Notes

CHAPTER 1 POLITICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

1. Marshai of the A. A. Grechko, The A rmed F orces 0]the Soviet State, (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1975). 2. General Svechin, Military Strategy (Moscow, 1926). 3. A. Inkeles, Public Opinion in Soviet (Harvard U niversity Press, 1950); Margaret Meade, Soviet Attitude Towards Authoriry (London: Tavistock Publications, 1950). 4. E.g. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981); Belyenko, MiG Pilot Oohn Barron) (London: Readers' Digest Press, 1979). 5. Hedrik Smith, The Russians (London: Sphere, 1976). 6. Vladimirov, The Russians . .. (Pali Mall, London, 1968). 7. E.g. 'The object of education in a socialist society is the formation of a convinced collectivist, a person who does not think ofhimself outside society' (from V. M. Korotov ... Development 0] the Educational Function 0] the Collective) . 8. Father's Old Army Tunic (Moscow: Children's Publishing House, 1973). 9. A Border Guard and his Dog (Moscow: Children's Publishing House, 1973). 10. A. Gaidar, Malchish Kibalchish and the Tale 0] the Military Seeret (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1978). 11. Allan Kassoff, The Soviet Youth Programme (Harvard U niversity Press, 1965). 12. E. 1. Monoszona, The Formation o]the Communist World Outlook in Schoolchildren (Moscow: Pedagogic Press, 1978). 13. The word inculcate has been chosen carefully. The Russian vospitaniye beloved of Soviet pedagogues may be translated as 'bringing up' (of children), indoctrination or the inculcation ofa doctrine. Only loosely does it mean 'education'. Monoszona writes almost exclusively of vospitaniye. The word for 'education' in the true sense is obrazovaniye. 14. A full description ofthe Soviet school system can be found in Nigel Grant's Soviet Education (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1967). 15. L. A. Voskresenskaya A Word about a Great Matter (Moscow: Children's Press, 1981). 16. Mikhail Yefimov, The USSR Constitution (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1979) . 17. S. Baruzgin, A Soldier Walked Down the Street (Moscow: Children's Literature Press, 1978). 18. World War I is also inconvenient for Soviet historians since, like the Crimean and Russo-Japanese Wars, the Russians did not win.

189 190 Notes to pp. 20-37

19. The myth ofthe Winter Pa1ace battle, in reality a minor skirmish, has long been established as truth. Total casualties on both sides in the 'battle' were seven killed. SeeJohn Reed Ten Days that Shook the World (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1981). 20. The author met many from various age groups who were not sure wh ether Britain was involved in W orld War 11 and some who were under the impression that she had fought on the German side. None ofthem had heard ofthe 'Battle ofBritain'. 21. The Soviet Constitution (1977). 22. The wreckage ofthe American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft shot down over Sverdlovsk in 1961 is one ofthe most popular exhibits in the Armed Forces Museum in Moscow. 23. L. I. Brezhnev, On the Communist Up-bringing of the Workers (Moscow: 'Enlightenment' Publishing House, 1974) pp. 527-8. 24. Allen Kassoff, The Soviel Youth Programme (Harvard University Press, 1965). 25. The Voluntary Organisation for supporting the Soviet Armed Forces. 26. Kassoff, op. eit., p. 79. 27. Ibid., p. 79. 28. O. Volodin, 'Bringing up the Defenders of the Homeland' ('Narodnoye Obrasovaniye'), (Moscow: National Education, 1972). 29. Extract from poem by B. Dubrovin from 'February' in The Scholar's CalendeT (Moscow: Political House, 1981). 30. 'Zarnitsa, School ofCourage', Military Knowledge (Voyennoye Znaniye) , May 1974. 31. 'Ready for Labour and Defence', Red Star, 26 April 1972. 32. I. Ilinskiy, What is the ? (Moscow: Novosti Publishing, 1978). 33. L. Pesterev, 'The Combat Examination', Military Knowledge, June 1974. 34. L. Pesterev 'Orlyonok is no Picnic', Military Knowledge, April 1975. 35. Kassoff, The Soviet Youth Programme. 36. Ilinskiy, What is the KOMSOMOL? 37. Ibid. 38. Y. Bogat, Dumayushcheye Litso (The Thoughtful Reader) (Moscow: Novosti Publishing House, 1978). 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. DOSAAF (Dobrovolnoye Obshchestvo Sot[yeistviya Armii, Aviatiya i Flota). 44. The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Vol. 8 (Moscow: 1970-79). 45. Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces ofthe USSR (New York: Westview, 1979). 46. Ibid. 47. The main publication is a monthly illustrated journal Voyennoye Znaniye (Military Knowledge). 48. V. V. Mosyaikin, The DOSAAF Organisation - Programme ofAction (Moscow: DOSAAF Press, 1978). 49. All published by the 'Badge of Honour' (Moscow: DOSAAF Press, I 977--80). 50. N. A. Kostikov (ed.), The Complete Approach to the Training ofthe Pre-Call up Youth (Moscow: DOSAAF Publishing House, 1980). Notes to pp. 37-57 191

