38 Dharwad District CHAPTER 2 HISTORY he district of Dharwad has played a pre-eminent role in the history of Karnataka. It was the T core region of the major dynasties that ruled in Karnataka such as the Badami Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kalyana Chalukyas and the Adilshahis of Bijapur. To establish their hegemony in the fertile region of Belvola-300, there have been pitched battles between the Seunas and the Hoysalas. Whenever Marathas invaded the South, they made use of the district as the highway. As the hinterland growing cotton, Hubli (Rayara Hubli or Old Hubli) was a major industrial centre. When the British in their early years of trade had founded a factory at Kadwad on the banks of the Kali, the supply of textile to the factory was through old Hubli. There was a land route from Hubli to Kadra, the higher point of the Kali (till which the river was navigable) and it was through this route that merchandise from Dharwad, Bijapur and Raichur was transported. Products of thousands of textile looms from Dharwad, Bijapur and Raichur could reach the port through Hubli. In the south, Haveri and Byadgi had communication with the Kumta port. Chilly cultivation introduced into India by the Portuguese was raised here and after the British took over, transportation of cotton and chillies was made through Kumta from Byadgi and Haveri. Haveri was the main centre of cardamom processing and for final transport to Kumta. Byadgi chilly earned the name Kumta chilly due to its export from Kumta port. In England Kumta cotton was a recognised variety though it came from the Dharwad region. Magnificent temples were constructed in places like Gadag, Konnur, Savadi, Sudi, Annigeri, Dambal, Lakkundi, Haveri, Chaudadanapur, Lakshmeshwar, Rattihalli and others by the Rashtrakutas during their reign over Dharwad district. Annigeri was the Kalyana Chalukyan capital for some time. When hundreds of temples were founded by these rulers, and many agraharas were also established, these places became the hub of religious, folk and cultural activities. The Veerashaiva Mutts that were founded in abundance after the 13th century, also paid maximum attention to foster education, art, literature and cultural activities. The rulers also created many tanks in the region to add to its agricultural prosperity. The Shiggaon inscription of the Badami Chalukyas speaks of 14 tanks excavated by them at Gudgeri. Though lacking royal patronage (unlike Mysore), Dharwad became the thriving centre of education, literature, culture and political activities. The literary climate created earlier by such eminent classical History 39 poets like Kumaravyasa, Kanakadasa and Sarvajna, got further fillip during the British rule by extensive interaction with the Christian Missionaries and the benefit derived from modern education coupled with the favourable circumstances thrown up by the Industrial Revolution, thus culminating in the Renaissance of Kannada literature. This churning of the life in the district due to these various historical factors helped the emergence of an atmosphere of enlightenment. This district, was famous for its cotton crop. The American Civil War (1862-66) gave a greater fillip to raise cotton on a larger scale. This surplus cotton helped the rise of modern industries, beginning with ginning. Cotton movement necessitated the improvement of transport, both road and rail. As Hubli and Gadag became railway junctions, Dharwad came to have the Administrative Office of the Railways and Hubli came to have Railway Workshop. Around these three major towns, various economic, commercial, educational and cultural activities grew. The Malaprabha river at the north of the district and the Tungabhadra at the south helped the district to have a separate secluded identity. But as it was the traditional centre of the seven kannada speaking districts, Dharwad district could develop economic and cultural contacts with all of these and influence them too. In the days of Bijapur Adilshahis, Bankapur and later Savanur were administrative centres under them. But their rule through Persian or Urdu did not succeed in overtaking Kannada which was the regional language. Similarly though Nargund, Shirhatti, Kundgol and Gudgeri were centres of the rule of the Marathas, even the impact of Marathi could not replace Kannada. Though the widespread, handloom weaving industry here attracted weavers from Maharashtra and Andhra, they could not neglect Kannada. The Kannada-speaking Lingayats, Kurubas, Kannada weavers and Brahmins who had a rich religious tradition, did not allow Kannada to vanish from the central stage. What has been described traditionally as the ‘core country’ (tirul Kannada) with Okkunda, Koppal, Puligere (Lakshmeshwar)and Pattadkal as its four boundaries included major parts of Dharwad district. Both Pampa and the author of Kavirajamarga have spoken of this “core country”. This very “core country” proved to be the fertile field for the growth of seeds of Kannada identity (‘Kannadatana’ or ‘Karnatakatva’) and nationalism, and from here the seeds