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Chemical Quality of the Surface Waters of the Snake River Basin

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Chemical Quality of the Surface Waters of the Snake River Basin Chemical Quality of the Surface Waters of the Snake River Basin GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 417-D Chemical Quality of the Surface Waters of the Snake River Basin By L. B. LAIRD CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAM-BASIN HYDROLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 417-D A description of the water quality patterns in the Snake River basin and a discussion of the geologic, climatic, and water use variations that produce these patterns UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEW ART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Laird, Leslie Bostwick, 1926- Chemical quality of the surface waters of the Snake River basin. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. iv, 45 p. maps, diagrs., table. 30 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 417-D) Contributions to stream-basin hydrology. Part of illustrative matter fold, in pocket. Bibliography: p. 44. 1. Water Composition. 2. Water - supply Idaho Snake River basin. I. Title. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, B.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Chemical quality of surface water, etc. Continued Page Glossary of terms-___--_____________________._______ IV Hoback River basin________________________. D7 Abstract.__________________________________________ Dl Southeastern region_________________________ 7 Purpose and scope__________________________________ 1 American Falls region_______________________ 10 Acknowledgments. __________________________________ 1 Henrys Fork basin___-_____________-_______. 13 Location and extent of Snake River basin____________ 2 Snake River Plain eastern part____________ 15 Factors that affect the chemical quality of water in the Snake River Plain western part_____________ 15 Snake River basin________________________________ 2 Twin Falls region___________________________ 18 Geology.____________________________________ 3 Central and southeastern Oregon tributaries_. 20 Precipitation and streamflow.____________________ 3 The heartland._____________________________ 24 Salmon-Clearwater River basins.__-_--__-___. 27 Water use_--------___-__-_____________________ 4 Grande Ronde River and adjacent basins- ____. 29 Domestic use_______________________________ 4 The lower basin____________________________ 30 Irrigation use ______________________________ 5 Snake River main stem______________________ 32 Industrial use ______________________________ 5 Summary __ ____________________-____--___---_-. 34 Chemical quality of surface water by geographic region __ 6 References._________-_________--------_____--_- 44 Headwaters region._____________________________ 6 Index.__________-_-____________-____--_--__--_. 45 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Relief and stream pattern. 2. Generalized geology. 3. Precipitation and streamflow. 4. Population distribution. 5. Quality of Snake River. Page FIGURES 1-13. Maps of parts of the Snake River basin showing physical features and representative chemical quality of the surface water: 1. Headwaters region_____-_______________________________ D6 2. Hoback River basin....________________________________ 8 3. Southeastern region____-_______________________________ 9 4. American Falls region..._______________________________ 11 5. Henrys Fork basin.__________________________________ 13 6. Snake River Plain, eastern part_________________________ 16 7. Snake River Plain, western part---_-_-_--__-_-_--------- 17 8. Twin Falls region.-_________--_-_-_____---_--__--__--- 19 9. Oregon tributaries---____--___-_-_---_____-_--_-------_ 22 10. The heartland...______.___________________ 25 11. Salmon-Clearwater River basins...-.-------------------- 28 12. Grande Ronde River basin____________________________ 30 13. Lower basin_______-____-____________-__--__-_-__-_-_- 31 14. Dissolved-solids loads---___---________-__-__-_-________--_-__-- 34 TABLE Page TABLE 1. Representative analyses of surface waters of the Snake River basin....