Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 10 (2012 5) 1465-1474 ~ ~ ~
УДК 331.52
Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market (Based on the Example of the Krasnoyarsk Agglomeration)
Irina P. Vorontsova*, Alexander N. Pozdeev and Tatiana A. Samylkina Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia 1
Received 10.09.2012, received in revised form 21.09.2012, accepted 03.10.2012 The article presents a methodical solution of the problem of Krasnoyarsk agglomeration labour market research in compliance with OECD methodology, under deficiency of official statistical information on municipalities. Besides that, we analysed the tendencies of Krasnoyarsk agglomeration labour market within the period from 1999 to 2011, examined territorial asymmetry of the agglomeration labour market and came to the conclusion on the way this asymmetry influences the dynamics of the labour market key indicators. Keywords: labour market, economic activity of population, territorial employment structure, employment by economic sectors, part-time job, hourly workforce productivity, wage.
The present work was performed within the framework of the project “Comparative International Research of Social and Economic Regional Development and Report for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)” supported by Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund for Scientific Research and Technical Research Activities, project KF-262.
Introduction Krasnoyarsk agglomeration is a monocentric To prepare a territorial review for the metropolitan agglomeration (where the nucleus is Organisation for Economic Co-operation and the city of Krasnoyarsk), that is usually mentioned Development (OECD), the authors have analysed in connection with the following municipalities: the evolution of labour market of Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk, Sosnovoborsk, Divnogorsk among agglomeration in connection with the evolution urban districts, and Berezovsky, Yemelyanovsky, of the labour markets of Krasnoyarsk region, Mansky and Sukhobuzimsky districts among Siberian Federal District (SFD) and the Russian non-urbanized territories. Federation (Russia or the RF). The analysis The labour market evolution plays an revealed the key trends, problems and points of important role in creation and development of increase of agglomeration economy as an effective the agglomeration. Speaking of “labour market model of sub-national region development. evolution”, the authors mean the process of
* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] 1 © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved – 1465 – Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market... change of the labour market within a certain force; labour force gender; number of employees period of time. The labour market acts as a (counting by their main workplace) from six mechanism of distribution and re-distribution sectors of economy and industry; number of labour force between economy sectors, types employed people (counting by their residence); and forms of economic activities according to its unemployment by ILO methodology in absolute efficiency within the system of social demands values; employment rate and unemployment rate and ownership patterns. by ILO; number of continuous unemployment Our analysis of Krasnoyarsk agglomeration by ILO (more than 1 year); youth unemployment labour market evolution performed for the period by ILO (the age category 15-24); informal from 2000 to 2011 was carried out in compliance employment rate; hourly workforce performance; with the OECD methodology and covered the average monthly nominal wage. following areas: economic activity of population; Methodical approach to determination of the territorial employment structure by economic indicators consists of the following steps: sectors and genders; part-time employment; 1. Defining the main ratios of demographic employment in informal economic sectors; and labour market indicators of Krasnoyarsk workforce productivity and wage in the basic region. economic sectors. 2. Developing the system of labour market The research problem was to form an analysis indicators determination for municipalities, information base under the conditions of deficiency considering the regional ratios. or total absence of official statistical information 3. Determining reference points by correcting on the agglomeration and its municipalities. the indicators of economic activity evaluated According to ILO methodology, the analysis of by means of documents analysis (particularly many indicators of labour market evolution can manpower resource balances, reports on actual be performed by sampling statistical analysis of hours worked and expert publications). population aged 15-72 on the two levels: the RF and The economy sectors were analysed constituent entities of the RF. However, municipal according to the International Standard Industrial statistics as an information base of labour market Classification (ISIC, version 3.1). of the agglomeration does not assume carrying out To determine the labour market indicators for any sampling social investigations. This problem municipalities, the authors of the present article determined the approach to forming information derived the following formulae (see Table 1): base for the research on basis of authors’ methods of calculating indicators and using assessments Results provided by experts. Labour force of the agglomeration increased by 15.3 % within the considered Methods period. According to our calculations, labour For the research of the labour market force dynamics within the agglomeration can be evolution we turned to the methods of economic divided into four periods, 3-4 years each. During statistics, along with studying opinions of some all of them except the last one (2009-2011) the experts (heads and specialists of municipality labour force increased. administrations). The influence rate of agglomeration on the As evaluation indicators for the labour regional indicators increases: contribution of market evolution we used the following: labour the agglomeration to the regional labour force – 1466 – 2. Developing the system of labour market indicators determination for municipalities, 2. Developing the system of labour market indicators determination for municipalities, considering the regional ratios. considering the regional ratios. 