Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 Terrorism versus Democracy This book examines the terrorist networks that operate globally and analyses the long-term future of terrorism and terrorist-backed insurgencies. Terrorism remains a serious problem for the international community. The global picture does not indicate that the ‘war on terror’, which President George W. Bush declared in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, has been won. On the other hand it would be incorrect to assume that Al Qaeda, its affiliates and other jihadi groups have won their so-called ‘holy war’ against the Coalition against Terrorism formed after 9/11. This new edition gives more attention to the political and strategic impact of modern transnational terrorism, the need for maximum international cooperation by law-abiding states to counter not only direct threats to the safety and security of their own citizens but also to preserve international peace and security through strengthening counter-proliferation and cooperative threat reduction (CTR). This book is essential reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students of terrorism studies, political science and international relations, as well as for policy makers and journalists. Paul Wilkinson is Emeritus Professor of International Relations and Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV) at the University of St Andrews. He is author of several books on terrorism issues and was co-founder of the leading international journal, Terrorism and Political Violence. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 Series: Political Violence Series Editors: Paul Wilkinson and David Rapoport This book series contains sober, thoughtful and authoritative academic accounts of terrorism and political violence. Its aim is to produce a useful taxonomy of terror and violence through comparative and historical analysis in both national and international spheres. Each book discusses origins, organisational dynamics and outcomes of particular forms and expressions of political violence. Aviation Terrorism and Security Edited by Paul Wilkinson and Brian M. Jenkins Counter-Terrorist Law and Emergency Powers in the United Kingdom, 1922–2000 Laura K. Donohue The Democratic Experience and Political Violence Edited by David C. Rapoport and Leonard Weinberg Inside Terrorist Organizations Edited by David C. Rapoport The Future of Terrorism Edited by Max Taylor and John Horgan The IRA, 1968–2000 An Analysis of a Secret Army J. Bowyer Bell Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 Millennial Violence Past, Present and Future Edited by Jeffrey Kaplan Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century Edited by Peter H. Merkl and Leonard Weinberg Terrorism Today Christopher C. Harmon The Psychology of Terrorism John Horgan Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures Edited by Andrew Silke A War of Words Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel Gerald Cromer Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism Globalization of Martyrdom Edited by Ami Pedahzur Terrorism versus Democracy The Liberal State Response, 3rd Edition Paul Wilkinson Countering Terrorism and WMD Creating a Global Counter-Terrorism Network Edited by Peter Katona, Michael Intriligator and John Sullivan Mapping Terrorism Research State of the Art, Gaps and Future Direction Edited by Magnus Ranstorp The Ideological War on Terror World-Wide Strategies for Counter-Terrorism Edited by Anne Aldis and Graeme P. Herd The IRA and Armed Struggle Rogelio Alonso Homeland Security in the UK Future Preparedness for Terrorist Attack since 9/11 Edited by Paul Wilkinson Terrorism Today, 2nd Edition Christopher C. Harmon Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 Understanding Terrorism and Political Violence The Life Cycle of Birth, Growth, Transformation, and Demise Dipak K. Gupta Global Jihadism Theory and Practice Jarret M. Brachman Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland Edited by James Dingley Leaving Terrorism Behind Individual and Collective Disengagement Edited by Tore Bjørgo and John Horgan Unconventional Weapons and International Terrorism Challenges and New Approaches Edited by Magnus Ranstorp and Magnus Normark International Aviation and Terrorism Evolving Threats, Evolving Security John Harrison Walking Away from Terrorism John Horgan Understanding Violent Radicalisation Terrorist and Jihadist Movements in Europe Edited by Magnus Ranstorp Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism Terrorism’s Fifth Wave Jeffrey Kaplan Negotiating With Terrorists Strategy, Tactics and Politics Edited by I. William Zartman and Guy Olivier Faure Explaining Terrorism Causes, Processes and Consequences Martha Crenshaw The Psychology of Counter-Terrorism Edited by Andrew Silke Terrorism and the Olympics Major Event Security and Lessons for the Future Anthony Richards, Peter Fussey and Andrew Silke Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence Edited by Jean E. Rosenfeld Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 Terrorism versus Democracy The liberal state response Third edition Paul Wilkinson Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 First published 2001 by Routledge Second edition published 2006 by Routledge Third edition published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2001, 2006, 2011 Paul Wilkinson The right of Paul Wilkinson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Typeset in Baskerville by Taylor and Francis Books Ltd Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wilkinson, Paul, 1937- Terrorism versus democracy : the liberal state response / Paul Wilkinson. – Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Terrorism–Prevention. 2. Democracy. 3. Liberalism. 4. Terrorism–Prevention–Government policy. I. Title. HV6431.W564 2011 363.325’156–dc22 2010030733 ISBN13: 978-0-415-58800-3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-58799-0 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-83231-8 (ebk) Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements x Glossary of terrorist groups xi Introduction to the third edition 1 1 Terrorism, insurgency and asymmetrical conflict: introduction to the concept of terrorism 4 2 The emergence of modern terrorism: liberal democracies and the emergence of modern terrorism 22 3 Origins and key characteristics of Al Qaeda 41 4 Terrorist-backed insurgencies 49 5 Politics, diplomacy and peace processes: pathways out of terrorism? 64 6 Law-enforcement, criminal justice and the liberal state 75 7 The role of the military in combating terrorism 101 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 8 Hostage-taking, sieges and problems of response 112 9 Aviation security 129 10 The media and terrorism 149 11 International cooperation against terrorism: the evolution of international cooperation 163 viii Contents 12 The future of terrorism 182 13 Conclusion: towards a response to terrorism based on democratic principles and respect for human rights 194 Notes 212 Bibliography and further reading 224 Index 234 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:58 07 June 2016 Preface John Adams, the second president of the United States, wrote to his wife: ‘I must study politics and war that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy’. Sadly this advice has not always been followed by his successors or by all the political leaders of other democracies. It is a sad reflection that in future our political leaders will need to study terrorism and to think deeply about how democracies should respond to both domestic and international terrorism. My hope is that my book will help to stimulate this process and encourage and assist those engaged in security studies in the universities and those serving in the security professions. The first edition of my book was published ten months before 11 September 2001 (or 9/11). In this third edition I include a critical assessment of President George W. Bush’s ‘War on Terror’, and conclude that fundamental mistakes in responding to terrorism can end up strengthening terrorism and create further threats to international peace and security and human rights. There is a new chapter on the problems facing President Obama in his attempts to extricate the US from his predecessor’s legacy. The wider lessons for democratic and international response are surveyed. The strengths and limitations of influential ‘models’ of response are compared, e.g. military response, political pathways out of terrorism and the criminal justice response. I remain convinced not only that the liberal state response I advocated in the first and second editions is morally sound but also that democratic countries working closely