51. Mosyaikin, The DOSAAF Organisation - Programme of Action. 52. 'Interna1 regulations for the Armed Forces ofthe USSR-1977' as quoted in vol. 6 of The Military Encyclopaedia, Moscow, 1977. 53. R. Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). 54. 'Who Would Like to Become an Officer?', Red Star, 19January 1982. 55. Politicheskiy Rukovoditel (Po1iticalleader). 56. L. Nemzer Basic Patterns ofPolitical and Propaganda Operations in the Soviet Armed Forces (New York:John Hopkins University Press, 1953). 57. R. Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party. (Princeton University Press, 1967). 58. V. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981), as one example. 59. Observed on wall posters at Soviet military training establishment (1981). 60. General Regulations for the Armed Forces of the USSR, Articles 107 and 119 (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1984). 61. The official journal of the Main Political Administration, published monthly. 62. A. Zaitsev, 'Communist ofthe Armed Forces', December Communist ofthe Armed Forces, 1976. 63. Colonel A. Migolatyev, 'The Stark Reality of Our Times' , Red Star, 8 January 1982. 64. D. A. Volkogonov, Handbookfor Propagandists and Agitators in the Anny and the Fleet, (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1978). 65. An interesting mirror-image of the widely-held Western view of the Soviet economy. 66. Zhilin and Bryul, The Military Bloc Alliance Policies of Imperialism' (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1980). An exhaustive study of anti-communist militaryalliances traced from the Intervention of 1918 to the present day. 67. Marshai A. A. Grechko, The Armed Forces of the Soviet State, 2nd edn, (Moscow: Military Press at the USSR Ministry ofDefence, 1975). 68. Ideologicheskaya obrabotka. 69. Major General V. Bruz 'The Brainwashing of USAF Crews', Air Difence Herald,July 1981. 70. It is presumed that Bruz is referring to the USAF 'Soviet Awareness' programme. 71. It is worth noting that this 1981 article appeared a considerable time after the proven use of anti-personnel, booby trap weapons in Afghanistan by Soviet forces - not before. n. Colonel A. I vanov, 'The Spiritual "Ration" ofthe Bundeswehr', Red Star, 20 May 1982. 73. That is, as conducted by the USSR. 74. Y. Polyakov, A History ofSoviet Society (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1977). 75. 'USA-Latin America', /zvestia, 16 May 1982. 76. 'What They Teach Tommy' Red Star, 24 January 1977. 77. M. I. Kalinin as quoted in L. Nemzer, 'Basic Patterns of Political and Propaganda Operations in the Soviet Armed Forces' (New York: John Hopkins University Press, 1953). 78. Lieutenant General V. P. Novikov, The Inculcation of Traditions (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1979). 192 Notes to pp. 5Pr-72

79. Major General N. I. Smorigo, Towards More E.ffective Propaganda and Agitation (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1979). 80. Address by General ofthe Army A. A. Epishev, then head ofMPA, at the 19th All-Union KOMSOMOLCongress, reported in RedStar, 20 May 1982. 81. Major General S. N. Kozlov, The Officer's Handbook, eh. 3, (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1971). 82. Colonel M. P. Skirdo, The People, the Army, the Commander (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1970). 83. Y. Volkov, The Truth about Afghanistan (Moseow: Novosti Publishing House, 1980). 84. Major General S. N. Kozlov, The Offieers' Handbook, eh. 3 (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1976). 85. Marshai A. A. Greehko, The Armed Forces ofthe Sovirt State (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1975). 86. A. M. Rumyantsev, Dictionary of Scientific Communism (Moseow: Politieal Publishing House, 1980). 87. V. I. Anikovieh The Army-a School ofCulture (Moseow: DOSAAF Publishers, 1980). 88. Anon., The Soviet Army - a School ojIntemationalism and Friendship ofthe Peoples and a School oj Courage and Discipline' (Soviet Army Publieations no. 1/70121-T6, 1981). 89. Y. I. Anikovieh, The Army - a School of Culture. 90. Levin and Kamsyuk, Bourgeois Culture in the Service of Reaction (Moseow: Central Club ofSoviet Army, 1975). 91. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 259. 92. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 418. 93. Dolgikh and Kurantov, Communist Ideals and the Atheistic Indoctrination ofTroops (Moseow: Military Publishing House, 1976). 94. A. V. Kalaehnikov, The Inculcation of Vigilance in Soviet Troops. 95. L. Nemzer, Basic Patterns of Political and Propaganda Operations in the Soviet Armed Forces' (New York:John Hopkins University Press, 1953).