--- D36 m GLOSSARY OF TERMS Cubic feet per second (cfs) : A rate of discharge of tion of scale in boilers, water heaters, radiators, and a stream whose channel is 1 square foot in cross- pipes, with the resultant decrease in rate of heat sectional area and whose average velocity is 1 foot transfer, possibility of boiler failure, and loss of flow. per second. The classification of adjectives applied to hardness of Dissolved solids: The reported quantity of dissolved water by the U.S. Geological Survey is listed as solids the residue on evaporation consists mainly follows: of the dissolved mineral constituents in the water. Hardne&Q range It may also contain some organic matter and water of (ppm) Adjective rating crystallization. Waters with less than 500 parts per 0-60 ________________ Soft. 61-120 ____________ Moderately hard. million (ppm) of dissolved solids are usually satis­ 121-180 ___________- Hard. factory for domestic and some industrial uses (Cali­ 181+ ____________ Very hard. fornia State Water Pollution Control Board, 1952, Most probable number (MPN): This unit is the most p. 244) (U.S. Public Health Service, 1962, p. 2152- probable number of coliform bacteria groups per 100 2155). Water containing several thousand parts per milliliters of water. million of dissolved solids are sometimes successfully Parts per million (ppm): A part per million is a used for irrigation where soil conditions permit the unit weight of a constituent in a million unit weights removal of soluble salts by the application of large of water. volumes of water. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR): The term "sodium- Equivalents per million (epm): Anionic and cationic adsorption-ratio (SAR)" was introduced by the U.S. constituents of water are sometimes reported in Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) and is a ratio ex­ "equivalents per million". One "equivalent per mil­ pressing the relative activity of sodium ions, in ex­ lion" of an element or ion is exactly equal in com­ change reactions with the soil. It is expressed by the bining power to one "equivalent per million" of equation: another element or ion. Equivalents per million can Na+1 be calculated by dividing the commonly used parts- SAR= per-million values of chemical constituents by the combining weights of the appropriate constituents. (Combining weight=atomic or molecular weight of where the concentrations of the ions are expressed ion divided by ionic charge.) in milliequivalents per liter (or equivalents per mil­ Hardness : Hardness of water is caused almost entirely lion for most irrigation waters). SAR is used pri­ by compounds of calcium and magnesium. Other marily to evaluate the suitability of water for ir­ constituents such as iron, manganese, aluminum, rigation of crops. barium, strontium, and free acid also cause hard­ Specific conductance (micromhos per centimeter at ness, although they usually are not present in quan­ 25° C) : Specific conductance of water is a measure tities large enough to have any appreciable effect. of the ability of water to conduct a current of electric­ Hardness is commonly recognized by the increased ity. Conductance varies with the concentration and quantity of soap required to produce lather. It is degree of ionization of the different minerals in solu­ also objectionable because it contributes to the forma­ tion and with the temperature of the water. IV CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAM-BASIN HYDROLOGY CHEMICAL QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE SNAKE RIVER BASIN By L. B. LAIRD ABSTRACT In the lower part of the Snake River basin, the quality of the tributary streams is affected primarily by sediment content, The Snake River basin has an area of about 109,000 square rather than by chemical content. The chemical quality of the miles including almost all Idaho, the eastern part of Oregon, streams is fairly good; the water from these streams contains and lesser parts of Washington, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah. from 50 to 250 ppm of dissolved solids, which are predominantly The topography varies from complex mountain ranges and dis­ calcium bicarbonate. However, turbidity and disposition of the sected volcanic plateaus to the broad Snake River Plain and sediment loads carried are problems in the use of water from other small plains characterized by lava plateaus and alluvial these streams. terraces. The rock formations consist principally of volcanic materials and granitic rocks and lesser amounts of consolidated PURPOSE AND SCOPE sedimentary rocks and aluvium. Annual precipitation ranges The purpose of this report is to describe the chemical from 8 inches or less in many of the plains to more than 60 and physical properties of the surface waters of the inches in the higher mountains. The quality of surface waters of the Snake River basin Snake River basin, the relation of these waters to geo­ ranges from excellent to poor depending on the use for which logic environment and the climatic patterns of the the water is intended. Dissolved solids range from less than basin, together with the effects of water use on water 20 to over 2,000 ppin (parts per million). The water of the quality. The study has been, of necessity, a recon­ Snake River is satisfactory for most industrial, agricultural, and municipal uses throughout most of its length. In the naissance. The size of the area involved, combined with central reaches, a buildup of dissolved solids to an average of a multitude of factors affecting water quality, required about 400 ppm makes
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