3. Determining reference points by correcting the indicators of economic activity 3. Determining reference points by correctinging the the indicators indicators of of economic economic activity activity evaluated by means of documents analysis (particularly manpower resource balances, reports on evaluated by means of documents analysis (particularlyticularly manpowermanpower resourceresource balances,balances, reportsreports onon actual hours worked and expert publications). actual hours worked and expert publications). The economy sectors were analysed according to the International Standard Industrial The economy sectors were analysed according toto the the International International Standard Standard Industrial Industrial Classification (ISIC, version 3.1). Classification (ISIC, version 3.1). To determine the labour market indicators for municipalities, the authors of the present To determine the labour market indicators for municipalities, the authors of the present article derived the following formulae (see table 1): article derived the following formulaeformulae (see(see tabletable 1):1):
Table 1. FormulaeTable 1. forFormulae determination for determination municipal labour m marketunicipal indicators labour * market indicators * Table 1. Formulae for determination municipal labour market indicators * Table 1. Formulae for determination municipal labour market indicators * Indicators Formulae Indicators Formulae Indicators Formulae EconomicEconomicIndicators activity of of LF (a) , Formulae Economic activity of L (a) = LF (a) 100% , Economic activity of LLF (a) = LF (a) 100% , Economicthe population activity of LLF (a) = LF (a) 100%, the population LLLF ((aa))= P15−74 (a)100100% the population LF P15−74 (a) the population P15−74((aa)) the population where: L15−74(a) – level of economic activity of the population resident within a certain where: L LLFLF(a)(a) – level– level of economicof economic activity activity of the of population the population resident resident within awithin certain a certain where: L LF(a)(a) –– levellevel ofof economiceconomic activityactivity ofof ththee populationpopulation residentresident withinwithin aa certaincertain agglomerationLF territory; territory; agglomerationagglomeration territory;territory; LF(a) – – labour labour force force of ofa certain a certain agglomeration agglomeration territory; territory; LF(a) – labour force of a certain agglomeration territory; P15-7415-74(a)(a) – population– population aged aged 15-74 15-74 of a certainof a certain agglomeration agglomeration territory. territory. P15-74(a) – population aged 15-74 of a certain agglomeration territory. P15-7415-74(a)(a) –– populationpopulation agedaged 15-7415-74 ofof aa certaincertain agglomerationagglomeration territory.territory. EconomicEconomic activity of LFm (Kk) Pm (a) , LF (a) = LF(a) − LF (a) , Economic activity of LF (a) = LF (a) LFm (Kk) Pm (a) , LFf (a) = LF(a) − LFm (a) , Economic activity of LFm (a) = LF (a) LFm (Kk) Pm (a) , LFf (a) = LF(a) − LFm (a) , Economic activity of LFm (a) = LF (a) LFm (Kk) Pm (a) , LFf (a)= LF(a)− LFm (a), theof thepopulation population by by LFLFm((aa))== LFLF((aa)) LF (Kk) P(Kk) LFf (a) LF(a) LFm (a) the population by m LF (Kk) P(Kk) thegendergender population by where: LF (a)LF – (maleKk) Plabour(Kk) force of a certain agglomeration territory; gender where: LF LF(a)m(a) – male– male labour labour force force of a ofcertain a certain agglomeration agglomeration territory; territory; gender where: LFm m(a)(a) –– malemale labourlabour forceforce ofof aa certaincertain agglomerationagglomeration territory;territory; LFf(a) – femalem labour force of a certain agglomeration territory; LFff(a)(a) – – female female labour labour force force of a of certain a certain agglomeration agglomeration territory; territory; LFff(a)(a) –– femalefemale labourlabour forceforce ofof aa certaincertain agglomerationagglomeration territory;territory; LFmm(Kk)(Kk) – – male male labour labour force force of Krasnoyarsk of Krasnoyarsk region; region; LFm(Kk) – male labour force of Krasnoyarsk region; LFm (Kk)(Kk) –– labourmale labour force offorce Krasnoyarsk of Krasnoyarsk region; region; LF (Kk)(Kk) – – labour labour force force of ofKrasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk region; region; LFP (a) (Kk) – resident – labour male force population of Krasnoyarsk of a certain region; agglomeration territory; Pm(a)(a) – – resident resident male male population population of a ofcertain a certain agglomeration agglomeration territory; territory; P m(a)(a) –– residentresident malemale populationpopulation ofof aa certaincertain agglomerationagglomeration territory;territory; Pm(Kk)(Kk) – – resident resident male male population population of Krasnoyarsk of Krasnoyarsk region. region. Pm(Kk) – resident male population of Krasnoyarsk region. P m(Kk)(Kk) –– residentresident malemale populationpopulation ofof KrasnoyarskKrasnoyarsk region.region. Number of Em(a) = P (a) ⋅ L (Kk) , NumberNumber of employees E(a) = P15−74 (a) ⋅ Le (Kk) , Number of E(a) = P15−74 (a) ⋅ Le (Kk) , Number of E(a)== P15−74 (a)⋅⋅ Le (Kk), employeesby their place by of their E(a) P15−74 (a) Le (Kk) employees by their where: E(a) E(a) – –number number of employeesof employ byees their by theirplace place of residence of residen in a cecertain in a agglomerationcertain agglomeration employeesplaceresidence of residence by their where: E(a) – number of employeesees byby theirtheir placeplace ofof residenresidencece inin aa certaincertain