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Download APRIL 1988.Pdf April 1988, Volume 57, Number 4 1 Director's Message ~cdllJ'iJil 0Il'il O®UIJ'®UO@1l'il 2 Law Enforcement Administration: Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow By James H. Earle 7 Book Review lI@©IhIl'il@~@@JW 8 CRISIS-A Computer System For Major Disasters By Mark Rand lI@IJ'IJ'@IJ'O~1J'iJil 13 A Terrorist Psychosocial Profile: Past and Present By Thomas Strentz ~IJ'OIJ'iJil@ [pl1J'@1l»~®IJ'iJil~ 20 Product Tampering By David Lance lL®@J®~ [Q)~@J®~U 24 The Electronic Communications Privacy Act: Addressing Today's Technology (Conclusion) By Robert A. Fiatal 31 Wanted by the FBI lJS1E1J Law Enforcement Bulletin United States Department of Justice Published by the Office of Congressional The Cover: Federal Bureau of Investigation and Public Affairs, The May 11 , 1985, fire disaster at England's Washington, DC 20535 Milt Ahlerich, Assistant Director Bradford City football ground prompted the creation of the CRISIS computer system. (See article p. 8) . William S. Sessions, Director Editor-Thomas J. Deakin The FBI law Enforcement Bulletin Assistant Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski (lSSN-0014-5688) is published monthly by the The Attorney General has determined that the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 10th and Penn• publication of this periodical is necessary in the Art Director-John E. Ott transaction of the public business required by law Production Manager/Reprints-David C. sylvania Ave., N.W. , Washington, DC 20535. Sec• of the Department of Justice. Use of funds for Maynard ond-Class postage paid at Washington , DC . printing this periodical has been approved by the Postmaster: Send address changes to Federal Bu• Director of the Office of Management and Budget reau of Investigation, FBI law Enforcement Bul• through June 6, 1988. letin, Washington, DC 20535. ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 J Director's Message May 1988, is the 27th anniversary of President communities in this country have on their rolls-it John F. Kennedy's approval of the law designating is just under the size of the largest police depart• May 15 as Peace Officers Memorial Day. The words ment in Virginia, for example. at Gettysburg of another eloquent, and assassi• The man who led the FBI's efforts to success• nated, President are appropriate to honor "those fully end the gangster era's bloody reign of terrror, who gave their lives that this nation might live." J. Edgar Hoover, noted in one of the first Law Day President Kennedy's predecessor, Dwight D. messages, "The effectiveness of law is measured Eisenhower, had established May 1 as Law Day 3 by the fairness, determination, and courage with years before. While the theme of the 1988 Law Day which it is enforced . .Our society demands of the is "legal literacy," one of the purposes of Law Day peace officer spotless integrity, uncommon bravery, is to recognize the "support ... [of] those ... persons and constant devotion to duty. It is fitting that Amer• charged with law enforcement." In the decade 1977 icans pause during the year to acknowledge a debt to 1986, the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting system of gratitude to those who have been faithful to their has recorded 875 law enforcement officers felon• trust." iously killed. While law enforcement has reduced It is also fitting that the law enforcement com• the 1979 high of 106 officers killed to a new low of munity, represented by 15 law enforcement orga• 66 officers killed in 1986, this is still an unacceptable nizations ranging from the International Association number, both in terms of the human tragedy in• of Chiefs of Police and the National Sheriffs' As• volved and in sheer economics. sociation to the Fraternal Order of Police and the It is the duty, and the even greater moral obli• National Organization of Black Law Enforcement gation, of every law enforcement chief executive to Executives, has organized the National Law En• see that the officers in his or her command have forcement Officers Memorial Fund to build a mem• the very best training and equipment available to orial to the thousands of officers who have given protect themselves in potentially deadly situations. their lives to protect their fellow citizens since our Two of my predecessors, William H. Webster and Nation began. Clarence M. Kelley, recognized and advocated the I wholeheartedly support this memorial. As I use of ballistic vests and training in night use of said at the recent dedication of the FBI's Hall of firearms. "The decline in officers killed is partially a Honor for fallen Special Agents, " . .they could have result of technology, the development of Kevlar, the chosen professions that paid far more, demanded ballistic fiber used in soft body armor," according to much less, and presented few dangers. Instead FBI Director Webster, writing in this journal. Ten they chose to carry the badge . and accepted years before, Director Kelley pointed out that night• the responsibility to do their