CHAPTER 2 IS THE ZAMPOLIT EFFECTIVE?

1. J. H. Sehnitzler, Seeret History of the Court and Govemment of Russia (London: Riehard BentIey, 1849). 2. A. Inkeles, Public Opinion in Soviet Russia (Harvard University Press, 1950). 3. General of the Army A. A. Yepishev, Address to 19th KOMSOMOL Congress as reported in Red Star, 20 May 1982. 4. 'I serve the Soviet Union' has already run on the Soviet TV network for longer than 'Coronation Street' in Britain. 5. V. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981). 6. A. Myagkov, Inside the KGB (New York: Ballantine Books, 1981). 7. John Barron, MiG Pilot (New York: Readers' Digest Press, 1980). 8. Richard Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). 9. Gabriel's figures have been compounded here to give averages across the sub-divisions of his sampie range. Notes to pp. 73-89 193

10. Goldhamer, The Soviet Soldier, for instance. 11. Brezhnev and company taking the salute on Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square.

CHAPTER 3 MORALE AND OTHER FACTORS

1. R. A. Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). 2. E.g. H. Goldhamer, The Soviet Soldier (New York: Crane, Russak, 1975). 3. See A. A. Yepishev, True to the Ideals 01 the Party (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1981). A frank listing of moral shortcomings. 4. Except those who volunteer for officer service, whose higher education and competence reduces integration difficulties to almost negligible proportions. 5. Wimbush and Alexiev, The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces (Rand Corporation, March 1982). 6. Not only DOSAAF training is so limited; education gene rally is of a lower standard in non-Slav areas. 7. A. Sheehy, 'Language Problems in the Soviet Armed Forces', Radio Liberty research paper RL 196/78. 8. Included nearly all the officers and sergeants. 9. Rand R-2887/1, March 1981, p. 34. 10. Ethnic imbalance in units has itself often been the cause of trouble. Conscript selection is now more carefully regulated in an attempt to mini mise the problem. 11. This irritates the Slav conscripts because construction troops receive more pay and have greater access to alcohol supplies. In many cases they become highly-skilled tradesmen, a marketable asset when they return to civil life, denying the cherished Slav belief that they are 'blacks' or 'monkeys'. 12. The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces, Rand Report R-27871 I, 1982, extracts from ch. 7. (Wimbush and Alexiev). 13. One witness stated: 'After the first term [year] ofservice, the relationship among nationalities becomes more equal; all become more like brothers. During the first term of service, Uzbeks make friends only with Uzbeks, Russians with Russians,Jews withJews and so forth. But in subsequent service this is levelled out.' Rand, R-27871 I, p. 39 14. Extracts from Rand R-278711, p. 40. 15. Rand R-2787 11, p. 45. 16. Rand R-2787/1, p. 13. 17. Rand R-27871 I, p. 46. 18. Rand R-278711, p. 13. 19. Admiral A. I. Sorokin, in Voprosy Filosofi (Issue 2, 1983). Not only Sorokin but Yepishev himself also raises this issue in his 'True to the Ideals of the Party' (1981). 20. R. A. Gabriel, The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981) p. 43. 21. Ibid., p. 43. 194 Notes to pp. 89-178

22. The ambiguous framing of the question points to the somewhat dubious nature ofparts ofthe study. 23. V. Suvorov, The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981). 24. P. Aleksandr, 'The Story ofa Sailor', Posyev, no. 6, Munich, 1983. 25. B. B. Krabtsov, 'The Law against Drunkenness', USSR Minister of] ustice, reported in Tass, I ]une 1985. 26. M. Tsypkin, 'The Conscripts', The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May 1983. 27. Myakgov, Inside the KGB (New York: Ballantine, 1981). 28. Belyenko Uohn Barron), MiG Pilot (London: Readers' Digest Association, 1979). 29. Suvorov, The Liberators. 30. V. Snezhko, 'The Code ofMilitary Law', Agitator ofthe Army and the Fleet, Issue 18, September 1982. 31. H. Goldhamer, The Soviet Soldier (1976). 32. A. Zyryanov, 'Let's Discuss the New Military Regulations', Military Knowledge, no. II (Moscow: Military Publishing House, October 1975). 33. Belyenko, MiG Pilot (London: Readers' Digest Press, 1980).

