From Clockwork to Crapshoot: a History of Physics
From Clockwork to Crapshoot a history of physics From Clockwork to Crapshoot a history of physics Roger G. Newton The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts • London, England • 2007 Copyright © 2007 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Newton, Roger G. From clockwork to crapshoot : a history of physics / Roger G. Newton p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978–0–674–02337–6 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0–674–02337–4 (alk. paper) 1. Physics—History. I. Title. QC7.N398 2007 530.09—dc22 2007043583 To Ruth, Julie, Rachel, Paul, Lily, Eden, Isabella, Daniel, and Benjamin Preface This book is a survey of the history of physics, together with the as- sociated astronomy, mathematics, and chemistry, from the begin- nings of science to the present. I pay particular attention to the change from a deterministic view of nature to one dominated by probabilities, from viewing the universe as running like clockwork to seeing it as a crapshoot. Written for the general scientifically inter- ested reader rather than for professional scientists, the book presents, whenever needed, brief explanations of the scientific issues involved, biographical thumbnail sketches of the protagonists, and descrip- tions of the changing instruments that enabled scientists to discover ever new facts begging to be understood and to test their theories. As does any history of science, it runs the risk of overemphasizing the role of major innovators while ignoring what Thomas Kuhn called “normal science.”To recognize a new experimental or observa- tional fact as a discovery demanding an explanation by a new theory takes a community of knowledgeable and active participants, most of whom remain anonymous.
[Show full text]