agglomerationagglomeration place of residence territory; Le(Kk) – employment level in Krasnoyarsk region place of residence territory; L Le(Kk)e(Kk) – –employment employment level level in Krasnoyarsk in Krasnoyarsk region region territory;territory; LLee(Kk)(Kk) –– employmentemployment levellevel inin KrasnoyarskKrasnoyarsk regionregion Number of Emain (Kk) , NumberNumber of employees = Emain (Kk) , Number of Emain (a) = N r (a) Emain (Kk) , Number of Emain (a) = N r (a) Emain (Kk) , employees by their Emain (a) = N r (a) N r (Kk) employees by their Emain (a) = N r (a) N r (Kk) employeesby their main by work their N r (Kk) employeesemployees byby theirtheir N rr(Kk) mainplace work place where: Emain(a) – number of employed workers by their main work place in a certain main work place where: Emain(a) – number of employed workers by their main work place in a certain main work place where: EEmainmain(a)(a)(a) – number–– numbernumber of employedofof employedemployed workers workersworkers by their byby main theirtheir work mainmain place workwork in place placea certain inin a a certaincertain agglomerationmain territory; agglomerationagglomeration territory; territory;territory; Nr(a) – average number of employees in a certain agglomeration territory; Emain(Kk) – Nr(a) – average number of employees in a certain agglomeration territory; Emain(Kk) – Nrr(a)(a) – –– average averageaverage roll numbernumber number ofof of employeesemployees workers of organizationsinin aa certaincertain agglomerationagglomeration in certain agglomeration territory;territory; territory; EEmain(Kk)(Kk) –– numberr of employees by their main work place in Krasnoyarsk region; main numberEmain(Kk) of – numberemployees of employees by their mainby their work main place work in place Krasnoyarsk in Krasnoyarsk region; region; Nr(Kk) – average number of employees in Krasnoyarsk region. Nrr(Kk)(Kk) – – average average number number of workersof employees of organizations in Krasnoyarsk in Krasnoyarsk region. region. Nrr(Kk)(Kk) –– averageaverage numbernumberE ( sofof)( Kk employeesemployees) inin KrasnoyarskKrasnoyarsk region.region. Number of main Emain (s)(Kk) , Number of main E (s)(a) = N (s)(a) Emain (s)(Kk) , NumberNumber of mainmain work Emain (s)(a) = N r (s)(a) Emain (s)(Kk) , Number of main Emain (s)(a) = N r (s)(a) Emain (s)(Kk) , work place E main((ss)()(aa))= N r((ss)()(aa)) N r (s)(Kk) work place main r N r (s)(Kk) workplace placeemployees by N r((ss)()(Kk)) workemployees place by Notations are similar tor the previous formula, (s) implies certain economic sector. employeeseconomic sectors by Notations are similar to the previous formula, (s) implies certain economic sector. employeeseconomic sectors by Notations are are similar similar to to the the previous previous formula, formula, (s) implies (s) implies certain certain economic economic sector. sector. economic sectors economic sectors U (a) UnemploymentUnemployment by by U (Kk ) , L (a) = U (a) Unemployment by U (a) = U (агл) U (Kk ) , Lu (a) = U (a) Unemployment by U (a) = U reg (агл) U (Kk ) ,, Lu (a) = U (a) ILOILO methodologymethodology and U (a) = U reg (агл) UU (Kk(Kk) ) Lu (a) == LF (a) ILO methodology U ((aa)) ==U reg ((аглагл)) U reg (Kk ) Lu (a) LF (a) ILO methodology reg U reg (Kk ) LF (a) ILOILO methodologymethodology U reg ((Kk )) LF (a) andunemployment unemployment rate reg and unemployment where: U(a) – number of unemployed people by ILO methodology in a certain andrateand unemploymentunemployment where: U(a)U(a) – –number number of ofunemployed unemployed people people by ILO by methodology ILO methodology in a certain in a agglomerationcertain rate agglomeration territory; raterate agglomerationterritory;agglomeration territory;territory; Ureg(a) – number of registered unemployed people in a certain agglomeration territory; Uregreg(a)(a) – –number number of ofregistered registered unemployed unemployed people pe inople a certain in a certain agglomeration agglomeration territory; territory; U reg(a)(a) –– numbernumber ofof registeredregistered unemployedunemployed pepeople in a certain agglomeration territory; U(Kk)reg – – number number of of unemployed unemployed people people by ILO by methodologyILO methodology in Krasnoyarsk in Krasnoyarsk region; region; U(Kk) – number of unemployed people by ILO methodology in Krasnoyarsk region; Ureg(Kk) – – number number of ofregistered registered unemployed unemployed people people in Krasnoyarsk in Krasnoyarsk region; region; Ureg(Kk) – number of registered unemployed people in Krasnoyarsk region; Luu(a)(a) – – unemployment unemployment rate rate in ain certain a certain agglomeration agglomeration territory. territory. Lu(a) – unemployment rate in a certain agglomeration territory. Luu(a)(a) –– unemploymentunemployment raterate inin aa certaincertain agglomerationagglomeration territory.territory. Continuous U c (Kk ) , ContinuousNumber of continuous = U c (Kk ) , Continuous U c (a) = U c,reg (a) U c (Kk ) , Continuous U c (a) = U c,reg (a) U c (Kk ) , unemployment rate U c (a) == U c,reg (a) U c,reg (Kk ) unemploymentunemployment rate U c (a) U c,reg (a) U c,reg (Kk ) unemployment rate U c,reg (Kk ) unemployment rate U cc,,regreg (Kk ) Notations are similar to the previous formula, index “c” implies continuous unemployment. Notations are are similar similar to tothe the previous previous formula, formul indexa, index “c” implies “c” implies continuous continuous unemployment. unemployment. Youth NotationsCalculation are formula similar is to similar the previous to continuous formula, unemployment index “c” implies for agescontinuous 15-24 unemployment. Youth Calculation formula is similar to continuous unemployment for ages 15-24 YouthYouth unemployment Calculation formula formula is issimilar similar to continuousto continuous3 unemployment unemployment for ages for 15-24 ages 15-24 unemployment 3 3 Workforce Workforce performance = ⋅ , WTFr WTFnom kt performance where: WTF WTFnom(r)nom(r) – nominal– nominal (actual) (actual) work work time timefund; fund;