CHAPTER 5 THE SOVIET AIRMAN

I. Inoshevsky, Red Pilot (1937). 2. V. Pinchyuk, 'The Business of All the People', Aviation and Cosmonautics, August 1983. 3. Ibid. 4. For a Soviet account oftheir involvement in Spain see A. Yakovlev's The Aim ofa Lifetime (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972). 5. R. A. Kilmarx, A History ofSoviet Air Power (London: Faber & Faber, 1962). 6. Ibid., pp. 151-3. 7. Ibid., p. 153. 8. Ibid., p. 177. 9. Red Star 28 February 1983. 10. V. Belyenko Uohn Barron), MiG Pilot, (London: Readers' Digest Association, 1980). 11. L. Khovrizhkin, 'Combat Demands Co-ordination', Red Star, 10 November 1983. 12. Marshai of Aviation A. Yefimov, Aviation and Cosmonautics Moscow, November 1983. 13. Lt. Col. Novikov 'Lack ofImagination and Innovation are Incompatible', Moscow, November 1983. 14. 'Pre-flight Checks must be Thorough', Red Star, 4 August 1984.

CHAPTER 7 SO ME CURRENT CONSIDERATIONS

I. Nalsionalniy Trudovoi Soyuz (National Labour Union) - the largest of the Russian imigri organisations. 2. Daily Mail, 25 November 1983. 3. 'Soviet Deserters Speak', Soviel Analyst, 26 ]anuary 1983. Notes to pp. 178-85 195

4. Nicholas Bethell 'This Wasn't Our War- the Commissars Had Lied', Daily Mail, 25 November 1983. 5. Some of these men have since been repatriated and Soviet media have attempted to repudiate their testimony. See for example Tass, I February 1985, 'Die Welt's Dirty Inventions'. In spite of this the original evidence retain incredibility. 6. See p. 32. 7. Speech by General A. A. Yepishev atthe KOMSOMOL Congress, Moscow, May 1982. 8. See 'The Business of the Whole Nation', by Admiral of the Fleet G. M. Yegorov, President of the DOSAAF organisation, DOSAAF Press, 1984. The book is a strong plea for the revitalisation and reform of DOSAAF ideological training. It implies that it has seriously deteriorated in recent years over the whole USSR. 9. V. Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Amry (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982). 10. E. Gilmore, Me and My Russian Wife (Slough: Foulsharn, 1950). 11. A. Dallin, The Germansin Occupied USSR 1941-45 (London: Macmillan, 1957). 12. Colonel G. D. Vernon US Army (retired), 'Soviet Combat Operations, in World War Two- Lessons forToday', Military Review March 1980 and April 1980. 13. Vernon, US National Archives, Manuscript P-145, p. 253. 14. Ibid., March 1980. 15. Illustrated best perhaps in the frequently-used phrase, initsiyativa nakazuyema (Iiterally, 'initiative', is punishable) i.e. 'nothing ventured, nothing lost'. 16. See Vernon, Military Review, March 1980, p. 39. 17. Major General Von Mellenthin, Panzer Battles (University of Oklahoma Press, 1956). 18. Alan Clark, Barbarossa (London: Hutehinson, 1965). Bibliography

