First Report on Four Macrofungi from Meghalaya, North East India ISSN 2456-7876
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ISSN 2456-7876 Archive of Life Science and Environment (Arch. Life Sci. & Env.) 1 (2): 51-56 First report on four Macrofungi from Meghalaya, North East India Rajesh Kumar1*, Krishna Giri1 and Shailesh Pandey2 1Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat-785 001, Assam, India 2 Forest Research Institute, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Astrat: The preset stud as udertake to eplore the ild ushroo diersit of Me- ghalaa, Northeast Idia. Etesie field sures ere oduted i the etire state, ad the ild ushroos ere olleted fro differet forest tpes. A total of 138 ushroo speies ere idetified o the asis of orphologial ad irosopi harateristis. Four fugal spe- ies, iz., Aaita isporigera G. F Atkiso, Aaita agiverruata Thiers & Airati, Cortiarius aius Fr. ad Laaria affiis (G.F. Atkiso ere foud as e reords fro Baghara Resere Forest, Meghalaa. Though, these arofugi hae ee desried fro other parts of the orld, hoeer, to the est of our koledge these are eig reported for the first tie fro Idia. Keyword: Baghara Resere Forest, A. isporigera, A. Magiverruata, C. Caius, L. affiis Introduction lies between 250 47′ to 260 10′ N latitude and 890 45′ to 920 45′ E longitude. The altitude ranges from 50 to Macrofungi (Mushrooms) play an important role in 1960 m (m.s.l.). The mean maximum and mean mini- fulfilling nutritional and medicinal requirements in mum temperature of the state is 24.3 0C and 17.8 0C, many counties, and serve as a livelihood source of respectively. The average annual rain fall in Meghala- forest dwelling communities. The wild edible mush- ya is about 1200 mm. The floral diversity of Meghala- rooms are one of the most important natural resources ya is well reputed for its richness and abode of many having high nutritional and economic value (Khaund endemic species. In Northeast India, the wild edible and Joshi, 2013). In addition to nutritional, medicinal fungal resources and ethno mycological knowledge on and economic importance, mushrooms also play a sig- wild mushrooms of Nagaland have been documented nificant role in leaf litter decomposition and nutrient earlier (Kumar et al., 2013; 2014). In addition to this, recycling in the forest ecosystems. After decomposi- micro- and macrofungal diversity in Langol herbal tion, the remaining substrate is utilized by other plants garden, Manipur has also been documented (Kumar et and animals for their growth and development. al., 2015a). Recently Kumar et al. (2015b) reported 23 Out of 1.5 million fungi in the world, only 50 % have unrecorded macro fungi from Meghalaya, and Khaund been characterized till date (Manoharachary et al., & Joshi (2013) documented ethno mycological aspects 2005). Among the known mushrooms, approximately of wild edible macrofungi of Khasi tribes, Meghalaya. 850 species have been recorded from India. Many of The Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in the west Garo Hills them have been used in food and folk medicine since and Balphakaram National Park in South Garo Hills time immemorial (Thatoi and Singdevsachan, 2014). are considered as most biodiversity rich sites in Me- North-eastern region of India is among the 34 biodi- ghalaya. The old native forests of Garo Hills in west- versity hot spots of the world. The region is ecological- ern Meghalaya support most diverse and luxuriant ly represented by the Eastern Himalayan Biome and tropical vegetation conditions in the world (Kumar et rich in endemic flora and fauna. The state of Meghala- al., 1982). Baghmara reserve forest is a part of ya comprises Khasi Hills, Garo Hills, Jaintia Hills, and Balphakaram National Park in South Garo Hills which Ri-Bhoi, districts covering an area of 22,720 sq Km, harbour rich floral diversity of the state (Figure 1). All Rights Reserved © Navya Society of Higher Education, www.archiveofsciences.com Rajesh Kumar et al. /Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 1 (2): 51-56(2017) ISSN 2456-7876 Most of the forest dwelling tribal communities of Me- Diagnostic characters: Cap- whitish cream, convex ghalaya utilize wild mushrooms as a source of food. to bell-shaped, sticky, 2.7–9.5 cm, Gills- free, white, Due to lack of knowledge about wild mushrooms, close, Stipe- white, tapering, flaring to an enlarged many people die every year as a result of poisonous base, 5.3–12x 4–2 cm long, white sack like volva en- mushroom consumption. Therefore, present investiga- casing the base, Flesh- white, Smell- unpleasant, tion was carried out to explore the wild mushroom Spores- 6.5–9.5 x 6–8.5 µm (LxB), smooth, globose to diversity, to document ethno mycological knowledge, subglobose, amyloid, Basidia 2 spored, Xanthochoric and to create awareness about edible and inedible wild reaction- execute bright yellow on cap surface in mushrooms found in the state. KOH (Figure 2 A–D). Substratum: Found on leaf litter under mixed forest (date of survey and collection: 07/07/2016) Accession No.ML/RFRI/00275 Jorhat, Assam. 