kt = = (k (k20072007 + k +2009 k)2009 / 2,) where / 2, where k2007 and k2007 k2009 and – coefficients k2009 – coefficients for 2007 and for 2009 2007 – ratio and of 2009 nominal – ratio of work-timenominal work-timefunds by data funds of Rosstat by data (Russian of Rosstat Statistics (Russian Body) and Statistics the evaluated Body) fund and the evaluated Part-time job Ratiofund of nominal wage funds of external by-workers and engaged with contractor’s agreement to Part-time job nominal Ratio of wage nominal fund wage of workers funds on of payroll external by-workers and those engaged with payroll agreement * derived by the authors
Results Labour force of the agglomeration increased by 15.3% within the considered period. According to our calculations, labour force dynamics within the agglomeration can be divided into four periods, 3-4 years each. During all of them except the last one (2009-2011) the labour force increased. The influence rate of agglomeration on the regional indicators increases: contribution of the agglomeration to the regional labour force increased from 36 % in 1999 to 42% in 2011 and reached 43% in 2008. Level of economic activity of the agglomeration territories’ population exceeded general levels of Russia and the region. In 2002, economic activity of the agglomeration territories’ population approached the regional level (falling behind by 0.5%), in 2005 reached it, and in 2008 exceeded it almost by 5%. Though this indicator has decreased within the past years, it still remains higher than in the region, Siberian Federal District or Russia in general. The evolution of the agglomeration labour market has a more intricate pattern. It is characterised by some dramatic changes within the considered period (see Table 2).
Table 2. Economic activity level in Krasnoyarsk region and the agglomeration
Level of economic activity of the Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk Russia* SFD* population region* agglomeration** minimal level of economic activity, % 64.2 62.5 66.1 64.0 maximal level of economic activity, % 68.3 67.1 69.8 71.9 rate of level change 4.1 5.4 3.7 7.9
* according to Rosstat and Krasnoyarskstat ** calculated by means of the methods derived by the authors
Krasnoyarsk has determining influence on the agglomeration labour force market. The total influence of other agglomeration territories constitutes no more than 18%. The level of economic activity of municipalities’ population is quite high within the whole period, and fluctuates within a short range. Since 2007, the level economic activity of all
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Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market...
Table 2. Economic activity level in Krasnoyarsk region and the agglomeration
Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk Level of economic activity of the population Russia* SFD* region* agglomeration** minimal level of economic activity, % 64.2 62.5 66.1 64.0 maximal level of economic activity, % 68.3 67.1 69.8 71.9 rate of level change 4.1 5.4 3.7 7.9
* according to Rosstat and Krasnoyarskstat ** calculated by means of the methods derived by the authors
increased from 36 % in 1999 to 42 % in 2011 and within the considered period. The maximal reached 43 % in 2008. decrease can be observed in Sosnovoborsk town, Level of economic activity of the and the minimal in Yemelyanovsky district. The agglomeration territories’ population exceeded reduction tendency is caused by some changes general levels of Russia and the region. In in the economic structure of agglomeration 2002, economic activity of the agglomeration territories. territories’ population approached the regional The number of employees by main work level (falling behind by 0.5 %), in 2005 reached place remains relatively constant under the it, and in 2008 exceeded it almost by 5 %. Though flexuous dynamics.It had been increasing before this indicator has decreased within the past 2006 inclusively, but then gradually decreased years, it still remains higher than in the region, during the next years. Drastic influence over the Siberian Federal District or Russia in general. dynamics was asserted by the city of Krasnoyarsk. The evolution of the agglomeration labour market Its share in the agglomeration employment has a more intricate pattern. It is characterised by structure varies around the ratio of 85 %. Other some dramatic changes within the considered municipalities influence the general situation period (see Table 2). in a less insignificant way, but main work place Krasnoyarsk has determining influence employment state is considerably different (see on the agglomeration labour force market. The Table 3). total influence of other agglomeration territories The most difficult situations are those in constitutes no more than 18 %. Divnogorsk and Sosnovoborsk towns. In non- The level of economic activity of urbanized territories the ratio of employment by municipalities’ population is quite high within main work place is more stable in comparison the whole period, and fluctuates within a short with towns. Appreciable decrease of employment, range. Since 2007, the level economic activity by 15.2 %, occurred in Yemelyanovsky district of all municipalities’ population has been only. insignificantly varying due to some development The ratio of employment in the agglomeration of intra-regional migration. is mainly equal to that in Krasnoyarsk. Since The gender structure of labour force 2006 there has been a significant increase of is characterized by insignificant male employment ratio in Sukhobuzimsky district. dominance along with increasing of the female The most unfavourable situation of employment share. The male share of labour force in all the by main work place is in Sosnovoborsk town (see municipalities of agglomeration has decreased Fig. 1). – 1468 – Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market...