A1exander, P., The Story of a Sai1or, Posyev, no. 6 (Munieh, 1983). Anikovich, V. 1., The Army - School of Culture (Moscow: DOSAAF Press, 1977). --, Badge of Honour (Moscow: DOSAAF Press, 1977). Barron,J., MiG Pilot (New York: Readers' Digest Press, 1980). Baruzgin, S., A Soldier Walks Down the Street (Moscow: Chi1dren's Publishers, 1978) . --, A Border Guard and His Dog (Moscow: Chi1dren's Publishers, 1973). Bethell, N., 'This Wasn't Dur War', Daily Mail, London, 25 November 1983. Bocas, Y., The Thoughtful Reader (Moscow: Novosti Pub1ishers, 1978). Brezhnev, L. 1., On the Communist Upbringing of the Workers (Moscow: En1ightenment Publishing House, 1974). Bruz, V., 'The Brainwashing ofUSAF Crews', Air Defence Herald, Moscow,July 1981. Clark, A., Barbarossa (London: Hutehinson, 1972). --, Father's Old Army Tunic (Moscow: Chi1dren's Pub1ishers, 1973). Do1gikh and Kuraniov, Communist Ideals and the Atheistic Indoctrination ofthe Troops (Moscow: Military Pub1ishing House, 1976). Dubrovin, B., The Scholar's Calendar (Moscow: Politica1 Publishing House, 1981). Gabriel, R., The New Red Legions (New York: Greenwood, 1981). --, General Regulations Jor the Soviet Armed Forces, Articles 107 and 119. Gaidar, A., Tale ofthe Military Seeret (Moscow: Novosti Pub1ishers, 1978). Gilmore, E., Me and My Russian Wife (Slough: Foulsham, 1950). Goldhamer, H., The Soviet Soldier (New York: Crane, Russack, 1975). Grant, N., Soviet Education (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1967; (newedn, 1983). --, Great Soviet Enqclopaedia (vol. 8), (Moscow, 1970-79). Grechko, A. A., The Armed Forces ojthe Soviet States (Moscow: Military Publishing House,1975). Inke1es, A., Public Opinion in Soviet Russia (Harvard University Press, 1950). Ilinskiy, 1., What Is the KOMSOMOL? (Moscow: Novosti Pub1ishers, 1978). Inozhevskiy, Red Pilot (London: Cassell, 1938). Ivanov, A., 'The Spiritual "Ration" ofthe Bundeswehr', Red Star, 20 May 1982. Ka1achnikov, A. V., The Inculcation ofVigilance in Soviet Troops (Moscow: Military Pub1ishing House, 1978). Kilmarx, R. A., A History of Soviet Air Power (London: Faber & Faber, 1962). Kassoff, A., The Soviet Youth Programme (Harvard University Press, 1965). Kolkowicz, R.. The Soviet Military and the Communist Party (Princetown University Press, 1967). Khourizhkin, 'Combat demands Coordination', Red Star, 10 November 1983.

196 Bibliography 197

Korotov, V. M., Developing the Educational Function of the Collective (Moscow: Pedagogic Publishers, 1980). Kostikov, N. A., A Complete Approach to the Training of Pre-calt up youth (Moscow: DOSAAF Publishers, 1980). Kozlov, S. N., The OJficer's Handbook (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1971) . Lenin, V. 1., Coltected Works (Moscow: Political Publishing House). Levin and Kamsyuk, Bourgeois Culture in the Service of Reaction (Moscow: Central Club ofthe Soviet Army, 1975). Meade, M., Soviet Attitudes towards Authority (London: Tavistock Publications, 1955). Mellenthin, F. W. von, Panzer Battles (University ofOklahoma Press, 1956). Migolyatev, 'The Stark Reality of our Times', Red Star, 8 January 1982. Monoszona, E. 1., The Formation oJ a Communist World Outlook in Children (Moscow: Pedagogic Press, 1978). Mosyaikin, V. V., 'The DOSAAF Organisation - Programme of Action', (Moscow: DOSAAF Publishers, 1978). Myagkov, A., Inside the KGB (New York: Ballantine Books, 1981). Nemzer, L., Basic Patterns of Political and Propaganda Operations in the Soviet Armed Forces (New York:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1953). Novikov, V. P., The Inculcation ofTraditions (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1979) . Novikov, Y., 'Lack of Imagination and Innovation are Incompatible', Aviation and Cosmonautics, Moscow, November 1983. Pesterev, L., 'The Combat Examination', Military Knowledge, Moscow, June 1974. Pesterev, L., 'ORYLONOK is no Picnic', Military Knowledge, Moscow, April 1975. Pinchyuk, 'The Business of All the People', Aviation and Cosmonautics, Augustl983. Polyaakov, Y., A History of Soviet Society (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977). --, 'Ready for Labour and Defence', Red Star, 26 April 1972. Reid,J., Tm Days that Shook the World (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1981). Rumyantisev, A. M., Dictionary of Scientific Communism (Moscow: Political Publishing House, 1980). Sheehy, A., 'Language Problems in the Soviet Armed Forces', Radio Liberty Research Paper, RL 196/78. Shnitzler, J. H., Seeret History oJ the Court and Govemmmt of Russia (London: Richard Bentley, 1849). Scott, W. F., and Scott, H. F., Armed Forces ofthe USSR (New York: Westview, 1983). Skirdo, M. P., The People, the Army, the Commander (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1970). Smith, H., The Russians (London: Sphere Books, 1976). Smorigo, N. 1., Towards More Effective Propaganda and Agitation (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1979). Snezhko, V., 'The Code ofMilitary Law', Agitator ofthe Army and the Fleet, no. 18, Moscow, 1984. Suvorov, V., The Liberators (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981). 198 Bibliography

