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Chapter V Socio-Economic and Cultural Life Part I ; Socio-Economic Condition Part Ii ; Cultural Life

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Chapter V Socio-Economic and Cultural Life Part I ; Socio-Economic Condition Part Ii ; Cultural Life CHAPTER V SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL LIFE PART I ; SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION PART II ; CULTURAL LIFE ■* AUMINISTRATZOII AS WO know* the ChaluJcyan «mplra was built gradually by acquiring or annexing areas of tho neighbouring kingdoms by way of conquosts and subjugation. We cannot say that they wore pioneers in establishino their own form of administratiye system for they must have definitely adopted the basic system of adrrdnistration frem their predecessors e»9 * their charters rcsenible more or less those of the Kadambas# in the preandale sectitm^* But at the sarae f time much of the credit should 90 to then because they had brought together various kingdoms with diverse cultures under one banner and succeeded in evolving an indigenous administrative pattern which would functiort to everyone's satisfacti<m and at the same time keep the country unified* omsidering the prevailing conditims of the period during which there was a perennial struggle for imperial suzerainty# this vast entire obviously called for a comprehensive machinery of admlnistratimi which enabled the king to carry oa his pursuit of conquest without any apprehsnsicm* Hence the administrative 300 systom must have been a very efficient cme for though there were political distujrit>ancea due to invasion fron outside* peace and security reignei in the country* This can be discerned from the progress and achievements made in various fields such as art* architecture# religion# social-sciences and economics* Before %ie proceed# it should be understood that administratimi in our times was guided by the political injunctions of the sniriti»Kares* This is evident because Pulakeli X was conversant with the codes of Kanu^* Moreover most of the inscriptions concluded with verses taken from Menu's works or Vyasa's^* This shows that they were bound to some extent at least by the laws of the smriti •> Haras and hence the study of then was essential for the king* King I- The fozni of govemnent was monarchial* The king was the supreme head* He was advised by a council of lainistcrs held important positions* Kingship was hereditary* The prince was cro%med as the yuvaraja during the lifetime of the king* Xendur plates of xlrttivaxroan IX states that he was nominated as heir • m 4 5 apparent by his father Vikramaditya XI * Vishnuvardhana i 351 and Vlja/aditya^ are referrad to as yuvaraja In the recorda* The eldest son was normally appointed as successor* Bat during times of trouble# \m observe that this practice was overlooked and a » suitable successor was chosen as in the case of Vikramaditya Z %iho %#as responsible for gaining back the glory and power of his family they had lost to the t^allavas* Zt also soraetimes so happened that the successor was a minor at the time of the death of the ruler# in w^iich case# a close relative was appointed as a regent* ailakefii IZ was a minor when his father xlrttivarman Z died* klrttivarman Z had prddably appointed MaAgalela# his half*brother# as a regent* But when the tine came for Hal^galela to hand ever the . throne to Pulake&i ZZ# he had changed his mind in favour of his son* But Pulake&i ZZ gathered a force and fought against Maftgale&a and wrenched his right to the throne* This could only have been possible because imich importance was laid on the hereditary of kingship* so when the time came for i’ulakefci ZZ to claim for his right# he seems to have get enough support from the ministers and the people at large to enable him to overthrow KaAgalefta and succeed to the thrme* This can be deduced from the Aiholo inscription which says *that Naftgale&a# whose great strength became on all 352 sid«8 reduced by the application of the powers of 9«od cotinael and energy gathered him# abandoned# together with the effort to secure the kinfdetn for his own son# both that no mean kingdom of his and 7 his life" • Good counsel and energy probably meant the ministers and the military force ho had to gather for fighting MaA>;ialefia^» The king was highly educated* As a prince or heir * apparent# he was trained in the art of administration and warfare* This snsured a sn»oth •takeover when the time came for ascending the throne# and assuming the reins of the 3tate and discharging his duties in the proper manner* fOnowledge of sciences was essential for the ruler for according to Kautilya* "Just as balls of meal offered to ancestors by a person not learned in the Vedas are unfit to be eaten by wise men# so whoever is not well versed in sciences shall Q be unfit to hear of council deliberations'* • Kendur plates^^ record that both Vijayaditya and Klrttivarman XX were trained in science