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Theses Digitisation: This Is a Digitised https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS AND RECTIFICATION OF THERMAL INFRARED VIDEO FRAME SCANNER IMAGERY AND ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS TO TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING BY AHMED MOHAMED AMIN B.Sc., M.Sc A Thesis Submited for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW October 1986 ProQuest Number: 10995513 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10995513 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to his supervisor, Professor G. Petrie, for suggesting this research topic and for his continuous advice and supervision throughout the period over which this research work was carried out. Indeed without his continuous help, this project would have never come to its present form. The author also acknowledges the freedom granted by the two heads of the department, Professor I. B. Thompson and Professor J. Tivy, to use the facilities available in the department. The help received from the Topographic Science staff members is gratefully acknowledged, in particular that from Mr. B.D.F. Methley and Mr. D.A. Tait. Sincere thanks are also due to the following individuals and organisations;- Barr & Stroud Limited (Glasgow) for providing their IR-18 MK II frame scanner for the aerial flying test and for the calibration tests. In particular, the very full collaboration of Mr. K. Boyle in supplying the necessary information about the scanner, and Mr. G. Sutherland for helping with the practical test as scanner operator were of great assistance to the author. Dr. W. H. Ekin of Robert Gordon’s Institute of Technology. Aberdeen, for flying the aerial test imagery together with Mr. S. Allan (navigator). The National Engineering Laboratory (NEL) in East Kilbride for allowing the author to use its Ferranti monocomparator for the target plate calibration. The help of Mr. A. Nemo is gratefully acknowledged. The Rank Pullin Controls. Rank Taylor Hobson. and AGA companies for allowing the author to use their thermal frame scanners for the geometrical calibration work. The Environmental Remote Sensing Application Centre (ERSAC) for the use of their GEMS digital image processing system during the preliminary work to form the three-dimensional video model. In particular, Dr. C. Stove and Dr. N. Hubbard were extremely helpful. The Remote Sensing Unit of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research. Aberdeen for the use of their GEMS image processing system for the actual formation of the three-dimensional video model. In particular, the full cooperation and help received from Mr. D. Miller is acknowledged with especial thanks. The Audio-Visual Department of the University of Glasgow for assisting with some of the technical aspects of video, especially Mr. I. Long and Mr. B. Barrie. The Chief Technician, Mr. I. Gerrard and his assistant, Mr. L. Hill, for their assistance in photographing some of the figures used in this thesis. The Overseas Research Scheme (QRS) for their three consecutive awards which helped in reducing the required University fees to a home student level. The Ministry of Higher Education in Egypt and the Sues, Canal University for their financial support during the period of carrying out this research work. CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction ................................... 1 2. Video Technology ............................... 6 2.1 Introduction ................................ 7 2.2 Video Cameras ............................... 7 2.2.1 The Vidicon Tube ..................... 10 2.2.2 The Orthicon Tube .................... 11 2.2.3 The Plumbicon Tube ................... 11 2.2.4 The Return Beam Vidicon Tube ......... 11 2.2.5 Colour Cameras ........................ 11 2.2.6 Standard Broadcast Television Systems.... 12 2.2.7 Other Video Imaging Devices ......... 14 2.3 Video Recording ............................. 14 2.3.1 (J-matic VTR ........................... 15 2.3.2 VHS, Betamax,and Video 2000 VTR Systems.. 16 2.3.3 Video Discs ........................... 16 2.4 Video Displays ............................. 17 2.4.1 Monochrome Displays ................... 