Svechin, A., Military Strategy (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1926). --, 'USA - Latin America', !zvestia, 16 May 1982. Vasilyev, G., The Green and the Orange (Moscow: Military Press, 1981). Vernon, G. D., 'Soviet Combat Operations in WW2 - Lessons for Today', Military Review March and April 1980. Vladimirov, L. V., The Russians (Pali Mall, London, 1968). Volkov, Y., The Truth about Afghanistan (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1980). Volkogonov, D. A., Handbookfor Propagandists and Agitators in the Army and the Fleet (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1978). Volodin, 0., Bringing up Defenders ofthe Homeland (Moscow: National Education, 1978) . Voskresenskaya, L. A., A Word About a Great Matter (Moscow: Children's Press. 1981 ). --, 'What They Teach Tommy', Red Star, 24 January 1977. --, 'Who Would Like to Become an Officer', Red Star, 19January 1982. Wimbush, F. E. and Alexiev, A., 'The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces', Paper 2787-1, Rand Corporation, March 1982. Yakovlev, A., The Aim of a LiJetime (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972). Yefimov, M., The USSR Constitution (Moscow: Novosti Publishers, 1979). Yepishev, A. A., 'Address to KOMSOMOL Conference', Red Star, 20 May 1982. --, True to the ldeas ojthe Party (Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1972). Zaitsev, A., Communist ojthe Armed Forces, Moscow, December 1976. Zhilin and Bayul, The Military Block Alliance Policies and Imperialism (Moscow: Military Publishing Hause, 1980). Zyryanov, A., 'Let's Discuss the New Military Regulations', Military Knowledge no. 11, (Moscow, 1975). Index

Academy of the General Staff, 169 Central Museum ofthe Soviet Army, Academies, military, 118, 122, 146, 57 149,171 CIA,43 'Aeroflot', contribution to socialist Chernavin, V. N., Admiral, 172 society, 130 Child-rearing practices, 11 Aeroplane, as child of Revolution, Children's books, patriotic nature of, 129,130 14 Aeroplane, a Russian invention, 129 Chkalov, Valery, 135 Afghanistan, 61, 176, 180 Churchill, Winston, 53, 59 reports from imigris, 176 Cinema, as indoctrination medium, conditions of service in, 176, 177 64 Vietnam comparison, 179 City of London, neo-colonialist AGITPROP, 6, 9, 83 system, 54 Airborne Forces, 104 Coexistence, peaceful, 21, 22 Air Forces, as a deterrent, 131 Combat units, training function, 106 Air-mindedness, of USSR, 129 Combat pilots, requirements for, 148 Andropov, Y. V., 97 Command, control and authority, 99 ANT-20, 'Maxim Gorky', 135 Command, selection for (Navy), 169 Anti-Communism, 65 Commissariat, Military, 35, 103 Atheism, 18, 27, 33, 36 Communist morality, 23, 26, 31, 33, 36,63,66 Babushka, II Communist world outlook, 32, 66, Belief, predisposition to, 73 67, 71 Beregovoi, Maj.-Gen., , 30 Communist Youth League, see Border Guard, naval element, 161 KOMSOMOL Bourgeois Western cuIture, 64 Conscription, 103 Bourzhins, 14,28 the process of, 103 Bond, James, 65 exemption from, 121 Brezhnev, L. I., 41, 44, 47, 48 Conscripts, in Soviet Air Forces, 156 Britain, war with Argentina, 54 poor physical condition, 69 British Broadcasting Corporation, 43 Conformity, in political British Empire, archetypal indoctrination, 74 colonialists, 54 Construction troops, 105, 106 British Leyland, 48 Corruption, 95, 96, 97 Crime and morale, 93, 100 Cadre formations, 106 Culture, communist, 63 Capitalist society, 48 Soviet Army a school of, 63 Capitalist world, Soviet view of, 5 Western bourgeois, 64

