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Good Practice Reviews Humanitarian Practice Network environments violent in management security Operational Number 8 (New edition) December 2010 Humanitarian Practice Network The Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN) is an independent forum where field workers, managers and policymakers in the humanitarian sector share information, analysis and experience. HPNManaged by Good Practice HPN’s aim is to improve the performance of humanitarian action by contributing to individual and institutional learning. Humanitarian Policy Group HPN’s activities include: Review • A series of specialist publications: Humanitarian Exchange magazine, Network Papers and Good Practice Reviews. • A resource website at www.odihpn.org. • Occasional seminars and workshops bringing together practitioners, policymakers and analysts. HPN’s members and audience comprise individuals and organisations engaged in humanitarian Operational security action. They are in 80 countries worldwide, working in northern and southern NGOs, the UN and other multilateral agencies, governments and donors, academic institutions and consultancies. HPN’s publications are written by a similarly wide range of contributors. management in HPN’s institutional location is the Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), an independent think tank on humanitarian and development policy. HPN’s publi- violent environments cations are researched and written by a wide range of individuals and organisations, and are published by HPN in order to encourage and facilitate knowledge-sharing within the sector. The Commissioned and published by the Humanitarian Practice Network at ODI views and opinions expressed in HPN’s publications do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Humanitarian Policy Group or the Overseas Development Institute. This GPR was supported by USAID, DFID and SIDA. JUNE 2004 About HPN The Humanitarian Practice Network at the Overseas Development Institute is an independent forum where field workers, managers and policymakers in the humanitarian sector share information, Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN) analysis and experience. The views and opinions expressed in HPN’s publications Overseas Development Institute do not necessarily state or reflect those 111 Westminster Bridge Road of the Humanitarian Policy Group or the London, SE1 7JD Overseas Development Institute. United Kingdom Britain’s leading independent think-tank on international development Tel: +44 (0)20 7922 0331/74 Sida Procurementand humanitarian issues Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road Email: [email protected] London SE1 7JD Website: www.odihpn.org Guidelines (SPG)United Kingdom Tel. +44 (0) 20 7922 0300 Fax. +44 (0) 20 7922 0399 Typesetting Design To Print Solutions Limited. Printed and bound in the UK by Charlesworth. © Overseas Development Institute, London, 2010. HPN e-mail: [email protected] HPN website: www.odihpn.org Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN) Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London, SE1 7JD United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 7922 0331/74 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 Email: [email protected] Website: www.odihpn.org Printed and bound in the UK Layout and production: Design To Print Solutions ISBN: 978 1 907288 32 6 Price per copy: £10.00 (excluding postage and packing). © Overseas Development Institute, London, 2010. Photocopies of all or part of this publication may be made providing that the source is acknowledged. Requests for the commercial reproduction of HPN material should be directed to the ODI as copyright holders. The Network Coordinator would appreciate receiving details of the use of any of this material in training, research or programme design, implementation or evaluation. Operational security management in violent environments Good Practice Review 8 Revised edition Good Practice Review Operational security management in violent environments December 2010 Good Practice Review 8 Revised edition Humanitarian Practice Network Overseas Development Institute Contents Authorship and acknowledgements xi Disclaimer xv Glossary of security terms xvii Introduction 1 SectIon 1 Key conceptS AnD prIncIpleS chapter 1 Key concepts and principles of security management 7 1.1 Why manage security risks? 