Table 3. Dynamics of the number of employees by main work place in agglomeration municipalities*
Cities and towns Districts -
Indicators Agglomeration - Krasnoyarsk Divnogorsk Sosnovoborsk Berezovsky Yemely anovsky Mansky Sukhobuzim sky Number of employed workers in 1999, 503.6 425.9 14.6 10.4 13.7 23.1 5.8 10.1 thousands of people Number of employed workers in 2011, 455.5 390.0 9.3 7.0 13.5 19.6 4.3 11.9 thousands of people 2011 / 1999, % 90.4 91.6 63.7 67.3 98.5 84.8 74.1 117.8
* calculated by means of the methods derived by the authors
Fig. 1. Ratio of employment by main work place, among population aged 15-74, % Figure 1. Ratio of employment by main work place, among population aged 15-74, %
The tendencyThe tendency of employment of employment development development withinWithin the agglomeration the considered is different period, from thethe most within general the agglomeration trends of Russia, is Sibe differentrian Federal from District the andsignificant Krasnoyarsk alteration region (see was Table observed 4). in Sector general trends of Russia, Siberian Federal District 6 (public administration and other services), and KrasnoyarskTable region 4. Changes (see Table in the 4).ratio of employmentwhere by main the work accession place rate was +3.3 % (mainly
Within the employment structure, the due to Krasnoyarsk).Krasnoyarsk Besides,Krasnoyarsk the share Indicators Russia* SFD* dominant sector is usually Sector 6 (public of Sector 4 (trade,region* catering,agglomeration** transport and 1 Number of employed workers, thousands of administrationpeople and other services): its share communication suffered a little decrease, 1999 63963.4 8680.8 1401.4 503.6 constitutes about 342010 % of the whole. 67576.7 The by 2.4 9027.0 %. The shares 1439.3 of other 451.8sectors hardly share 2 of Relative Sector alteration 4 (trade, (2010 / 1999), catering, % transport,105.6 changed 104.0 at all. 102.7 89.7 * by data of Rosstat and Krasnoyarskstat communication)** calculated by ismeans also of the significant: methods derived by it the reaches authors Processing industry is the leader among up to 31.4 % in non-urbanized districts. The industry sectors by employment share. employment Within structure the byemployment economic structu activitiesre, the dominantGenerally, sector the is share usually of Sector workers 6 (public engaged in in urbanizedadministration and and non-urbanized other services): territories its share constitutesindustry (Sectorabout 34% 2) of of the the agglomeration whole. The share and region correspondsof Sector to 4the (trade, one catering,of the region transport, as a communication) whole. is almost is also equal significant: (22.3 % it reachesand 20.8 up % to respectively). 31.4% However,in non-urbanized the ratio of employment districts. The in employment agriculture stru ctureHowever, by economic the structure activities of employment in urbanized in and industry and industrynon-urbanized is 23:15 territoriesfor non-urbanized corresponds territories to the one ofsectors the region is significantly as a whole. However, different the from ratio that of of the and 1:23employment for urbanized in agriculture ones (see Fig. and 2).industry is 23:15region for non-urba (see Tablenized 5). territories and 1:23 for urbanized ones (see Fig. 2). – 1469 –
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Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market...
Table 4. Changes in the ratio of employment by main work place
Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk Indicators Russia* SFD* region* agglomeration** 1 Number of employed workers, thousands of people 1999 63963.4 8680.8 1401.4 503.6 2010 67576.7 9027.0 1439.3 451.8 2 Relative alteration (2010 / 1999), % 105.6 104.0 102.7 89.7
* by data of Rosstat and Krasnoyarskstat ** calculated by means of the methods derived by the authors
Fig. 2. EmploymentFigure structure 2. Employment by ISIC (average structure values by ISIC from (average 2006 to 2009)values from 2006 to 2009)
Within the considered period, the most significant alteration was observed in Sector 6 Table(public 5. Structure administration of employment and other by sectors services), of industry where (average, the accession 2006-2009)* rate was +3.3% (mainly due to Krasnoyarsk). Besides, the share of Sector 4 (trade, catering,Sectors tran of sportindustry and by communication ISIC Territory suffered a little decrease, by 2.4%. The shares of otherSector sectors 2.1 hardly Sectorchanged 2.2 at all. Sector 2.3 KrasnoyarskProcessing region industry is the leader among 11.3% industry sectors 70.5% by employment18.2% share. KrasnoyarskGenerally, the share of workers engaged in industry (Sec1.1%tor 2) of the agglomeration84.7% and region14.2% is otheralmost municipalities equal (22.3% of andthe agglomeration20.8% respectively). Howeve4.1%r, the structure of76.4% employment in industry19.5%
* calculatedsectors isby significantlymeans of the methods different derived from by that the authors of the region (see Table 5).
