Universidade De Brasília Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Educação Faculdade De Educação Doutorado Em Educação

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Universidade De Brasília Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Educação Faculdade De Educação Doutorado Em Educação UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO DOUTORADO EM EDUCAÇÃO NO CINEMA E NA VIDA: A DIFÍCIL ARTE DE APRENDER A MORRER MARIA EMÍLIA BOTTINI Brasília 2014 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM EDUCAÇÃO FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO DOUTORADO EM EDUCAÇÃO NO CINEMA E NA VIDA: A DIFÍCIL ARTE DE APRENDER A MORRER MARIA EMÍLIA BOTTINI Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de Brasília (UnB), como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em Educação. Orientadora: Dra. Laura Maria Coutinho. Brasília 2014 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO MARIA EMILIA BOTTINI No cinema e na vida: a difícil arte de aprender a morrer Tese apresentada à banca examinadora como requisito parcial à obtenção do Título de Doutora em Educação na Linha de Pesquisa: Educação, Tecnologia e Comunicação (ETEC), pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Aprovada em 14 de novembro de 2014. BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Dra. Laura Maria Coutinho Presidente Prof. Dra. Ciomara Ribeiro Silva Benincá Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF). Instituto de Psicologia e Ciências Humanas Prof. Dr. Lúcio França Teles Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Faculdade de Educação. Prof. Dra. Moema Borges. Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Pós-graduação da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde. Prof. Dra. Virgínia Turra Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB). Faculdade de Psicologia. Prof. Dra. Amaralina Miranda de Souza Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Faculdade de Educação (suplente). Dedico esta tese aos meus pais, Pedro e Anastácia, que me ensinaram muito do que eu sei sobre a vida e o viver e igualmente sobre a morte e o morrer. AGRADECIMENTOS Conhecer requer, por vezes, o recolhimento e a clausura, entretanto, na maioria das vezes, é empreender que necessita do convívio e da partilha na mais clara evidência da necessária sociabilidade com aqueles que nos cercam. Dessa forma, muito do que aprendemos está nos encontros e desencontros, buscando cruzar pela estreita porta da curiosidade e do deslumbramento à procura do desvelar do saber. Aos meus pais Pedro e Anastácia que, distantes fisicamente, estão presentes no meu coração por meio dos exemplos de valor à vida e aos estudos. Obrigada pelas muitas lições aprendidas no ofício de viver. Ao amor da minha vida, Toledo, pela ajuda, compreensão, incentivo e amor, quando do cansaço. Amo você, por segurar minhas mãos e me ajudar a trilhar os caminhos do amor, não sem dor. Obrigada pela leitura pacienciosa deste texto e pelas inúmeras sugestões. À orientadora, Professora Dra. Laura Maria Coutinho, pela paciência pedagógica. Por acreditar no meu processo de criação e escrita. Pela oportunidade de me tornar alguém melhor a partir do seu acompanhamento. Aos cadetes do Curso de Formação de Oficiais (CFO) do Corpo de Bombeiros do Distrito Federal (CBMDF) e aos alunos da Pós-graduação em Educação, pelas possibilidades de reflexão e aprendizado sobre a morte construídos e vivenciados nesta experiência de ser professora. À Professora Doutora Maria Abádia da Silva, ao muito que me ensinou com seu exemplo de professora e pela seriedade com o trato com a educação. Obrigada pela generosidade acadêmica, aprendi muito com suas contribuições para além do doutorado em Educação, para a vida. Aos amigos da vida, Zilta Marinho, Lia Scholze, Marcos Domiciano, Andrea Jorge Maia, Elizabete Bonavigo, Pedro Bavaresco, Claudia Denise Guisti pela amizade lapidada e pelas muitas ajudas durante a realização desta tese. Sem vocês teria sido bem mais difícil. À Banca Examinadora, Dra. Ciomara Ribeiro Silva Benincá, Dr. Lucio França Teles Dra. Moema Borges, Dra. Virgínia Turra e Dra. Amaralina Miranda de Souza pela leitura do texto e pelas contribuições generosas que se somam ao meu crescimento pessoal e profissional. ‘ (...) Conhecer as manhas E as manhãs O sabor das massas E das maçãs É preciso amor Pra poder pulsar É preciso paz pra poder sorrir É preciso a chuva para florir Todo mundo ama um dia Todo mundo chora Um dia a gente chega E no outro vai embora Cada um de nós compõe a sua história Cada ser em si Carrega o dom de ser capaz E ser feliz (SATER, 2002). RESUMO Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: compreender a narrativa do cinema nas suas diversas manifestações; refletir a temática da morte nos tempos atuais e analisar a narrativa fílmica veiculada pelo filme A partida (2008) de Yôjirô Takita. O cinema é visto como uma linguagem multifacetada, como um elemento constitutivo da indústria cultural, mercado, arte, espetáculo, lucro, entretenimento, diversão e da formação ideológica e possibilidade de