7 1.2 Organisational security management 12 1.3 Interagency security management 17 1.4 Transferring security risks 21 1.5 The host country and security management 23 SectIon 2 StrAtegic AnD operAtIonAl ApproAcheS to SecurIty MAnageMent chapter 2 risk assessment 27 2.1 The importance of systematic risk assessment 27 2.2 Key definitions 28 2.3 Context analysis: know where you are 30 2.4 Programme analysis: know who you are and what you want to do 35 2.5 Threat assessment 38 2.6 Vulnerability assessment 42 2.7 Risk analysis 46 chapter 3 Security strategy 55 3.1 Developing a security strategy 55 3.2 Acceptance 57 3.3 Protection 71 3.4 Deterrence and armed protection 73 chapter 4 evacuation, hibernation, remote management 83 programming and return 4.1 Evacuation and relocation 83 4.2 Hibernation 93 4.3 Remote management programming 94 4.4 Return 99 v Operational security management in violent environments chapter 5 Incident reporting and critical incident management 101 5.1 The importance of incident reporting and monitoring 101 5.2 Critical incident management 103 5.3 Post-incident management 107 SectIon 3 people In SecurIty MAnageMent chapter 6 people in security management 111 6.1 Field-level security managers 111 6.2 Personal competence 115 6.3 Team competence 118 6.4 Differentiating threats and risks for different types of staff 120 6.5 Human resources 125 6.6 Stress and stress management 128 SectIon 4 coMMunIcAtIonS SecurIty chapter 7 Managing communications security 141 7.1 Telecommunications 141 7.2 Protecting communications equipment 153 7.3 Information security 154 7.4 Dealing with the media 159 SectIon 5 MAnaginG SpecIfIc threAtS AnD Risk SItuAtIonS chapter 8 travel and movement security 165 8.1 Security on arrival 165 8.2 Vehicles and security on the road 167 8.3 Road travel: incident preparedness and incident response 176 8.4 Travel by aircraft and boat 178 8.5 A checklist for staff preparation 179 chapter 9 Site security 181 9.1 Site selection 181 9.2 Physical perimeter reinforcement 184 9.3 Site security management 187 9.4 Areas under terrorist threat 192 9.5 Counter-surveillance 194 9.6 Distribution sites 195 vi Contents chapter 10 crowds, mobs and looting 197 10.1 Situational monitoring and analysis 197 10.2 Preventive action 198 10.3 Protection 199 chapter 11 cash security 203 11.1 Reducing the use of cash 203 11.2 Discretion 203 11.3 Limiting exposure 204 11.4 Electronic money security 206 11.5 Cash programming 207 chapter 12 Sexual aggression 209 12.1 Definitions and scope 209 12.2 Risk reduction 210 12.3 Surviving sexual assault 213 12.4 Crisis management 215 12.5 Preparation and training 223 chapter 13 Detention, arrest and abduction 225 13.1 Terminology 225 13.2 Risk reduction 226 13.3 Incident response and crisis management 226 chapter 14 Kidnapping and hostage situations 229 14.1 Definitions 229 14.2 Risk reduction 229 14.3 Surviving a kidnapping or hostage situation 232 14.4 Critical incident management 235 14.5 Communicating and negotiating with the captors 243 14.6 Managing the aftermath of a kidnapping 247 14.7 Preparation and training 249 chapter 15 combat-related threats and remnants of war 253 15.1 Core questions 253 15.2 Shelling and bombing 253 15.3 Crossfire and sniper fire 258 15.4 Mines, booby traps and unexploded ordnance 260 15.5 White phosphorus 268 15.6 Remnants of war: a reminder 268 vii Operational security management in violent environments Annexes Annex 1 Global trends in aid worker security 273 Annex 2 The United Nations security management system 278 Annex 3 Saving Lives Together: a framework for security collaboration 282 Annex 4 Private security providers 286 Annex 5 Insurance 291 Annex 6 Donor funding and security management 295 Annex 7 Additional resources 298 viii Authorship and acknowledgements This revised GPR is the product of many specialists in the field of operational security management. Koenraad van Brabant, the lead author of the 2000 edition, wrote working notes and extensive working documents for many chapters and annexes of the revised edition. Adele Harmer, Abby Stoddard and Katherine Haver project managed and co-edited the GPR. Adele, Abby and Katherine are all partners in Humanitarian Outcomes. Wendy Fenton, the HPN Coordinator, oversaw the production of the GPR, and Matthew Foley, HPG Managing Editor, edited the manuscript. Significant input and advice was also provided by an Advisory Group, comprising: Frédéric Bardou Security Adviser, Action Contre la Faim (ACF) Shawn Bardwell Safety & Security Coordinator, USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance Oliver Behn Executive Coordinator, European Interagency Security Forum (EISF) Alexandre Carle Africa Security Advisor, CARE Pascal Daudin Safety and Security Director, CARE International Christopher Finucane Research Consultant, Humanitarian Policy Anthony Val Flynn European Commission Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Pierre Gallien Technical & Development Director, Solidarités Andrew Gleadle Independent Consultant Heather Hughes Security Adviser, Oxfam GB Melker Mabeck Deputy Security Delegate, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Maarten Merkelbach Project Director, Security Management Initiative (SMI), New Issues in Security Progamme at the Geneva Centre for Security
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