LFSSON OBJECTIVES · • To read about Aeneas and King Evander • To learn the forms and o, use of the personal pronouns of the first and second persons • To review the form and function of possessive adjectives of the fitst and second persons - Olim in Latio erat oppidum appellatum Pallanteum. Rex ' oppidi, Evander, cum multis col6nis ab Arcadia in Graecia rnigraverat. In Italia 1 king oppidum muniverant in loco ubi postea2 Romulus Romam munivit. Cum 2 afterwards finitirnis populis Latinis Evander Graecique bellum semper gerebant. 'also s Aeneas et coloni Troiani etiam3 in Italia habitabant et etiam cum Latinis •outside pugnabant. Quod socios cupiebant, Aeneas et pauci viri ad Pallanteum 5 Arcadians (acc.) 4 5 6 who accesserunt. Extra oppidum viri Troiani filiuin Evandrt et paucos Arcades 7 why invenerunt. Dixerunt. 8 please Pallas: Pallas sum, filius Evandri. Ego et arnici mei vos saliitamus. Qui6 9 story 10 estis? Cur7 tu et viri tui ad Pallanteum venistis? · 10 with us. For the joining of cum to the abl. of personal pronouns, see . Aeneas: Appellor Aeneas. Ego et virt mei ad ltaliam venimus quod Fata footnote 18, p. 219. nos duxerunt. Nunc auxilium vestrum cupimus. Accipite nos, quaeso,8 et historiam9 nostram audite. Pallas: Vos non dimittam. Multa de vobis audivL Ad oppidum nobiscum10 is procedite. (Rex Evander grate Aeneam accipit.)

Rex lvander grate Aeneam acceplt. At Pallanteum, the town on the site of what was to become Rome, King Evander (center) receives Aeneas (right) who is escorted by Evander's son Pallas. The artist, Pietro da Cortona, has kept the tradition that the Arcadians, exiles from Greece, lived in rustic and peaceful harmony.

216 UN IT VI MISSION TO A NEW WORLD: Evander: Ubi puer ~in Arcadia, Aeneas, pater tuus ad patriam meam venit. Is rnihi multa grata donavit. Virum grate memoria teneo. Tii etiam 11 12 videris vir bonus et pius • Te probo et tibi auxilium donabo. 11 seem to be 12 Aeneas: Gratias tibi ago, Evander. Firmi socii ~rimus. 20 Joyal 11 Evander: Quod ego non iam 13 iuvenis 14 sum, vobiscum10 piignare dubito. not now, no longer 1 • young Tibi, Aeneae, filium meum mandabo. Is integer est et pro me pugnabit. 15 The vocative of meus is irregular. 15 10 Pallas, mi fili, te cum Troianis nunc dirnittam. Produce tecam multos 16 bravely viros. 17 alive again Pallas: Vale, pater! Nos fortiter 16 bellum geremus. 25 Et fortiter pugnavit Pallas. Sed miser Evander numquam filium vivum iterum 17 vidit.

Questions 1. Where did the king of the town Pallanteum come from originally?[> 2. What is particularly interesting about the site of Pallanteum?f', 3. What common enemy did the Trojans and the Arcadians have?\'> 4. Who is Pallas? > 5. What did Aeneas ask Pallas for? f> 6. Where did the two talk? · • 7. Why did Evander decide to give Aeneas help? , 8. Did Pallas keep his promise to Evander? > 9. Why didn't Evander hirpself lead his men, into battle alongside Aeneas? >

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Pronouns e'go, me'i /, of me (egoist, egocentric) nos, nos'trum we, of us tfi, tu'i you, of you (sing.) The word it is used to · vos, ves'trum you, of you (pl.) translate is and ea when is he, it m.; e'a she, it f.; id it n. the noun referred to is ' Adjective masculine or feminine in. Latin and the noun is a in'teger -gra, -grum integrity) thing: Carrum vidi, et is fresh, whole, untouched magnus erat. I saw the wagon, and it was large.

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egoist

Verbs cu'pio, cu'pere, cupi'vi, [cupi'tus] (cupidity, Cupid) desire, wish, want dimit'to, dimit'tere, dimi'si, [dimis'sus] [mitto] let go, send away du'bito, dubita're, dubita'vi, [dubita'tus] (indubitable) hesitate, doubt Adverbs o'limformerly, once (upon a time) u'bi when, where (ubiquitous)

