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UM Students' Repository UNIVERSITI MALAYA PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama: (No.K.P/Pasport: ) MOHAMMED AZLAN MIS 730810-13-5199 No. Pendaftaran: THA070002 Nama Ijazah: DOKTOR FALSAFAH Tajuk Kertas Projek/Laporan Penyelidikan/Disertasi/Tesis (“Hasil Kerja): ANALISIS PILIHAN BAHASA SEBAGAI LINGUA FRANCA DI SARAWAK Bidang Penyelidikan: S K OSIOLINGUISTI Saya dengan seseungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: (1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil Kerja ini; (2) Hasil Kerja ini adalah asli; (3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa-apa petikan, ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau kepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam Hasil Kerja ini; (4) Saya tdak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuan sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini melanggar hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain; (5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemua dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hakcipta Hasil Kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya(”UM”) yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hakcipta di dalam Hasil Kerja ini dan apa-apa pengeluaran semua atau penggunaan dalam apa jua bentuk atau dengan apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari UM; (6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. Tandatangan Calon Tarikh Diperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui di hadapan, Tandatangan Saksi Tarikh Nama: Jawatan: 1 ABSTRAK Kajian ini merupakan kajian pilihan bahasa yang berlandaskan teori sosiolinguistik, khususnya teori domain (Fishman 1972). Dengan itu, kajian ini memerihalkan pilihan bahasa melalui soal selidik dan temu bual. Soal selidik digunakan untuk mengumpul maklumat pilihan bahasa dan dijumlahkan mengikut peratusan dan diuji nilai signifikannya. Rakaman temu bual dilakukan untuk mengetahui dengan lebih lanjut lagi mengenai pilihan bahasa suku kaum Melayu, Iban, Cina dan Melanau serta untuk mendapatkan maklumat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pilihan bahasa tersebut. Pilihan bahasa yang utama itu adalah bahasa perhubungan utama atau lingua franca. Secara umumnya, lingua franca bermaksud bahasa komunikasi antara penutur yang bahasa pertama mereka berbeza antara satu sama lain (Samarin 1968, UNESCO (dlm. Samarin 1968) dan Wardhaugh 1998). Kaedah kajian yang digunakan berdasarkan analisis kekerapan (peratusan dan nilai signifikan) dan rakaman temu bual. Metodologi yang dipilih telah disesuaikan daripada Asmah (2001), Holmes (2001) dan juga Chua Yan Piaw (2006). Secara khususnya, kajian ini merupakan kajian tinjauan di lapangan dan kawasan kajiannya adalah di bandar Sarikei. Soalan-soalan yang disediakan dalam borang soal selidik berkaitan dengan pilihan bahasa yang dibahagikan mengikut enam domain, iaitu keluarga, persahabatan, pasar dan kedai, bank, hospital dan klinik serta sukan dan riadhah. Berdasarkan dapatan dari soal selidik dan temu bual yang telah dijalankan menunjukkan bahasa Iban merupakan pilihan bahasa yang paling utama jika dibandingkan dengan bahasa-bahasa yang lain di bandar Sarikei. Bahasa Iban di bandar Sarikei mudah difahami apabila digunakan dan dituturkan oleh hampir semua penduduk pelbagai suku kaum. Ini menunjukkan bahawa pilihan bahasa Iban di bandar Sarikei ini merupakan bahasa perhubungan utama atau lingua franca dalam kalangan suku kaum Melayu, Iban dan Cina. Walau bagaimanapun, hasil analisis pilihan bahasa suku kaum Melanau berbeza dari hasil analisis suku kaum Melayu, Iban dan Cina kerana suku kaum Melanau tidak memilih bahasa Iban sebagai bahasa utama tetapi menggunakan dialek Melayu Sarawak. Hasil analisis pilihan bahasa juga telah menunjukkan sebahagian besar penduduk di bandar Sarikei mengetahui tiga atau empat bahasa suku kaum. Bahasa Iban merupakan pilihan utama domain di rumah, persahabatan, kedai dan pasar serta sukan dan riadhah oleh responden Melayu, Iban dan Cina. Dialek Melayu Sarawak pula banyak dipilih dalam domain di bank serta hospital dan klinik. Bahasa rojak Melayu-Iban pula adalah sebagai pilihan ketiga selepas bahasa Iban dan kedua selepas pilihan dialek Melayu Sarawak oleh suku kaum Melayu, Iban dan Cina. Bahasa rojak Melayu- Melanau hanya digunakan antara orang Melanau dan Melayu sekiranya mereka tidak berkomunikasi menggunakan dialek Melayu Sarawak ataupun bahasa Melanau. 