duty." The same words time "and dimly lit situations predominate the en• of tribute apply to every peace officer in this land of counters that prove fatal to law enforcement ours built on the rule of law. personneL" For this reason, the FBI then placed greater emphasis on training for these potentially dangerous nighttime encounters. The loss of 875 officers in a decade is, and William S. Sessions should be, sobering to every citizen. This repre• Director sents more peace officers than all but the largest April 1988 I 1 Law Enforcement Administration Yesterday-To day-Tomorrow H ••• the present­day top law enforcement administrator is thinking ahead, moving with the times, and is sensitive to the changing role of the law enforcement agency in the community." By Over the past 2 centuries, the leling those of top corporate JAMES H. EARLE, Ph.D United States has changed from a rural, management officials. To those respon• Special Agent economically concentric society to a sibilities, however, will be added a task Nation characterized by diverse social, Federal Bureau of Investigation not shared by business executives• Denver, CO economic, and political units. Some of the burden of maintaining order in the the institutions upon which society must community. depend for order and continuity have In the past, and even today, law not been able to keep pace with the enforcement administrators have changes. The law enforcement system, tended to play "administrative catch in particular, is struggling to keep up." They have reacted to problems abreast of the present, while trying to rather than anticipating them. This is a determine what the needs of the future lUxury they will no longer be able to af• will be and how they can best be met. ford. The 21 st-century administrator will Law enforcement personnel agree have to be a forecaster and long-range that tomorrow's law enforcement ad• planner in order to run a professional ministrator (LEA) will be operating in a department. No longer will he or she be highly charged, complex environment. able to function in a response mode. It Factors such as rising crime rates, in• will be critical to be ahead of events if creased population, social unrest, more the department is to function effectively. sophisticated crimes, and accelerated To make this shift in focus, the LEA administrative costs will challenge the will have to change attitudes toward the LEA to reexamine traditional pOlice requirements for being a top manage• methodologies and management tech• ment official. In the past, the conven• niques. The administrator will be held tional wisdom has decreed that accountable for much greater effi• experience as a police officer was the ciency, productivity, and effectiveness. major criterion for assignment to top The law enforcement administrator law enforcement positions. This no will have to discard the role of "top cop" longer holds true. A top administrator and become a true chief executive of• will, of course, build on the foundation ficer (CEO), with responsibilities paral• 2 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin _________________________________ of solid law enforcement experience, were asked specifically to rate the im- but education and specialized training portance of 11 managerial factors in in modern managerial skills and tech- terms of (1) their importance in the niques must be added to this experien- LEA's current responsibilities, (2) their tial base. probable importance to an LEA in the The President's Commission on next decade, and (3) what knowledge Law Enforcement and Administration of and skills they believed the LEA of the Justice Report of 1967 cited critical future should possess. areas of competence managers should In the 1979 study, the top five cur- possess. These were management by rent management/administrative prob- objectives, planning, programming and lems faced by respondents were: Special Agent Earle budgeting systems, operation research, 1) Determining policy and program and information systems. This knowl- priorities (62.4%), edge was considered the minimal ac- 2) Administering the budget ceptable level of management (56.5%) , expertise for anyone assuming a key 3) Maintaining effective community position in law enforcement. relations (52.9%) , Are present­day law enforcement administrators responding to this chal- 4) Developing effective working lenge to grow from a responder to a relations with elected or predictor and planner? To investigate appointed public officials (e.g. , this question, the writer conducted a police commissions, city study in 1979 in which top law enforce- managers, and city councils) ment administrators in communities of (50.5%) , over 250,000, with 300 or more sworn 5) Establishing and administering officers, were surveyed and asked to personnel systems and rank their current managerial problems procedures, including recruitment and to predict what the major mana- selection, training, and discipline gerial problems would be during the of key employees (47.1%).
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