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Terrorism Versus Democracy Examines 4 the Major Trends in International Terrorism and the Liberal Democratic Response

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Terrorism Versus Democracy Examines 4 the Major Trends in International Terrorism and the Liberal Democratic Response 1111 2 3 4 511 TERRORISM 6 7 VERSUS DEMOCRACY 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 This new edition of Paul Wilkinson’s Terrorism Versus Democracy examines 4 the major trends in international terrorism and the liberal democratic response. 5 Drawing key lessons from the recent experience of democracies, and in par- 6 ticular from the response of the US and UK to the events of 9/11, the author 7 has revised existing chapters and added new ones in order to offer a candid 8 interim balance sheet on the success and failures of the ‘War on Terror’. The 9 book thus analyses the new role assigned to the military, the growing trend in 20111 hostage-taking and sieges, the challenges faced by aviation security and the place of international cooperation in combating terrorism. It also highlights 1 some of the major dangers emphasised in the first edition, such as over-reaction, 2 over-reliance on the use of military force in an effort to suppress terrorism and 3 the adoption of measures that involve major curtailments of democracy, human 4 rights and the rule of law, which could undermine the very democracy one is 5111 trying to defend. 6 The book argues that prior to 9/11 the general international response to terror- 7 ism was one of inconsistency and under-reaction. However, as resorting to 8 full-scale war in the name of combating terrorism risks the sacrifice of far 9 greater numbers of innocent lives than have ever been killed in non-state terrorist 30111 attacks, the author strives to outline a democratic strategy designed to avoid 1 the dangers of both over-reaction and under-reaction while preserving demo- 2 cratic values, human rights and the rule of law. 3 This book will be required reading for all students of security, politics and 4 terrorism studies, but also for policy-makers, legislators and the law enforce- 5 ment and security professions as well as informed lay readers. 6 Paul Wilkinson is Professor of International Relations and Chairman of the 7 Advisory Board of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence 8 (CSTPV) at the University of St Andrews. His publications include Contemporary 9 Research on Terrorism (as co-editor, 1987) and Aviation Terrorism and Security 40111 (as co-editor, 1999). He co-authored with Joseph S. Nye Jr and Yukio Satoh the 1 report to the Trilateral Commission (2003) Addressing the New International 2 Terrorism; Prevention, Intervention and Multilateral Co-operation and served 3 as Adviser to Lord Lloyd of Berwick’s Inquiry into Legislation Against Terrorism, 44111 and authored volume two, the Research Report for the Inquiry (1996). CASS SERIES: POLITICAL VIOLENCE Series Editors: Paul Wilkinson and David C. Rapoport AVIATION TERRORISM AND TERRORISM TODAY SECURITY Christopher C. Harmon Paul Wilkinson and Brian M. Jenkins (eds) THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM THE DEMOCRATIC John Horgan EXPERIENCE AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE RESEARCH ON TERRORISM: David C. Rapoport and Leonard TRENDS, ACHIEVEMENTS Weinberg (eds) AND FAILURES Andrew Silke (ed.) INSIDE TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS A WAR OF WORDS: David C. Rapoport (ed.) POLITICAL VIOLENCE THE FUTURE OF TERRORISM AND PUBLIC DEBATE IN Max Taylor and John Horgan (eds) ISRAEL Gerald Cromer THE IRA, 1968–2000: AN ANALYSIS OF A SECRET ROOT CAUSES OF ARMY SUICIDE TERRORISM: J. Bowyer Bell GLOBALIZATION OF MARTYRDOM MILLENNIAL VIOLENCE: Ami Pedahzur (ed.) PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Jeffrey Kaplan (ed.) TERRORISM VERSUS COUNTER-TERRORIST LAW DEMOCRACY: THE LIBERAL AND EMERGENCY POWERS IN STATE RESPONSE, THE UNITED KINGDOM, 2ND EDITION 1922–2000 Paul Wilkinson Laura K. Donohue COUNTERING TERRORISM RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM AND WMD: CREATING IN THE TWENTY-FIRST A GLOBAL COUNTER- CENTURY TERRORISM NETWORK Peter H. Merkl and Leonard Peter Katona, Michael Intriligator Weinberg (eds) and John Sullivan (eds) 1111 2 3 4 511 TERRORISM VERSUS 6 7 DEMOCRACY 8 9 1011 The Liberal State Response 1 2 13111 Second Edition 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 Paul Wilkinson 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 First published 2001 by Routledge Second edition published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2001, 2006 Paul Wilkinson This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wilkinson, Paul, 1937– Terrorism versus democracy: the liberal state response/ Paul Wilkinson – [Rev. ed.]