199 200 Index

Defectors, imigris, 72, 127 Hawker Siddeley, 48 Decree of Peace, Lenin' s 1917, 22 Helsinki Accords, 46 Demographie trends, in USSR, 79, High Command of the Soviet Forces, 87 155 Desertion, rate of, 92, 93, 96, 100 Higher Military-Aviationl Ditente, 45 Engineering Institutes, 142, 147 'Deutsche Welle', 43 Higher Naval Schools, 171 Discipline, 97, 98, 99, 113 Hitlerism, res urgent, 52 DOSAAF, 35--9, 56, 78, 103, 133, Human rights, 46 144, 147, 157, 163 Drunkenness, 93, 94, 113 1-16 fighter, 134 among officers, 95 ICI,48 'I Serve the Soviet Union', television Education in USSR, 73, 118, 141, series,70 147, 155 'Ideological Steeling', 180, 184, 186 Eight-year schools, 16, 18 Ideological struggle, between Enlightenment Programme, 5, 70, capitalism and communism, 7, 72,74,89 65 Ensigns, 116, 117, 158 Ideology, defers to expediency, 155 Equipment maintenance, by officers, Ilyushin-2, 'SHTURMOVIK', 138 116 Imminence ofwar, 56 Ethnic factor, 77, 78,85,86 Imperial Army, break-up of (1917), in relation to officers, 86, 87 39 'Evil enemy', 42 Initiative, 109, 112, 113, 122, 123, 154-6, 183 Federal German Republic, I nformers , 115 'brainwashing in Bundeswehr', Innerführung, 52 52 Inter-ethnic hostilities, Fenno-Soviet War (1939--40), 136, encouragement of, 84 137 Intervention, British role in, 53 Fighter pilots, quality of, 153, 154 Flight Inspectors, 151, 154 Journals, military, not Flying training, curriculum, 144 disinformation, 10 pre-induction, 144 operational, 149 Kalinin, Mikhail, 55, 120 Foreign ,tourists, in Soviet Union, 67 Karmal, Babrak, 178 Frunze All-Arms Academy, 122, 146 KGB,97, 104, 161, 181, 187 Khrushchev, N. S., 41, 48 Gagarin Aviation Academy, 146, 149 Kindergarten, 13 General Electric, 48 KOMSOMOL, 6, 29-33, 39, 47, 55, General Motors, 48 56,61,62,87,97, 104, 161, 181, God, alive in Soviet Union, II 187 Gorbachev, M. S., 93, 95 Korean airliner incident (1983), 156 Gorshkov, S. G., Admiral ofthe Fleet, 172 Leadership, 172 Grechko, A. A., Marshai of the Leave (navy), 165, 167 Soviet Union, 4, 50, 51, 60, 61 Lenin, aura of, etc, 6, 39 Grechko Naval Academy, 169 and ODVF, 134 'Green Beret' detachments, 50 Lenin Rooms, 24, 26, 61 Index 201

Living quarters, crowded and Non-commissioned officers, selection uncomfortable, 6 of, 104, 115 Living conditions, at sea, 165 role of, 110, 114, 157, 158 in Soviet army, 108 Non-Russian recruits, language Loyalty, on the battlefield, 115 ability, 78, 80, 87, 105 Northern Ireland, British Army Main Political Administration involvement, 55, 59 (MPA), 6, 40, 41, 57, 66,75,89, Nuclear war, Soviet philosophy of, 7 173 Nursery schools, II Marxist-Leninist 'World Outlook' see Communist world outlook ODVF, 'Society ofFriends ofthe Air 'Michman' , see Ensigns Fleet', 134 Military Academies, 118, 146 Officers, Army, selection and centres of research, 122 education, 117, 118, 119, 120 Mili tary A via tion-T echnical Schools, recruitment, 38, 39 142 engineer, Soviet Air Forces, 157, Military Commissariat, see 158, 159 Commissariat privileges, 96 Military doctrine, development of, training, 87 124 Oktobrists, 6, 23 Military, friendships, 82 Operation orders, comprehensive oath, 38, 98 nature of, 155 Military-Scientific Society (VNO), Orlyonok exercise, 30, 31, 34 133 OSAVIAKHIM, 133 Ministry of the Interior troops (MVD), 104,84 Party, endorsements by, 144 Morale, 60, 61, 77, 185 cells in Armed Forces, 62 and motivation, general summary, Patriotism, 5, 6, 58, 59 179 Pay, 89, 90, 115, 143, 170 Morale--Political qualities, need to Peace Forces, Soviet Forces as, 22, 60 develop,29 Persecution, of soldiers by NCOs, 91, M05cow-Vancouver flight (1937), 92, 95 135 PersonneI, ofSoviet Air Forces, 127, Mountain Waifare, 10 128, 140 Mozhaiski, A. F., 129 Pioneers, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29 Museums and memorials, visits to, Palaces, 23, 24 57,58 induction ceremony, 25 Oath,26 Nakhimov Schools/Colleges, see role in military training, 26 'Suvorov' Schools/Colleges Poland,45 NATO, 49, 54, 67,128,140,150, Polikarpov, N. N., aircraft designer, 166, 186, 187 133 NavalOfficers, 167 Political enlightenment, see Naval ranks, comparability with Enlightenment Programme Western navies, 173, 174 Political indoctrination, early Naval ratings, 163 , influence, 3 reservists, 163 Political instruction, not before age of service, in public esteern, 161 seven,6 Navy, Soviet, women in, 161 Politruk, 39 202 Index

