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Dental Calculus DENTAL CALCULUS: COMBINING CURRENT METHODS IN THE STUDY OF DIET AND MOUTH USE ACTIVITIES AMONG NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE CIS-BAIKAL, SIBERIA A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By MEGAN R. CLARKE Copyright Megan R. Clarke, June, 2015. All rights reserved Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis/dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis/dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Disclaimer Reference in this thesis to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the University of Saskatchewan. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the University of Saskatchewan, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this thesis/dissertation in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology 55 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B1 i Abstract The utility of dental calculus as a proxy for diet and mouth use is explored for the Middle Holocene Cis-Baikal region of Central Siberia based on two methods: a macroscopic analysis of severity and a microscopic analysis of particles within deposits. The study area was inhabited by two culturally and biologically distinct cultures, the Early Neolithic (EN) Kitoi culture (8,000 to 7,000/6,800 cal B.P.) and the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age (LN-EBA) Isakovo-Serovo- Glaskovo (ISG) cultural complex (6,000/5,800 to 4,000 cal B.P.), separated by a period of cultural transition marked by a cessation in formal cemetery use. Data were collected from four cemetery sites, two dating to the EN and two dating to the LN-EBA. Nonparametric testing of calculus severity revealed that, for adult males and juveniles, lakeshore populations displayed greater affinity to each other than to their contemporaneous cultural counterpart populations living along riverine systems in the Angara River Valley. Trends within the EN cemetery Shamanka II contrasted to the other cemetery populations, with noticeably larger deposits in anterior quadrants and significant sexual distinctions. The proportion of protein to carbohydrates consumed is known to influence calculus formation, but both cultural groups lived on a diet based predominately on meat sources so dietary ratios alone do not adequately explain the differences distinguished. A complex multifactorial model involving microregional differences in resources/environment, foraging patterns, individual variation, and dental wear patterns provides at least a partial explanation for the results observed. A wide range of particles were recovered during the microscopic analysis of calculus, albeit in low concentrations. The low starch grain counts were consistent with a diet based predominately on meats but still provide some of the first direct evidence for plant consumption in the Cis-Baikal, including possible plant processing by cooking or grinding based on damage evident on the grains. Other particles recovered may provide evidence of mouth use activities or palaeoenvironmental influences. Together, the two components of this analysis offer strong evidence that dental calculus is a useful tool for reconstructing hunter-gatherer lifeways but also highlight the limitations of conducting this type of research on previously excavated and potentially contaminated material. ii Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my funding sources. These include: the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Northern Scientific Training Program of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development of the Government of Canada, the University of Saskatchewan’s Department of Archaeology and Anthropology and Department of History, and the Baikal Hokkaido Archaeology Project (BHAP). Without their financial support this thesis would not have been possible. Thank you to the University of Saskatchewan College of Dentistry, particularly Dr. Jay Hoover and Dr. Francisco Otero-Cagide and their students, for helping me obtain calculus samples for trials. And I would like to send a huge thank you to all of the anonymous donors who graciously provided samples for my trials. There are many people who were integral to providing support and encouragement during my time as a graduate student. Foremost, I would like to sincerely thank my two supervisors, Dr. Angela Lieverse and Dr. Elizabeth Robertson. While sometimes two sets of edits was an overwhelming amount of red, I greatly appreciate all of the time and input that you provided so this thesis could come to fruition. I thank Dr. Glenn Stuart, for providing me with much needed assistance in the identification of plant microparticles and providing input whenever I needed it, and Dr. Ernie Walker, for taking time out of his very busy schedule to provide support and encouragement. And to my external examiner, Julia Boughner, thank you for the stimulating discussion that you brought to the defence and your valuable scientific input to the thesis. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Margaret Kennedy, for coordinating committee meetings and keeping us all on track. I am very grateful to have been a part of the BHAP team. Everyone was eager to provide advice and valuable dialogue as I progressed through my studies. Specifically, I would like to thank Dr. Olga I. Goriunova, Mr. Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii, and Dr. Alexei Novokov for allowing me access to the skeletal collection at the Irkutsk State University and for all of support while I conducted my data collection. I also appreciate all of the work that Andrea Hiob did, coordinating the logistics for my trip to Irkutsk. Lastly, I am very fortunate to have an amazing support team of family and friends. It is to you that this thesis is dedicated. To my mom and dad, thanks for raising me to be inquisitive iii and hard-working and supporting me through two degrees. And to my best friend and soon-to-be husband, Kurtis, I never would have been able to finish this thesis without you. iv Table of Contents Permission to Use ............................................................................................................................ i Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x Chapter 1 Introduction and Background to the Cis-Baikal ............................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Geographical and Ecological Context .................................................................................. 3 1.3 Archaeological Context ........................................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Early Neolithic (EN) ...................................................................................................... 9 1.3.2 Middle Neolithic........................................................................................................... 12 1.3.3 Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (LN-EBA) ......................................................... 14 1.4 Site Description ................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Lokomotiv ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.2 Shamanka II ................................................................................................................. 18 1.4.3 Ust’-Ida I .....................................................................................................................
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