. p. cm. – (Political violence) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Terrorism – Prevention. 2. Democracy. 3. Liberalism. I. Title. II. Series. HV6431.W564 2006 363.325′156 – dc22 2006004407 ISBN10: 0–415–38477–X (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–38478–8 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–08733–X (ebk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–38477–3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–38478–0 (pbk) ISBN13: 978–0–203–08733–6 (ebk) 1111 2 3 4 511 FOR SUSAN IN GRATITUDE 6 FOR HER DEVOTED SUPPORT AND 7 ENCOURAGEMENT 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5111 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 1111 2 3 4 511 CONTENTS 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 Preface ix 4 Acknowledgements x 5 List of abbreviations xi 6 Introduction to revised edition xiv 7 8 9 1 Terrorism, insurgency and asymmetrical conflict 1 20111 1 2 2 The emergence of modern terrorism 20 3 4 3 Origins and key characteristics of Al Qaeda 39 5111 6 4 Politics, diplomacy and peace processes: 7 pathways out of terrorism? 49 8 9 5 Law enforcement, criminal justice and the 30111 liberal state 61 1 2 3 6 The role of the military in combating terrorism 89 4 5 7 Hostage-taking, sieges and problems of response 103 6 7 8 Aviation security 122 8 9 9 The media and terrorism 144 40111 1 2 10 International cooperation against terrorism 158 3 44111 11 The future of terrorism 179 vii CONTENTS 12 Conclusion: towards a response to terrorism based on democratic principles and respect for human rights 192 Appendix 1 Extract from the report of the Secretary- General on measures to eliminate international terrorism 211 Appendix 2 Select addresses of internet sources on terrorism 214 Appendix 3 Chronology of Al Qaeda network attacks 216 Glossary of terrorist groups 219 Notes 224 Further reading 238 Index 249 viii 1111 2 3 4 511 PREFACE 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 The first edition of this book was published ten months before 11 September 4 2001 (or 9/11). For obvious reasons the new edition has required consid- 5 erable revision and updating. There is a new introduction, a new chapter 6 on the Al Qaeda movement and the challenge it poses to the international 7 community, and an assessment of the impact of the ‘War on Terror’. 8 However, despite the much greater international terrorist threat we now 9 face, I remain convinced not only that the liberal state response I advo- 20111 cated in the first edition is morally sound but also that operative liberal 1 democracies have an underlying resilience against terrorist attempts to 2 undermine them, and that democratic countries working closely together 3 with the wider international community can succeed in unravelling the Al 4 Qaeda network of cells and affiliates without sacrificing the rule of law 5111 and the protection of basic human rights in the process. On the contrary, 6 if liberal democracies failed to act firmly and courageously against terror- 7 ists who are explicitly committed to the mass killing of civilians they 8 would be guilty of failing to uphold the most basic human right of all, 9 the right to life itself. 30111 1 Paul Wilkinson 2 St Andrews 3 January 2006 4 5 6 7 8 9 40111 1 2 3 44111 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the following for their encouragement and wise insights into terrorism: Professor Magnus Ranstorp, formerly of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV), University of St Andrews, now at the National Defence College, Stockholm; Professor Frank Gregory, Professor John Simpson, Dr Jez Littlewood of the Mount- batten Centre, Southampton University; Dr Anthony Richards, Dr Tamara Makarenko, Dr Peter Lehr and Dr John Horgan of CSTPV, St Andrews University. I also wish to thank Gillian McIlwaine, CSTPV secretary, for her excellent work in typing the manuscript; Susan Leaper and Demelza Hookway of Florence Production Ltd for their meticulous production editing; my wife Susan for her speed and efficiency in preparing the index; and Andrew Humphreys of Routledge for his valuable advice and encour- agement. Needless to say, the author is solely responsible for any errors. Paul Wilkinson CSTPV University of St Andrews May 2006 x 1111 2 3 4 511 ABBREVIATIONS 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13111 AD Action Directe 4 AIVD Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst 5 (General Intelligence and Security Service, formerly the BVD) 6 ALF Animal Liberation Front 7 ANZUS Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Alliance 8 BALPA British Airline Pilots’ Association 9 BJP Bharatiya Janata Party
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