finally, we thank the time Bay, South Africa. BirdLife International, consultation on best practice technical and support of editorial assistance by Cambridge, UK. guidelines for IPOA/NPOA–Seabirds). Sarah Allen and suggestions from two Brito, J.L. 2002. Muertes de Puffinus griseus Bergen Norway, 2-5 September 2008. anonymous referees, which improved en redes de pesca de cerco industrial y FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report. artesanal en la costa de San Antonio, this contribution. No. 880. Rome, Italy. (www.fao.org; ac- región de Valparaíso, Chile. Boletín cessed 16 June 2014) Chileno de Ornitología 9: 33–34. Frazier, J.G., and J.L. Brito. 1990. Incidental LITERATURE CITED Brothers, N. 1991. Albatross mortality and capture of marine turtles by the swordfish associated bait loss in the Japanese fish- fishery at San Antonio, Chile. Marine Anderson, O.R.J., C.J. Small, J.P. Croxall, ery in the Southern Ocean. Biological Turtle Newsletter 49: 8–13. E. K. Dunn, B.J. Sullivan, O. Yates, and Conservation 55: 255–268. González, A., R. Vega, M.A. Barbieri, and E. A. Black. 2011. Global seabird bycatch Cabezas, L.A., J. Ruiz, O. Yates, and M. Yáñez. 2012. Determinación de los fac- in longline fisheries. Endangered Species Bernal. 2012. The black petrel (Procel- tores que inciden en la captura incidental Research 14: 91–106. laria parkinsoni) in pelagic waters off de aves marinas en la flota palangrera ATF (Albatross Task Force). 2007. Albatross northern Chile: a southern extension to pelágica chilena. Latin American Journal Task Force Annual Report 2007. BirdLife the known distribution and interactions of Aquatic Research 40: 786–799. International and Royal Society for the with the pelagic longline fishery. New IUCN (International Union for the Conser- Protection of Birds, Sandy, United King- Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwa- vation of Nature). 2013. IUCN Red List dom (Contact: C.G. Suazo, biosuazo@ ter Research 46: 537–544. of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. gmail.com) Cabezas, L.A., and C.G. Suazo. 2011. 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