and the use of arms in their childhood* Cholachagudda platea^^ of Vijayaditya is also eloquent on his mastery over all the lores of weapons in his childhood* His acquaintance with the treatise on the usage of weapons is alluded to in one of 353 his other records alse 12 • The YuvarajaV or Crown Prince usually acted aa a co-admlnlstrator or took an active part In the a^lnlstratlon of the country* Ite was normally a menaber of the council or a governor of a province or a Coninander of the Army^^. satara^^ copper-plate grant relates that yuvaraja Vlshnuvardhana was stationed at KurumarathX* Grants were made at the Instance of the prince. For example# a grant^® was made by Vlnayadltya at the request of yxivaraja Vljayadltya* 3o alat Vljayadltya nade a grant^® at the request of his son Vlkratiadltya* Yet another 17 • charter records that king Vljayadltya Issued a command to his subjects regarding his s«m Vlkramadltya's conmand to them about a grant* Grants were also sometimes made jointly both by father and son* For Instance# an 18 Inscription fr«n Pattadakal says that a grant was made by vljayadltya and Vlkramadiitya* Mahakuta pillar 19 • inscription of Maftgalefia also states that his father and elder brother made a grant to the god Mahikute^ara- natha* LcOcshtnesvar pillar Inscription 20 records tho constitution granted to the Kahajanas and burgesses of Lakshmesvar* This was drawn ^ip by the heir apparent Vikramaditya IX* This would mean that not only did he help his father in the administration of the kingdom but he sometimes also made independent decisions* 354 Besides they als« gave a.tuuid on the battlefield* Vijayaditya is often said te have assisted his father on the war - front 21 • This was when his . grandfather was equally active in pursuing his campaign in the soath* From this inscription we can presume that even the grandson took part in the state affairs if he was capable enough* Fioreover as inenti<»)ed earlier a grant^^ was made by Vinayaditya at the request of prince Vijayaditya while another inscription^^ records a grant made by Vijayaditya at the instance of his son Vikramaditya* Both were made from UKsir victorious camps which suggests that the cro%m prince most of the time accomp>anied his father on the battlefield* "According to Tolkappiyam« which contains the earliest reference to the institution of kingship in ^iouth India* among the duties of a ruler were learning* sacrificing* giving patronage to poets and scholars* offering protection te the people and punishing evil doers* Probably ha performed sacrifices to propitiate oods and Goddesses with a view to secure their blessings for himself and his subjects"^^* Kautilya^^ says that "the king who is well educated and disciplined in sciences* devoted to good government of his subjects* and bent on doing good to all people* will enjoy the O OOr-ir •arth unopposed** **Zn happiness of the subjects Ilea the happiness of the king and In what is beneficial te the subjects his own benefit****** Therefore* being ever active* the king should carry out the atanagement of material well-^lng**^^* Zn order to achieve the above objective# It was necessary for the king ^ possess exceptional qualities like the three kingly powers • *the majesty or pre • ofolnence of the king himself* (prabhu6aktl)# *the power of good counsel* (mantralaktl) and the force of ener9y* (utsaha^ktl) * The Chalukyas were very much aware of these regal £>o%«ers* Alhole Inscription^*^ of PulakesZ 21 states that he "being 0 23 almost equal to sakra by the three constituents of kingly power that %«ere properly acquired by him* and by his own virtues which were his high lineage and others# he attained the sovereignty of the three • « 29 (countries called) Maharashtraka"* Qiolachagudda plates of Vljayadltya also refers te him as "the Lord (who) t#as the support of the whole world by reason of his having possessed the unimpeded three powers# by reaaon of his being noble and by reason of his blameless conduct* ** The king was more or less a father figure* He was an embodiment of all virtues* Klrtlvaxman ZZ was successful In overcoming the six kinds of passions In o 56 k««ping with the laws of lostras^^* MahaJcuta pillar «% A inscription describes Pulalcefii Z as <me "who accepted the admonitions of the eldersi who was good to Brahinansi who was a speatcer of the truth/ (and) v^o never broke (his) promises* Klrttivarman I is described as"a very receptacle of brilliance# energy# valour* monory# intellect# splendour# polity and 32 33 refinement* • Mahakuta pillar inscription eulogises the Chalukyan Icings of havins possessed unrepulsed enoxtiy* strength# intellect# splendour# heroism# firmness and vigour* Mo doubt these exaltations were sometimes exaggerations but they also speak for the high moral and intellectual standard expected of a king in those days* miis also probably acted as a reminder to the king of his duties and general obli.jations
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