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Teton County Wildlife Crossings Master Plan

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Teton County Wildlife Crossings Master Plan Teton County Wildlife Crossings Master Plan by Marcel P. Huijser, PhD1 Corinna Riginos, PhD2 Matt Blank, PhD1 Rob Ament, MSc1 James S. Begley, MSc1 and Edward R. Jenne, BSc3 1Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University 2Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative 3E.R. Jenne Illustration FINAL REPORT Western Transportation Institute, College of Engineering, Montana State University, P.O. Box 174250. Bozeman, MT 59717-4250 A report prepared for Teton County 320 S. King Street, Jackson, Wyoming 83001, USA June 23, 2018 Teton County Wildlife Crossings Master Plan Disclaimer and Acknowledgements DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the Western Transportation Institute (WTI) or Montana State University (MSU). This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of this report would like to thank Teton County for funding this project. Special thanks are due to the following organizations and individuals who have provided data or other information. Their contributions have been critical to the project’s success. • Chris Colligan (Greater Yellowstone Coalition) • Alyson Courtemanch (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Keith Compton (WYDOT) • Gary Fralick (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Morgan Graham (Teton Conservation District) • Susan Johnson (Teton County) • Jon Mobeck (Jackson Hole Wildlife Foundation) • Sean O'Malley (Teton County) • Darin Martens (US Forest Service) • Amy Ramage (Teton County) • Siva Sundaresan (first: Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance; later: Greater Yellowstone Coalition) • Leslie Steen (Trout Unlimited) • Marisa Wilson (Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance) • Leah Zamesnik (Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance) Many thanks also to the following people and organizations for their contributions: • Bob Bonds (WYDOT) • Eric Cole (US Fish & Wildlife Service) • Sarah Dewey (Grand Teton National Park) • Carlin Girard (Teton Conservation District) • Rob Gipson (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Paul Hood (Nature Mapping Jackson Hole/Jackson Hole Wildlife Foundation) • Brad Hovinga (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Matt Kauffman (Wyoming Migration Initiative) • Kyle Lash (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Doug McWhirter (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Diana Miller (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Anna Senecal (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Jon Stephens (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) • Ben Wise (Wyoming Game & Fish Department) Western Transportation Institute Page ii Teton County Wildlife Crossings Master Plan Technical Documentation TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. 4W6693 N/A N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date May 2018 Teton County Wildlife Master Plan 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Marcel P. Huijser, Corinna Riginos, Matt Blank, Rob Ament, James S. Begley, and Edward R. Jenne 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Western Transportation Institute P.O. Box 174250 Montana State University 11. Contract or Grant No. 4W6693 Bozeman, MT 59717-4250 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Teton County Research report 4 October 2016 – 31 320 S. King Street, Jackson, December 2017 Wyoming 83001, USA 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes A PDF version of this report is available from WTI's website at www.westerntransportationinstitute.org 16. Abstract This report contains information and tools that identify high priority road sections in Teton County, Wyoming, that qualify for the potential implementation of mitigation measures for wildlife and aquatic species. The measures are aimed at reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions with large mammals, providing safe crossing opportunities for large mammals, and making stream crossings passable for fish species. Note that this report and the drawings are not an official planning or zoning document. The suggested mitigation measures should not be mistaken for actions that must happen exactly as described. Rather, the authors of this report suggest that the human safety, biological conservation, and economic information summarized in this report should be used to understand the why certain highway sections are important to mitigate, what species the mitigation measures should be targeted at, and what those mitigation measures could look like. However, the exact location, length or number, or type and dimensions of the mitigation measures is dependent on public support, agreements with private landowners and land management agencies, and the availability of funding. 17. Key Words animal detection systems, collisions, 18. Distribution Statement Unrestricted. This document corridors, crashes, crossing structures, cost-benefit is available through Teton County and WTI-MSU. analysis, data analysis, fences, habitat, highway, hotspot identification, Jackson, Jackson Hole, mitigation, overpasses, plan, procedures, prioritization, ranking, safety, strategy, strategies, Teton County, tools, underpasses, wildlife, wildlife–vehicle collisions, Wyoming 19. Security Classification (of 20. Security Classification. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 262 22. Price this report) Unclassified Unclassified Western Transportation Institute Page iii Teton County Wildlife Crossings Master Plan Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................19 1.1. Background .................................................................................................................... 19 1.2. Project Goal and Approach ............................................................................................ 19 1.3. Project Tasks .................................................................................................................. 21 1.4. Suggestions on how to use the contents of this report ................................................... 21 2. Literature Review: Terrestrial ................................................................................................23 2.1. A Step-Wise Approach................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1. Step 1: Define the Problem ..................................................................................... 23 2.1.2. Step 2: Decide on the Approach: Avoidance, Mitigation, or Compensation .......... 25 2.2. Teton County and Highway Mitigation for Large Mammals ........................................ 26 2.3. Traffic Volumes and Speed limits on Highways Teton County .................................... 27 2.4. Mitigation Measures ....................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1. Selection of Mitigation Measures ........................................................................... 29 2.4.2. Wildlife Warning Signs and Animal Detection Systems ........................................ 30 2.4.3. Speed Management ................................................................................................. 32 2.4.4. Wildlife Fences ....................................................................................................... 34 2.4.5. Wildlife Crossing Opportunities ............................................................................. 37 2.4.6. Multiple Use Structures .......................................................................................... 41 3. Literature Review: Aquatic ....................................................................................................43 3.1. Impacts of Roads and Barriers on Fish and Other Aquatic Species Movement ............ 43 3.2. Impacts of Roads on Aquatic Habitat ............................................................................ 44 3.2.1. Alterations to Flow and Hydrology. ....................................................................... 44 3.2.2. Alterations to Geomorphology (Physical Alterations to Shape, Slope, and Sediment Characteristics) ..................................................................................................................... 45 3.3. Measures to Reduce Impacts on Aquatic Habitat and Connectivity .............................. 45 3.3.1. Mitigation for Aquatic Habitat................................................................................ 45 3.3.2. Mitigation for Aquatic Connectivity (Crossings) ................................................... 46 3.4. Other Benefits of Larger Structures (Climate Change) .................................................. 47 4. Identify and Prioritize Potential Mitigation Sites for Large mammals ..................................49 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 49 4.2. Human Safety ................................................................................................................. 49 4.2.1. Wildlife-Vehicle Collision Data Sources and Species Selection ............................ 49 4.2.2. Seasonal Distribution and Hour of Day of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions ................ 51 4.2.3. Wildlife-Vehicle Collision Hotspots......................................................................
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