desenvolvimento da sensibilidade. A morte, no ocidente, tornou-se interdita, inominada, tabu, mas ainda assim companheira inseparável da vida. Os elementos do filme abordados foram sonhos fenecidos; a morte como ofício; o fim dos dias; onde tudo está vivo, a morte está; nenhum tempo é tempo; o velho como o prenúncio do novo; o desassossego dos que ficam; tinha uma pedra no caminho; a vida precisa de inspiração; viver é uma honra. São relacionadas duas experiências como forma de educação para a morte e o morrer no espaço de sala de aula. A primeira, com o Corpo de Bombeiros do Distrito Federal (CBMDF) na disciplina Psicologia Aplicada ao Bombeiro Militar. E a segunda, com alunos da Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) na disciplina Espaços de Cinema: Natureza e Cultura em Imagens e Sons. A discussão e análise são empreendidas mediante análise das narrativas dos cadetes e dos alunos. Palavras-chave: Cinema; Morte; Educação. ABSTRACT The objectives of this research were: to understand the narrative of the film in its several manifestations; reflect the theme “death” nowadays and analyze the filmic narrative transmitted by the film “Departures (2008) by Yôjirô Takita. The film has been seen as a multi-faceted language, as a constituent part from the cultural industry, market, art show, profit, fun entertainment, ideological education and as the possibility of sensitivity development. Death in the West, became prohibited, innominate, taboo, but inseparable companion of life even so. The elements of the film were decayed dreams, death as a craft, the end of the days, there is death whenever there is life, no time is time, the old as a harbinger of the new, restlessness of those who remain; there was a stone in the middle of the road; life needs inspiration and living is an honor. Two experiences are related in order to learn from death and dying inside the classroom. The first one with the firemen from the Federal District (CBMDF) at Applied Psychology discipline. And the second experience with students from Postgraduate Education at the University of Brasilia (UnB) at the Film Environment discipline: Nature and Culture in Pictures and Sounds. The discussion and analysis have been undertaken from the cadets and students’ narratives. Keywords: Cinema; Death; Education. LISTA DE SIGLAS E ABREVIATURAS AA - Alcoólatras Anônimos Abmil - Academia do Corpo de Bombeiro Militar AIDS - Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida APH - Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar BM - Bombeiro Militar CAL - Casa da Cultura da América Latina CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPS - Centro de Atenção Psicossocial CBMDF - Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Distrito Federal CD - Compact Disc CFM - Conselho Federal de Medicina CFO - Curso de Formação de Oficiais Diren - Diretoria de Ensino DVD - Digital Versatile Disc ETEC - Educação, Tecnologia e Comunicação FAC - Faculdade de Comunicação Fapergs - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul FE - Faculdade de Educação Funexpro - Feira de Exposição de Produtos Funerários HIV - Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana. IBGE - O Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IML - Instituto Médico Legal LEM - Laboratório de Estudos da Morte MDS - Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social MG - Minas Gerais NA - Narcóticos Anônimos OMS - Organização Mundial de Saúde ONG - Organização Não-Governamental Piaps - Programa Integrado de Atenção Primária à Saúde Pnud - Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento RCP - Reanimação Cardiopulmonar RS - Rio Grande do Sul SC - Santa Catarina SENAI - Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial TIC - Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação UnB - Universidade de Brasília Unicesp - Faculdades Integradas Promove de Brasília UPF - Universidade de Passo Fundo USP - Universidade de São Paulo UTI - Unidade de Terapia Intensiva SUMÁRIO 1 REMINISCÊNCIAS DA VIDA VIVIDA .......................................................................... 12 2 NARRATIVAS DO SENSÍVEL ......................................................................................... 20 3 SOB AS LUZES DO ENTARDECER ............................................................................... 47 4 A CERTEZA DE PARTIR E A IMPOSSIBILIDADE DE FICAR ................................ 91 4.1 FICHA TÉCNICA ............................................................................................................ 94 4.2 A ARTE QUE CONDUZ A VIDA .................................................................................. 94 4.3 SONHOS FENECIDOS ................................................................................................... 96 4.4 A MORTE COMO OFÍCIO ............................................................................................ 97 4.5 O FIM DOS DIAS .........................................................................................................
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