Table 5. Structure of employment by sectors of industry (average, 2006-2099)*
The structure of employment by industry The number of workers employed in Sectors of industry by ISIC sectors has hardlyTerritory changed within the pastSector 10 2.1their placeSector of residence2.2 is Sector continuously 2.3 years.Krasnoyarsk Processing region industry enjoys the main share11.3% increasing. In70.5% 2010, the number18.2% of workers in theKrasnoyarsk total number of employed workers (84.7 %1.1% employed in their84.7% place of residence14.2% exceeded in Krasnoyarskother municipalities and 76.4of the % agglomeration in other territories). 4.1% the number of 76.4%workers employed by19.5% their main * calculated by means of the methods derived by the authors The share of processing industry has work place. The growth rate of number of decreasedThe by structure 2.2 %; the of employment growth of extractive by industry workers sectors hasemployed hardly changedin their placewithin of the residence past industry10 years. is +0.8 Processing %, while industry the share enjoys of employment the main shareis also in the higher total thannumber that of of employedworkers employed workers in in (84.7%power industry in Krasnoyarsk has increased and 76.4% by 1.4 in %.other territories).their main work place. The share of processing industry has– 1470 decr –eased by 2.2%; the growth of extractive industry is +0.8%, while the share of employment in power industry has increased by 1.4%.
The number of workers employed in their place of residence is continuously increasing. In 2010, the number of workers employed in their place of residence exceeded the number of workers employed by their main work place. The growth rate of number of workers employed in their place of residence is also higher than that of workers employed in their main work place. 7
Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market...
The level of employment in the significantly less than the average regional agglomeration territories varies from 30 % and Russian ones, and does not exceed 10.0- to 80 %. The rate of workers employed in their 16.1 %, whereas, during some certain years, in place of residence is comparable with the general Russia it was 28.7-36.7 %, and in the region it trends of Siberian Federal District and Russia as was 22.3 – 32.2 %. a whole. The share of young people among the In the agglomeration territories, the share unemployed in the agglomeration is about of male workers is decreasing, though it is still 2 times less than in Russia or Krasnoyarsk dominating in comparison with the female region. As a whole, the dynamics of youth share. Male employment in the place of residence unemployment in the agglomeration is the same is also dominant in Russia, Siberian Federal as in the region (see Fig 4). District and Krasnoyarsk region, along with the A more favourable situation with continuous territories of Krasnoyarsk agglomeration. and youth unemployment is determined by UnemploymentThe level of employment among agglomeration in the agglomerati the on high territories business varies activity from (especially 30% to in 80%. the Thecitizens rate ofhas workers reduced employed 2.3 times in within their placethe past of residence agglomeration is comparab nucleus,le with Krasnoyarsk the general city) trends and of Siberian10 years. Federal Unemployment District andboom Russia occurred as a in whole. 2009 quite wide opportunities for application of skills as a result of the world financial crisis. During and labour power. In the agglomeration territories, the share of male workers is decreasing, though it the post-crisis period, the number of employed Hourly workforce performance within isdecreased, still dominating and now in(in comparison2012) it counts with up tothe 96 female the agglomerationshare. Male employment has positive in dynamics; the place its of residencethousand is people. also domin Krasnoyarskant in Russia,city is the Siberian main Federallevel is District higher andthan Kras in RFnoyarsk and the region, region. along In withcontribution the territories to the of unemployment Krasnoyarsk agglomeration. ratio in the 2011 it was 489.63 roubles per man-hour. In the agglomeration. Other territories influence it much agglomeration, the leader in labour performance Unemployment among agglomeration citizens has reduced 2.3 times within the past less. Unemployment rate is high in Sosnovoborsk is Krasnoyarsk city: in 2011 this indicator reached 10 years. Unemployment boom occurred in 2009 as a result of the world financial crisis. During town and Mansky district. Other territories 554.23 roubles per man-hour. theexceeded post-crisis average period, regional the number rate in someof employed certain decreased,In the and year now 2009, (in 2012) the growth it counts of workforce up to 96 thousandyears (see people. Fig. 3). Krasnoyarsk city is the main contributionperformance to in the Krasnoyarsk unemployment agglomeration ratio in the agglomeration.The share Otherof continuous territories unemployment influence it muchreached less. the lowest Unemployment level, which rate was is -10.06 high %. in in Krasnoyarsk agglomeration is This tendency was typical for both Krasnoyarsk Sosnovoborsk town and Mansky district. Other territories exceeded average regional rate in some certain years (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Unemployment levelFigure by ILO3. Unemployment methodology, % level by ILO methodology, % – 1471 – The share of continuous unemployment in Krasnoyarsk agglomeration is significantly less than the average regional and Russian ones, and does not exceed 10.0- 16.1%, whereas, during some certain years, in Russia it was 28.7-36.7%, and in the region it was 22.3 – 32.2%. The share of young people among the unemployed in the agglomeration is about 2 times less than in Russia or Krasnoyarsk region. As a whole, the dynamics of youth unemployment in the agglomeration is the same as in the region (see Fig 4).