Praporshchik, see Ensigns Soviet Army, 'a school of culture', 63 Pre-service training, 162 training, 106, 109-12 Proletarian pilots, a first generation women in, 124, 125 of, 132 Soviet Aviation, 'world air-police' Propaganda, effectiveness of, 73 role, 131 Psychology, in military journals, 152 expansion in 1930s, 132 Public opinion, Party view of, 8 Soviet Constitution, 18, 19, 21 'Soviet Man', concept of, 16, 27, 62 Racism, in Soviet Armed F orces, 81- Soviet society, 5, 33, 34 6 Soviet socialist state, 43 Radio Free Kabul, 178 Soviet Soldier, demands made upon, Reagan, President, 45 109 Reaganism, 45 descendant of the Russian soldier, 'Ready for Labour and Defence x Organisation of the USSR', 30 in Spanish Civil War and Finland, Red Air Force, inter-war years, 136 XIII training, pre-World War 11, 133 a soldier of peace, 60 los ses 1941, 137 Sport, 37 Red Army, in Civil War, x, 40 Stalin,J. V, 40, 139 task of (General A. A. Svechin), 8 'Star wars', 47 Reservists, naval, 163 'Steeling of the will', 55, 56 Royal Army Education Corps, 55 Strategie Air Command USAF, 'Russe soldier', ix indoctrination of crews, 51 Russian soldiers, on Eastern Front, Strategie bombardment, lack of 1914-18, xiii success in World War 11, 138 Strategie Rocket Forces, 104, 106 Sailors, Soviet, 161, 162 Suvorov schools/colleges, 118, 143,167 School uniforms, democratising effect Svechin, A. A., General, the task of of, 16 the Red Army, 8 Self-discipline, in Soviet Forces, 180 Slav population, low birthrate, 79 Tactical Flying exercises, 150 Socialisation, the process, 13 TB-l Reconnaissance Aircraft, 135 'Socialist competition' 149, 150, 165 Technological advantages, Western, Society of Friends of the Air Fleet 140 (ODVF),134 Training, in Soviet Armed Forces, Soviet Air Forces, formation of, 1948, 90,142,143,106-12 139 Tupolev, A. N., 133 difficulty of observation, 126 post-1945, 138 Uni ted Aircraft, 48 recruiting from privileged dass, United States Air Force, anti­ 141 communist propaganda, 50 role in space exploration, 160 Strategie Air Command, motivation in, 149 indoctrination of crews, 51 Soviet airman, the, 126, 127 United States Corps ofChaplains, Soviet Armed Forces, effect on role in 'brainwashing', 50 society, 5 United Steel Corporation, 48 five separate arms, xiv Universal Military Service Law, 162 status of, 88, 89 Universities, military courses in, 146, training, 90, 106, 109-12 147 Index 203

Ustinov, D. F., Marshai ofthe Soviet German experience of Soviet Union, 81 enemy, 182, 183

Yefimov, A. N., Marshai of Aviation, Vigilance, need for, 67 153 'Voice ofAmerica', 43 Yepishev, A. A., General ofthe Voroshilov General Staff Academy, Army, 58, 87 123 Young Communist League, see KOMSOMOL Washington-Tokyo-Peking axis, 46 Wars, Soviet classification of, 59 Zampolit, Deputy Commander for Western technology, respect for, 146 Political Affairs, 6-9, 39-42,47, Winter Palace, battle for, 20 54-9,60-6,69,70,72,75,76, 'Winter War', see Fenno-Soviet War 83,84,93,97-9, 178, 187 (1939-40) ZARNITSA exercise, 28, 56 'World Capitalist System', 47, 61 Zhukovskiy, N.Y., 130 World War 11, propaganda, Zhukovskiy Aviation Engineering emphasis on, 7 Academy, 146, 149