of this spirit could spread to other parts. There are many developments in this district, both inspiring and providing lessons, and such events of history that had unfolded themselves in the process of spreading of the new breed of seeds is attempted to be outlined here. Myths and Legends There had always been an enthusiasm among people to connect some place or the other in their region with mythological (Puranic) episodes. Thus Saundatti which is of course, beyond the limits of this district is described as the place where Sage Jamadagni had his hermitage. Some eleventh-twelfth century inscriptions from Lakkundi makes a mention that Sri Rama of Ramayana fame was the creator of the ‘Mahagrama’of Lakkundi. Kishkindha connected with Sugriva is identified with Hampi, which is not far away from this district border. A twelfth-century inscription echoes the belief that Hangal was the “Ekachakranagara” of the Mahabharatha days. Similarly, Ron is called as Dronapura (named after Archerist and Statesman Drona). There is an image identified with Drona in the local Basaveshwara temple. Gadag is also called ‘Krutapura’, the place where Janamejaya is believed to have performed ‘Yajna’ or sacrifice. It is this puranic king to whom, the founding of the agrahara at Gadag is attributed. That Nala was connected with Haveri is described in a record of the place. 40 Dharwad District PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD The iron implements unearthed at Hallur dating back to 1200 BC. (Hirekerur-taluk) are supposed to be the earliest examples of South Indian Megaliths. This is an indication of the importance of the district even in pre-historic times. The Malaprabha and the Tungabhadra valleys have many pre- historic settlements. In the entire regions of Belgaum, Dharwad, Bijapur and Bellary districts, there are many sites of Palaeolithic Age. Renowned Geologist Robert Bruce Foote had located many pre- historic sites at the confluence of the Malaprabha and Bennihalla. At Bachigudda near Motebennur, many stone implements and potsherds of subsequent cultures have been located. At Konchigeri in Shirhatti taluk, is a site of the Early Old Stone Age. This is on the bank of Doddahalla, a tributary of the Tungabhadra. The implements found here include quartzite hand axe and cleavers. In Jallapur of Haveri taluk and Jiramadapur and Nittur in Shirhatti taluk, implements of early Old Stone Age have been found, and Dr. S.V. Padigar feels that man in the stage of being the gatherer of food, lived in these eastern parts of the district and men of this culture were found scattered in the maidan, contiguous to Bellary and Raichur district. In Benachamatti of Dharwad taluk and Vardi in Hangal taluk too, implements of this age have been found. They belong to Abbevillian and Acheulean technical groups. At Nadiharalahalli (Ranibennur taluk), Nalavagilu (Hirekerur taluk) and Hole Alur (Ron taluk), microliths have been located. Man who used rough-stone tools during the early old stone age, started whetting the weapons and making them more smooth and sharp, during the Neolithic or New Stone Age. With this, his life, as a gatherer of food, and of a nomad ended. He took to a settled life. He raised his residential hutments and started agriculture and domestication of animals. The sites with black and red or grey ware pottery remains have been found at Arishinagodi, Bhairanahatti, Harogop, Kurugovinakop Lingdal and Shirol of Nargund taluk, Gudisagar of Navalgund taluk, Mannur, Menasgi, Nidagundi and Nidagundikop of Ron taluk, Battur of Shirhatti taluk, and Hallur, Mudenur. Nadiharlahalli of Ranibennur taluk, Belur Hadarageri (now Haragiri), Kunabevu and Niralagi of Hirekerur taluk. Long Knife-like stone chips have been found here. Together with Neolithic remains, iron implements of Megalithic Age along with pottery, have been found at Kunabevu, Hallur and Haragiri. They have potsherds with light white paintings and such sites are seen at Hirehal of Ron and Puradakeri of Hirekerur taluk Almost a decade ago, Dr. H.R. Raghunath Bhat has found out certain Neolithic Axes and few tools made of quartzite of the Neolithic age at Kyarekop near Dharwad. But Dr. M.S. Nagaraja Rao, who conducted a regular excavation at Hallur, has succeeded in unearthing potsherds of Neolithic (1700 B.C.) Chalcolithic, Megalithic (iron age) and early historic period along with chips of quartzite, huts and other remains. The Chalcolithic people here, perhaps had contacts with the Jorway Culture of Gujarath. Neolithic people here knew the use of the horse. They raised ragi as a crop. Well laid beaten floor with pot-holes at the centre indicative of their circular hutments are found here. The earthen item called neck-rest, huge earthen pots used for depositing the dead, impression of woven mat at the base of the pots, copper axe, fishing hook are all found here. Arrow heads, knife and javelin of Iron have also been unearthed dating back to 1000 B.C. Table-like Megalithic tombs (dolmens) raised by joining large stone slabs and Stone Henges are seen at many places in the district.