8
Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market...
Fig. 2010,4. The somedynamics agricultural of youth unemploymentcomplex objects reached their project capacities and where the major Figure 4. The dynamics of youth unemployment units of transport infrastructure are located.
A more favourable situation with continuous and youth unemployment is determined by the high business activity (especially in the agglomeration nucleus, Krasnoyarsk city) and quite wide opportunities for application of skills and labour power. Hourly workforce performance within the agglomeration has positive dynamics; its level is higher than in RF and the region. In 2011 it was 489.63 roubles per man-hour. In the agglomeration, the leader in labour performance is Krasnoyarsk city: in 2011 this indicator reached 554.23 roubles per man-hour. In the year 2009, the growth of workforce performance in Krasnoyarsk agglomeration reached the lowest level, which was -10.06%. This tendency was typical for both Krasnoyarsk region and Russia as a whole, and was caused by the sequences of the world financial crisis. Fig. 5.Figure ComparativeDuring 5. Comparative the dynamicspre-crisis dynamics of years workforce (2005-2008) of workforce performance workperformance andforce nominal performance and wage nominal in Krasnoyarsk waswage increasing in Krasnoyarsk agglomeration by around and Krasnoyarsk region, % agglomeration and Krasnoyarsk region, % 7.2% every year. The heaviest effect was asserted on hotel and restaurant businesses, constructionThe industry drop of the and performance trade. The growth most rate consin aniderable industrial performancetown Sosnovoborsk growth is caused occurred by in extractiveregionreorganization and industry,Russia ofas agricultureengineeringa whole, and andindustry was forestry caused in the inby region the levelyear within 2009. by the 40 Thatconsidered%. Inis why this period. in period 2009 The thethe decrease leaders of of workforcethe sequencesin the performance performance of the world growth growthfinancial rate in were somecrisis. agricunon-urbanizedlturalworkforce territories, territories performance (M Manskyansky and were and Sukhobuzimsky Divnogorsk Sukhobuzimsky town districts.districts)During is the caused pre-crisis by the mode yearsrnization (2005-2008) of agricultu andral Yemelyanovsky technology that district. took place in the post- workforcecrisisIn yeartheperformance post-crisis 2010. As was theyyears increasing impl (2010-2011),emented by around the labour programs performance In for development the yearwas con of2011,tinuously the agglomeration the growing, growth and of 7.2 % every year. The heaviest effect was asserted hourly workforce performance rate in the by theterritories year 2012 in 2011, it had the exceededpositive tendency the pre-crisis of the growth level by rate 40%.s proportion In this between period the labour leaders of on hotelperformance and restaurant and wage businesses, was restored. construction agglomeration exceeded the rates of wage and workforceindustry andperformance trade. The were most Divnogorsk considerable town andlevel Yemelyanovsky of investment district. into basic capital. By the level of monthly average wage Krasnoyarsk agglomeration traditionally performanceIn the growth year 2011, occurred the in growth extractive of hourly Within workforce 2010-2011, performance the rate workforce in the takes over the average Russian level and the level of Siberian Federal District, and, since agglomerationindustry, agriculture exceeded and the forestry rates inof wage the year and levelperformance of investment increased into by basic 55.4 capital. %, and nominal 2006, this indicator has overcome the average one of Krasnoyarsk region as well. 2009. That is why in 2009 the leaders of workforce wage grew by 23.9 % (see Fig. 5). Along with Within 2010-2011, the workforce performance increased by 55.4%, and nominal wage performanceThe growth monthly were average agricultural wage in territories, the agglomeratio this,n, the in comparisongrowth of investmentwith the regional into basic one, iscapital grew by 23.9% (see Fig. 5). Along with this, the growth of investment into basic capital also rose Manskythe largest and Sukhobuzimsky for all economic districts. sectors except for extractive,also rose engineering up to 23.7 and %, power whereas industries. in 2008-2009 The up toaverageIn 23.7%, the post-crisiswage whereas in the yearsin engineering 2008-2009 (2010-2011), industry these labour indicators sub- sectorthese were gets indicators behindgrowing the were by regional around growing one 6% by per 10-15% around year. This 6 % tendencyperformancewithin wasone wastime broken period. continuously in 2010, growing,as a result and of theper worldyear. This financial tendency crisis was except broken forin 2010, the twoas a territoriesby the year Branch-wise of 2012 the agglomeratiit had wage exceeded differences,on (Berezovsky the pre-crisis specific and for result YemelyanovskyRussian of the economy, world districts),financial are also typicalwherecrisis except forin the the for year the whole agglomeration. Employees engaged in– some 14729 financial– activities and real estate operations
(about 10% of employment) enjoy the highest wage level. The wage in this sector is almost 1,5 times higher than the average among all sectors. The lowest monthly average wage level is
10
Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market... two territories of the agglomeration (Berezovsky the wage in state-financed branches pulled up to and Yemelyanovsky districts), where in the year the regional average value. 2010, some agricultural complex objects reached The distribution of resource base and their project capacities and where the major units productive force cause asymmetry of the of transport infrastructure are located. agglomeration labour market development. The drop of the performance growth rate The wage in the nucleus of the agglomeration, in an industrial town Sosnovoborsk is caused Krasnoyarsk city, is 1.5-2 times higher than in by reorganization of engineering industry in its periphery. The lowest wages are found in the region within the considered period. The Sukhobuzimsky district, Mansky district and decrease in the performance growth rate in Sosnovoborsk town. some non-urbanized territories (Mansky and The share of jobs that allow part-time Sukhobuzimsky districts) is caused by the employment takes up around 3 % of all jobs modernization of agricultural technology that in Krasnoyarsk agglomeration. During the took place in the post-crisis year 2010. As they crisis, the amount of time worked was reduced implemented the programs for development because of the workers who had to change of the agglomeration territories in 2011, the from their regular job to a temporary one. In positive tendency of the growth rates proportion the years 2009 and 2010, the share of jobs that between the labour performance and wage was allow part-time employment in Krasnoyarsk restored. agglomeration was 3.6 %. In non-urbanized By the level of monthly average wage territories of the agglomeration this indicator Krasnoyarsk agglomeration traditionally is slightly less than in towns: only 1-2 % less. takes over the average Russian level and the Sector specificity assumes different use of level of Siberian Federal District, and, since part-time employment. The possibility of part- 2006, this indicator has overcome the average time employment is less than 1 % in extractive one of Krasnoyarsk region as well. industry and public administration, 6 % in The monthly average wage in the restaurant and hotel businesses and counts up agglomeration, in comparison with the regional to 11 % in education. one, is the largest for all economic sectors except for extractive, engineering and power industries. Conclusion The average wage in the engineering industry Thus, in the present state of Krasnoyarsk sub-sector gets behind the regional one by 10- agglomeration labour market one can see some 15 % within one time period. positive tendencies, which can push it towards Branch-wise wage differences, specific for some social and economic development in the Russian economy, are also typical for the whole following key points: agglomeration. Employees engaged in some • regular growth of labour force; financial activities and real estate operations • increase of economic activity of the (about 10 % of employment) enjoy the highest population; wage level. The wage in this sector is almost • rise of employment in the place of the 1,5 times higher than the average among all workers’ residence; sectors. The lowest monthly average wage level is • decrease of unemployment rate; maintained in agriculture: about 60 % of average • increase of workforce performance and agglomeration value. During the last five years wages. – 1473 – Irina P. Vorontsova, Alexander N. Pozdeev… Evolution of a Large-Scale Agglomeration Labour Market...
It gives us ground to suppose that the 2. Strategy of Social and Economic forming model of the agglomeration is Development of Krasnoyarsk enabling us to smoothen the negative effects of Agglomeration Till 2020 of the Priority territorial asymmetry observed in the labour Infrastructure (Investment) Project market in both urbanized and non-urbanized “Complex Development of Krasnoyarsk territories. Agglomeration Till 2020.” 3. Official Data of Russian Federal References State Statistics Service (Rosstat) 1. Programs of Social and Economic and Krasnoyarsk Territorial Body of Development of the Territories of Russian Federal State Statistics Service Krasnoyarsk Agglomeration. (Krasnoyarskstat).
Эволюция рынка труда крупной агломерации на примере Красноярской агломерации
И.П. Воронцова, А.Н. Поздеев, Т.А. Самылкина Сибирский федеральный университет Россия, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79
В статье представлено методическое решение проблемы исследования рынка труда Красноярской агломерации в соответствии с методологией ОЭСР в условиях дефицита официальной статистической информации по муниципальным образованиям. Проанализированы тенденции изменения состояния рынка труда Красноярской агломерации за период с 1999 по 2011 год. Рассмотрена пространственная асимметрия рынка труда агломерации и сделаны выводы о её влиянии на формирование динамики ключевых индикаторов рынка труда. Ключевые слова: рынок труда, экономическая активность населения, пространственная структура занятости, занятость по секторам экономики, неполная занятость, часовая производительность труда, заработная плата.
Работа выполнена в рамках проекта «Разработка методики проведения сравнительных международных исследований по социально-экономическому развитию региона и подготовка научного доклада для организации экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР)» при поддержке Красноярского краевого фонда поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности, проект КФ-262.