2. Amanita magniverrucata , Thiers & Ammirati, Mycotaxon 15: 161 (1982) Taxonomic position Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/ Amanitaceae/Amanita/A. magniverrucata Diagnostic characters: Cap- white to cream, broad, convex, expanding to nearly plane, margin inrolled, incurved after maturity with 7–14 cm length, Gills- free, close, white to cream, Stipe- white, dry, striate solid, fleshy, the base was typically bulbous with a root-like extension of 5–8x 2.5 cm, partial veil mem- branous, thin, fragile, volva consisting of one to sever- al scaly rings. Universal veil appears to arise from the context of the pileus without interposal of a pileipellis, Flesh- white to tan, Smell- unpleasant and strong. Spores- 8.5–10.5 x 6–7 µm, ovoid, thin-walled, amy- loid; clamps are infrequently found on bases of 4 spored basidia, Xanthochoric reaction- execute nega- tive colour on cap surface in KOH (Figure 3 A-D). Figure 1: Surveyed locations in Baghmara Reserve Substratum: Found on leaf litter under mixed forest Forest, South Garo Hills, Meghalaya (Date of survey and collection: 07/07/2016). Accession No.ML/RFRI/00274, Jorhat, Assam. Materials and Methods Extensive field surveys were conducted during mon- 3. Cortinarius caninus (Fr.) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis soon season, and the fruiting bodies of macrofungi Mycologici: 285 (1838) were collected from different habitats. The collected Taxonomic position samples were brought to the laboratory for morpholog- Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/ ical and microscopic examination. The collected sam- Cortinariaceae/Cortinarius/ C. caninus ples were preserved in Formalin- Acetic Acid (FAA) Diagnostic characters: Cap- creamy brown, convex, solution (30:70 v/v), and deposited in the mushroom domed, at first buff with a hint of violet, dry, smooth, 3 collection of Mycology Laboratory, Forest Protection –9cm across, Gills- adnate, rusty brown, Stem- violet Division, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, As- near the apex at first, then white with delicate bands, sam. fibrous and bulbous and measures from 5–10 cm in height, with a diameter of 0.7–1.3 cm. Flesh pallid, Results and Discussion with violet near the stem apex, Smell- slightly mild, A total of 138 mushroom species were identified from Spores- 7–6 x 6–7µm (LxB), subglobose, roughened, different forest types. The following four species are Cheilo and pleurocystidia absent, Xanthochoric reac- being described first time from India. tion- execute pink colour on cap surface in KOH (Figure 4 A–D). 1. Amanita bisporigera G.F. Atk., Botanical Gazette Substratum- Broad leaf litter under mixed forest (date Crawfordsville 41 (3): 348 (1906) of survey and collection: 07/07/2016) Taxonomic position Accession No.ML/RFRI/00135 Jorhat, Assam. Fungi/Basidiomycota/Agaricomycetes/Agaricales/ Amanitaceae/Amanita/A. bisporigera 52 Rajesh Kumar et al. /Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 1 (2): 51-56(2017) ISSN 2456-7876 A A B B C C D D Figure-2. A-C Fruit body & D, Spores of A. bisporig- Figure 3 A-C Fruit body & D Spores of A. Magni- verrucata era 53 Rajesh Kumar et al. /Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 1 (2): 51-56(2017) ISSN 2456-7876 A A B B C C D D Figure-4 A-C Fruit body & D, Spores of C. caninus Figure 5 A-C Fruit body in different views & D Spores of L. Affinis 54 Rajesh Kumar et al. /Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 1 (2): 51-56(2017) ISSN 2456-7876 4. Laccaria affinis (Singer) Bon, Docums Mycol. Acknowledgment 13(No. 51): 49 (1983) The authors are thankful to the Indian Council of For- estry Research and Education, Dehradun for financial Taxonomic position support. Fungi/Basidiomycota/Homobasidiomycetes/ Tricholomatales/Tricholomataceae/Laccaria/L. affin- References is Diagnostic characters: Cap - hemispherical to flat Khaund, P. & Joshi, S.R. (2013) Wild edible Macro- or convex, slightly depressed in the centre; ocher- fungal species consumed by the Khasi tribes of Me- orange to reddish-pink colour, smooth 2–4.2 cm ghalaya, India. Ind J Nat Prod Res. 4(2): 197–204. surface, hygrophanous, striped border. Gills: pink colour, adnate and fleshy, Stipe: cylindrical, 4.5x9 Khoshoo, T.N. (1992). Plant diversity in the Himalaya: cm long, pink colour, base covered with whitish my- Conservation and utilization. Govind Ballabh Pant celium. Flesh: pale pink. Smell: mild. Spores: 7. 5– Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, 10 × 8–10 µm, globose to subglobose with 1.5 μm Kosi, Almora, India. tall spines. Cheilocystidia laminated wire free, fila- mentous to subclavate 50 x 7.5 µm. Basidia tetra- Kumar, A., Gupta, A.K., Marcot, B.G., Saxena, A., sporic 40 x 45 µm. Xanthochoric reaction: execute Singh, S.P. & Marak, T.T.C. (1982) Management of negative colour on cap surface in KOH (Figure 5 A- forests in India for biological diversity and forest D). productivity, a new perspective.