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Pali Prosody Pàëi Prosody: Texts and Studies by ânandajoti Bhikkhu 2 Table of Contents (outline) An Outline of the Metres in the Pàëi Canon.....9 Khuddakapàñha.....61 The Dhammapada.....95 Pàràyanavagga.....215 Catubhàõavàrapàëi.....281 Table of Contents (detail) An Outline of the Metres in the Pàëi Canon.....9 Introduction.....13 One: Scansion and Related Matters.....15 1.1 Scansion.....15 1.2 Digraphs.....16 1.3 Conventions.....16 1.4 Exceptions.....17 1.5 Conjuncts not making position.....17 1.6 Sarabhatti (svarabhakti), "broken", or partial vowels.....17 1.7 Fluidity.....18 1.8 Metrical licence.....18 1.9 Vowel changes.....19 1.10 Consonant changes.....19 1.11 Niggahãta.....20 1.12 Verses that do not scan correctly.....20 1.13 Iti, and the recitor's remarks.....20 1.14 Syllabic equivalence.....20 1.15 Resolution.....21 1.16 Replacement.....21 1.17 Symbols.....22 Two: Description of the Metres.....23 2.1 The types of metre.....23 2.2 The flexible syllabic metres, vaõõacchandas.....24 2.3 Siloka (øloka).....24 2.4 Variations.....24 2.5 Siloka periods.....25 3 2.6 Tuññhubha (Triùñubh), & Jagatã.....26 2.7 Variations.....27 2.8 Upajàti, Vaüsaññhà (Vaüèasthà), and Rucirà.....29 2.9 The measure metres, mattàchandas.....30 2.10 Vetàlãya and Opacchandasaka.....31 2.11 Mattàchandas Periods.....32 2.12 Rathoddhatà and Pupphitaggà (Puùpitàgrà).....32 2.13 âpàtalikà (a.k.a. Vegavatã).....33 2.14 Svàgatà.....34 2.15 The bar metres (gaõacchandas).....35 2.16 Old Gãti.....35 2.17 Gãti, Ariyà (âryà), and their derivatives.....36 2.18 Jagaõa (amphibrachys).....38 2.19 Hypermetres, Veóha & Gubbinã.....38 2.20 The fixed syllabic metres: vaõõacchandas.....39 2.21 Samavutta.....39 2.22 Addhasamavutta.....40 2.23 Visamavutta.....41 2.24 Lakkhaõasuttanta DN 30.....42 Three: The Mixing of Metres.....43 3.1 Introduction.....43 3.2 Tuññhubha, Jagatã and their derivatives.....43 3.3 Vetàlãya, Opacchandasaka, & âpàtalikà.....44 3.4 Siloka and other metres.....44 Conclusion.....46 Four: Index and Glossary.....47 Appendix: The Evolution of Siloka & Tuññhubha.....56 Guide to Further Study.....58 Khuddakapàñha.....61 Introduction.....63 The Text.....63 The Metre.....65 The Establishment of the Text.....67 1: Saraõagamanaü.....69 2: Dasasikkhàpadaü.....69 3: Dvattiüsàkàraü.....70 4: Kumàrapaÿhaü.....70 5: Maïgalasuttaü.....71 6. Ratanasuttaü.....73 7. Tirokuóóasuttaü.....78 4 8. Nidhikaõóasuttaü.....80 9. Mettasuttaü.....82 Complete Word Index.....85 First Line Index.....93 Index of the Metres.....94 The Dhammapada.....95 1: The Text.....97 2: Preliminaries.....98 3: The Metres.....102 1: Yamakavaggo.....107 2. Appamàdavaggo.....111 3. Cittavaggo.....113 4. Pupphavaggo.....115 5. Bàlavaggo.....117 6. Paõóitavaggo.....120 7. Arahantavaggo.....122 8. Sahassavaggo.....124 9. Pàpavaggo.....126 10. Daõóavaggo.....129 11. Jaràvaggo.....132 12. Attavaggo.....134 13. Lokavaggo.....136 14. Buddhavaggo.....138 15. Sukhavaggo.....141 16. Piyavaggo.....142 17. Kodhavaggo.....144 18. Malavaggo.....146 19. Dhammaññhavaggo.....150 20. Maggavaggo.....152 21. Pakiõõakavaggo.....155 22. Nirayavaggo.....158 23. Nàgavaggo.....160 24. Taõhàvaggo.....163 25. Bhikkhuvaggo.....169 26. Bràhmaõavaggo.....172 Dhammapada Complete Word Index.....181 Dhammapada First Line Index.....204 Index of the Metres.....213 5 Pàràyanavagga.....215 Introduction.....217 Preliminary Considerations.....219 Siloka.....224 Tuññhubha.....228 Vatthugàthà.....233 1: Ajitamàõavapucchà.....243 2: Tissametteyyamàõavapucchà.....245 3: Puõõakamàõavapucchà.....246 4: Mettagåmàõavapucchà.....248 5: Dhotakamàõavapucchà.....251 6: Upasãvamàõavapucchà.....253 7: Nandamàõavapucchà.....255 8: Hemakamàõavapucchà.....258 9: Todeyyamàõavapucchà.....259 10: Kappamàõavapucchà.....260 11: Jatukaõõãmàõavapucchà.....261 12: Bhadràvudhamàõavapucchà.....262 13: Udayamàõavapucchà.....263 14: Posàlamàõavapucchà.....265 15: Mogharàjamàõavapucchà.....266 16: Piïgiyamàõavapucchà.....267 (Pàràyanatthutigàthà).....268 (Pàràyanànugãtigàthà).....269 Shared Line Index.....275 First Line Index.....276 Catubhàõavàrapàëi.....281 1: Compositional Analysis.....283 2: Siloka.....284 3: Tuññhubha/Jagatã.....285 4: Old Gãti.....286 5: Other Metres.....287 6: Prose.....287 Pañhamakabhàõavàraü.....289 1: Saraõagamanaü.....289 2: Dasasikkhàpadàni.....289 3: Sàmaõerapaÿhaü.....290 4: Dvattiüsàkàraü.....290 5: Paccavekkhaõà.....290 6 6: Dasadhammasuttaü.....291 7: Mahàmaïgalasuttaü.....292 8. Ratanasuttaü.....294 9: Karaõãyamettasuttaü.....298 10. Khandhaparittaü.....300 11: Mettànisaüsasuttaü.....301 12: Mittànisaüsaü.....302 13. Moraparittaü.....303 14: Candaparittaü.....304 15: Suriyaparittaü.....305 16: Dhajaggaparittaü.....306 Dutiyakabhàõavàraü.....309 17: Mahàkassapattherabojjhaïgaü.....309 18: Mahàmoggallànattherabojjhaïgaü.....310 