17 2.4.2 Colour Displays ....................... 18 2.4.3 Computer Graphics Displays ............ 19 2.4.3.1 Raster-Driven Displays ........ 20 2.4.3.2 Vector-Driven Displays .... 22 2.5 Video Frame Buffers ......................... 24 2.5.1 Black and White Frame Buffers ......... 24 2.5.2 Colour Frame Buffers .................. 25 2.5.3 Frame Buffer Resolution ............... 27 2.6 Summary .................................... 28 3. Remote Sensing in the Optical Region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum ....................... 29 3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum ............... 30 3.1.1 The Photographic Region of the EM spectrum .......................... 31 3.1.2 The Infrared Region of the EM Spectrum... 31 3.1.2.1 Basic Laws of Infrared Radiation. 31 3.1.2.2 Emissivity .................... 33 3. 1.2.3 Infrared Radiation from the Terrain ...................... 34 3.1.3 EM Spectrum and the Atmosphere ... 35 3.2 Detection and Recording of EM Radiation .... 35 3.2.1 Photography ................... 36 3.2.2 Passive Scanning Systems ............. 38 3.2.2.1 Optical-Mechanical Line Scanners. 38 3.2.2.2 Multispectral Line Scanners.... 40 3.2.2.3 Frame Scanners ............... 41 3.3 Imaging Devices Employing Solid State Arrays .. 41 3.3.1 Imaging Devices Using Linear Arrays ... 41 3.3.2 Imaging Devices Using Areal Arrays .... 42 3.4 Detectors ................................... 43 3.4.1 Thermal Detectors .................... 44 3.4.2 Quantum Detectors .................... 44 3.4.3 Detector Cooling ....................... 45 4. Thermal Video Frame Scanners ..................... 46 4.1 Basic Design of Thermal VideoFrame Scanner.. 47 4. 1. 1 The Telescope ...................... 47 4.1.1.1 Optical Materials .......... 49 4.1.2 Scanning /Detector Configuration ..... 51 4.1.2.1 Single Element Scanning ..... 51 4.1.2.2 Serial Scanning ............. 52 4.1.2.3 Parallel Scanning ........... 52 4.1.2.4 Serial/Parallel Scanning...... 53 4.1.2.5 The SPRITE Detector ......... 53 4.1.3 Scanning Mechanism .................. 54 4.1.3.1 The Oscillating Plane Mirror .. 54 4.1.3.2 The Rotating Reflective Polygon 54 4.1.3.3 The Rotating Refractive Polygon 55 4.1.4 Radiometric Characteristics of Frame Scanners ...................... 55 4.2 The Modular Approach to Video Frame Scanner Design and Construction ............. 56 4.2.1 UK Common Modules ..................... 57 4.3 Commercially Available Thermal Video Frame Scanners .................................. 58 4.3.1 AGA Thermovision....................... 59 4.3.2 Inframetrix IRTV ..................... 60 4.3.3 Barr & Stroud IR-18 MKII Thermal Imager. 62 4.3.4 Rank Pullin Controls Thermal Imager .... 64 4.3.5 GEC Avionics/Rank Taylor Hobson TICM II. 65 5. Geometrical Analysis of Video Compatible Frame Scanner Imagery ............ 67 5. 1 Introduction ............................... 68 5.2 Geometry of the Photogrammetric Frame Camera .. 69 5.3 Geometrical Characteristics of the Panoramic Frame Camera ................................ 70 5.4 Geometry of Vidicon Tube Camera Imagery..... 72 5.5 Geometry of Line Scanner Imagery............ 73 5.6 Geometrical Analysis of Video-Compatible Frame Scanner Imagery........................ 74 5.6.1 Scanning Technique of the IR-18 Frame S can n e r ................... 75 5.6.2 Video Image Characteristics ........... 77 5.6.3 Ground Resolution............... 78 5.6.4 The Effect of Ground Speed, Flying Altitude, and Field Scan Time on the Image Ge o m e t r y .............. 80 5.6.5 Effect of Scanning Technique ............ 85 6. Calibration of Thermal Video Frame Scanners- Theoretical Basis and Actual Procedures ......... 88 6. 1 Introduction ................................ 89 6.1.1 Calibration of Photographic Frame Camera. 89 6.1.1.1 The Multicollimator Method ..... 89 6.1.1.2 The Goniometer Method .......... 92 6.1.1.3 The Reseau Plate Method ........ 93 6.1.2 Calibration of the Vidicon Tube Camera .. 93 6.1.3 Calibration of Thermal Video Frame Scanners ......................... 94 6.2 Design of the Target Plate ................... 95 6.2.1 Manufacture of the Target P l a t e ........ 96 6.2.2 Calibration
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