2 ABSTRACT This is a research on language choice which applies the Fishman‟s (1972) sociolinguistics theory of domain. Specifically, this research analyzes language choice based on questionnaires distributed and interviews conducted with the Malays, Ibans, Chinese, Melanau and families of mixed marriages in Sarikei. The questionnaire was used to gather information on language choice and the figures are tabulated for frequency of use and significant value. The interviews were recorded to get detailed and further information on the language choice of the respondents and factors that influenced their choices. The main choice of language of these respondents is their language of communication or lingua franca. Generally, lingua franca can be defined as a language of communication among language users who do not share the same first language (Samarin 1968, UNESCO (dlm. Samarin 1968) dan Wardhaugh 1998). The methods employed in this research are frequency analysis (percentages and significant values) and interviews. The methodology chosen is adapted from Asmah (2001), Holmes (2001) and Chua Yan Piaw (2006). This is a field-based research and the research area chosen is the Sarikei town in Sarawak. The questions that are included in the questionnaires focus on language choice that are categorized according to different domains such as family, friendship, market, shop, bank, hospital and, clinics and sports and recreation. Based on the findings from the questionnaires and interviews conducted, it is shown that the Iban language is the main language chosen compared to other languages used in Sarikei. Iban is easily understood and spoken by almost all of the population in Sarikei. This means that Iban can be considered as the language for communication or lingua franca among the Malays, Ibans and Chinese. However, the findings of language choice of the Melanaus is different from the findings of the Malays, Ibans, and Chinese because the Melanaus do not choose Iban as the main language but rather they use the Malay dialect. Findings from the language choice analysis show that the majority of the people in Sarikei speak three or four languages. The languages are Iban, Sarawak Malay dialect, Chinese, Melanau, Malay-Iban bazaar language and Malay-Melanau bazaar language. Iban is the main choice of the Malays, Ibans, Chinese and Melanaus in family, friendship, markets and shops, sports and recreation domains. The Malay-Iban bazaar language is their second choice. The Malay-Melanau bazaar language is only used among the Melanaus and the Malays only if they do not communicate in the Sarawak Malay dialect or the Melanau language. 3 PENGHARGAAN Dengan ucapan „Alhamdulillah‟ saya ingin merakamkan rasa bersyukur ke hadhirat Allah kerana dengan izinNya jua disertasi ini dapat saya selesaikan. Sesungguhnya dalam menyempurnakan kajian ini saya terhutang budi kepada banyak pihak yang membantu sama ada secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung. Pada kesempatan ini, ingin disampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada beberapa pihak yang banyak membantu dan menyokong bagi melengkapkan kajian ini seadanya. Pertamanya, penghargaan yang ikhlas ditujukan kepada penyelia, Prof. Emeritus Dato‟ Dr. Asmah Haji Omar yang sentiasa prihatin dan mengambil berat agar kajian yang saya lakukan ini berada pada landasan yang betul. Sesungguhnya saya amat mengahargai segala pandangan dan idea Prof. Asmah, yang secara tidak langsung turut mengajar cara untuk melakukan kajian di lapangan. Tidak lupa juga sumbangan Cik Zaulin yang banyak membantu sebagai penyampai draf, dan memberi ruang untuk temu janji saya dengan penyelia. Keduanya, rakan-rakan seperjuangan, khususnya di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, yang sentiasa yakin akan keberhasilan pengajian saya. Secara khusus, ucapan terima kasih ditujukan kepada Dr.Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar dan En. Sulaiman Ramli yang sudi menjadi pendengar dan pembaca yang baik, khususnya apabila saya buntu atau terfikirkan sesuatu idea baru yang ingin dikongsi dan tidak lupa juga kepada Ketua Program Linguistik dan Pengerusi Pusat Pengajian Bahasa dan Linguistik yang telah memberi ruang kepada saya melanjutkan pengajian di peringkat doktor falsafah dan pihak Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Majikan) yang telah memberi peluang kepada saya mendalami bidang yang saya minati. Tidak lupa juga saya berterima kasih kepada Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia yang telah menawarkan biasiswa sepanjang pengajian saya. Seterusnya, disertasi ini ditujukan khas buat ayahanda dan bonda tersayang yang sentiasa yakin akan kemampuan anaknya. Buat isteri dan anak-anak pula, disertasi ini hanya permulaan kerjayaku. Berkat kesabaran dan dengan izinNya jua, ada kejayaan lain yang mungkin menyusul. Akhir sekali, saya percaya tanpa bantuan dan sokongan pihak yang berkenaan, hajat saya untuk menjadi sarjana
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