j'.) , 2 GRAMMAR

Personal Pronouns In English, nominative forms of personal pronouns are used to show the person and subject of the verb: I am, you are. In Latin, as we have seen (p. 28), personal endings are used instead. When, however, emphasis or sharp contrast in subjects is desired, Latin uses the personal pronouns ego (I) and tii (you). Is, ea, and id serve as the personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, and it). The full declension of is, ea, and id will be given later. For now, memorize the declensions of ego and tii. 18 When the preposition cum is used with the ablative forms of ego and PERSONAL P.RONOUNS tu, it is attached to them: mecum, SINGULAR PLURAL with me; nobiscum, with us; tecum, vobiscum, with you. Norn. e'go/ nos we Gen. me'i of me nos'trum of us Dat. mi'hi to (for) me no'bis to (for) us Acc. meme nos us Abl. me18 with (from, etc.) me no'biS18 With (from, etc.) us SINGULAR PLURAL Norn. tii you vosyou Gen. tu'i of you ves'trum of you Dat. ti'bi to (for) you vo'bis to (for) you Acc. teyou vosyou Abl. te'8 with (from, etc.) you vo'bis18 with (from, etc.) you

Possessive Adjectives The possessive adjectives mens (my, my own, mine), noster (our, our own, ours), tuns (your, your own, yours), and vester (your, your own, yours) are derived from the bases of their corresponding personal pronouns: ego (me-), nos (nostr-), tii (tu-), and vos (vestr-). The possessive adjective follows its noun except when emphatic. Cautions: To show possession, use the possessive adjectives mens, tuns, noster, and vester, not the possessive pronouns. Say amicus mens, not amicus mei. If, however, the of-idea is partitive (see Genitive of the Whole, Grammar Appendix), use the genitive of the pronoun. Pars mei (pronoun) means part of me, while pars mea (adjective) means my part. Remember that an adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. A man referring to his daughter would say Est filia mea; a woman referring to her husband would say Est vir mens. In other words, the ending of the possessive adjective depends upon what is pos­ sessed, not upon the possessor. Oral Practice 1. Decline equus vester and familia mea. 2. Give the Latin for the italicized words. a. I shall give you a present. b. I criticize you; you criticize me. c. She showed us beautiful flowers. d. She is my friend; he, my enemy. e. I shall show you (sing.) the house. ' L E S's 0 N X X X I I N I T A L I A A E ·N E A S A U X I L I U M A C C I P I T . 219 f. We'll love you (pl.) if you'll love us. g. He came to us and showed us many pictures. h. Come with us and we shall go with you (pl.). i. He was mentioned by me, but she told me nothing. j. Your daughter was seen by us with you (sing.) on the street.

I Exercises A. Translate the following sentences. 1. Multa a te, amice, accepi. 2. Liber tuus a me non retinebitur. 3. Cupitisne videre nos, amicos vestros? 4. Ego sum amicus tuus; is est inimicus. 5. Ego sum miser sine te; tu misera es quod tecum non maneo. 6. Filius meus in periculum mecum properare numquam dubitaverat.

B. Translate the following sentences into Latin. 1. We are foreigners; you are Romans. 2. My words are not (being) heard by you. 3. I want t() present the reward to you (sing.). 4. They had not hesitated to free the unfriendly prisoners. 5. Come (pl.) with us; we are your friends, not your enemies.

Did You Know?

The Roman army had several ways of capturing a gated, fortified city. Their first task was to fill up the ditches around the city walls with small tree branches mixed with soil and thrown into the ditches. Then the Roman soldiers would make their own trenches, roads, and tunnels to undermine the walls. Lastly, they would unleash heavy missiles against the walls and towers of the beseiged city with the catapulta and ballista.

110 UN IT VI MISSION TO A NEW WORLD: AENEAS AN D RO ME A city under siege, illustrating the various types of weaponry known to Romans of Caesar's time. From left to right: the turrfs Suffixes ambulatorla (movable tower) used to overcome the advantage • We have seen that prefixes are so called because they are in height the city walls provided; attached to the beginnings of words. Suffixes (sub, under, after; the testudo arletarla (a batter­ f'ixus , attached) are attached to the ends of words. Like Latin ing ram concealed under a shed like the shell of a tortoise) used prefixes, Latin suffixes play a very important part in the to dislodge masonry; the testudo formation of English words. (a cover of interlocking shields) and scalae (ladders); the onager • The Latin suffix -ia usually has the form-yin English. Give the ("donkey," so nicknamed from English forms of the following words found in the preceding its "kick") and the balllsta, vocabularies: memoria, gloria, familia, iniiiria, victoria, machines for throwing heav}' and copia (with change of meaning in English). light missiles, stones, or spears.

• What are the Latin words from which are derived elegy, history, industry, infamy, Italy, luxury, misery, perfidy, philosophy, Troy ?

• S•me -ia n•uns an11p the -ia entirely in English: concord, vigil, matter (from materia).

LESSON XXXI IN ITALIA AENEAS AUXILIUM ACCIPIT. 221