19: Mahàcundattherabojjhaïgaü.....311 20: Girimànandasuttaü.....312 21: Isigilisuttaü.....317 Atirekàni Sattasuttàni.....322 22. Dhammacakkappavattanasuttaü.....322 23: Mahàsamayasuttaü.....329 24: âlavakasuttaü.....339 25. Kasãbhàradvàjasuttaü.....342 26. Paràbhavasuttaü.....345 27. Vasalasuttaü.....348 28: Saccavibhaïgasuttaü.....352 Tatiyakabhàõavàraü.....359 29: âñànàñiyasuttaü (1).....359 Catutthakabhàõavàraü.....369 âñànàñiyasuttaü (2).....369 Catubhàõavàrapàëi Complete Word Index.....379 7 8 An Outline of the Metres in the Pàëi Canon by ânandajoti Bhikkhu (3rd Edition, 2004) An Outline of the Metres in the Pàëi Canon 10 An Outline of the Metres in the Pàëi Canon Acknowledgements The idea for this book arose out of a talk I had with the English bhikkhu Ven. Paÿÿànanda, in which we discussed the struggle we had both been through at the beginning of our studies owing to the lack of a simple, comprehensive guide to Pàëi metrical composition. Two monks who have very good knowledge of Pàëi and especially the verse texts, Ven. Paÿÿànanda and Ven. Medhaïkara, have very much helped me in preparing this work by reading it through and making a number of corrections and suggestions for improvement which have helped to clarify the presentation - without their generosity this book would be so much the poorer. An earlier version of this work was published by Indologica Taurinensia, Official Organ of the International Association of Sanskrit Studies, Volume XXXVI. Torino (Italy), 2000. ânandajoti Bhikkhu Preface to the 2nd Edition (December, 2003) In the light of the research that has gone into the work on the Medieval prosody Vuttodaya, I have made a number of significant changes in the 2nd edition of this work, mainly concerning the terminology that has been employed, which I will enumerate here: 1) I now think that the metre I previously identified as Vatta (following Warder, PM), is perhaps better identified as Siloka, which is the term used by the Buddha himself in Mahàsamayasuttanta, D. 20. 2) Following Warder in the first edition I also referred to the variations to the Siloka as Vipulà 1, Vipulà 2, etc., but I now prefer to identify them as Navipulà, Bhavipulà, etc. This is the normal way they are referred to in Indian works on the subject, and anyone interested in prosody will have to learn this terminology anyway, so it seems redundant to use a secondary set of terms. 3) In the terminology used in the 1st edition I referred to both vowels and syllables as being short & long. This risks confusion, of course, and also goes against the useful distinction made in the prosodies, where vowels are identified as short (rassa) & long (dãgha); but syllables are distinguished as light (lahu) & heavy (garu). In this edition I have therefore introduced this distinction. This also entails speaking about the weight of the syllables, rather than their length. 4) A rule in regard to the weight of the syllables was accidently omitted in the 1st edition, this is that the syllables at the end of a line should always be marked as heavy, no matter what their natural weight is. I have added this rule in here and employed it in the descriptions of the metres, and the examples. 11 An Outline of the Metres in the Pàëi Canon 5) In the 1st edition (again following Warder, PM), I identified the syllabic metres as akkharacchandas; I now prefer to use the term vaõõacchandas, which is more commonly found in the prosodies. 6) The metre class, following Warder, I named as aóóhasamavutta, has here been renamed as addhasamavutta, which is the form it normally has in the medieval prosodies. 7) The metre I named as Vegavatã in the 1st edition, I now think should be called âpàtalikà, which is the name found in the prosodies; Vegavatã is a fixed metre derived from âpàtalikà. 8) A correction has been made to the description of the gaõa system in the gaõacchandas metres in the Index & Glossary. ânandajoti Bhikkhu Preface to the 3rd Edition (May, 2004) In this edition I have introduced a further refinement to the description of the metres, which is to mark the final syllable as é (rather than as Å, as in previous editions); this sign indicates that although the syllable may be of light or heavy weight naturally, it is nevertheless taken as heavy, and is normally pronounced as such (a light syllable being slightly drawn out at the end of a line). (Further corrections, etc. were included while preparing the .pdf version of this work in February 2005). ânandajoti Bhikkhu 12 An Outline of the Metres in the Pàëi Canon Introduction An understanding of the basic principles underlying Pàëi metrical composition is not hard to acquire and will certainly enhance any reader's appreciation of the texts of Early Buddhism. Some of the most important and inspiring of these
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