Invention of Digital Photograph
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What Resolution Should Your Images Be?
What Resolution Should Your Images Be? The best way to determine the optimum resolution is to think about the final use of your images. For publication you’ll need the highest resolution, for desktop printing lower, and for web or classroom use, lower still. The following table is a general guide; detailed explanations follow. Use Pixel Size Resolution Preferred Approx. File File Format Size Projected in class About 1024 pixels wide 102 DPI JPEG 300–600 K for a horizontal image; or 768 pixels high for a vertical one Web site About 400–600 pixels 72 DPI JPEG 20–200 K wide for a large image; 100–200 for a thumbnail image Printed in a book Multiply intended print 300 DPI EPS or TIFF 6–10 MB or art magazine size by resolution; e.g. an image to be printed as 6” W x 4” H would be 1800 x 1200 pixels. Printed on a Multiply intended print 200 DPI EPS or TIFF 2-3 MB laserwriter size by resolution; e.g. an image to be printed as 6” W x 4” H would be 1200 x 800 pixels. Digital Camera Photos Digital cameras have a range of preset resolutions which vary from camera to camera. Designation Resolution Max. Image size at Printable size on 300 DPI a color printer 4 Megapixels 2272 x 1704 pixels 7.5” x 5.7” 12” x 9” 3 Megapixels 2048 x 1536 pixels 6.8” x 5” 11” x 8.5” 2 Megapixels 1600 x 1200 pixels 5.3” x 4” 6” x 4” 1 Megapixel 1024 x 768 pixels 3.5” x 2.5” 5” x 3 If you can, you generally want to shoot larger than you need, then sharpen the image and reduce its size in Photoshop. -
A High Full Well Capacity CMOS Image Sensor for Space Applications
sensors Article A High Full Well Capacity CMOS Image Sensor for Space Applications Woo-Tae Kim 1 , Cheonwi Park 1, Hyunkeun Lee 1 , Ilseop Lee 2 and Byung-Geun Lee 1,* 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; [email protected] (W.-T.K.); [email protected] (C.P.); [email protected] (H.L.) 2 Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-62-715-3231 Received: 24 January 2019; Accepted: 26 March 2019; Published: 28 March 2019 Abstract: This paper presents a high full well capacity (FWC) CMOS image sensor (CIS) for space applications. The proposed pixel design effectively increases the FWC without inducing overflow of photo-generated charge in a limited pixel area. An MOS capacitor is integrated in a pixel and accumulated charges in a photodiode are transferred to the in-pixel capacitor multiple times depending on the maximum incident light intensity. In addition, the modulation transfer function (MTF) and radiation damage effect on the pixel, which are especially important for space applications, are studied and analyzed through fabrication of the CIS. The CIS was fabricated using a 0.11 µm 1-poly 4-metal CIS process to demonstrate the proposed techniques and pixel design. A measured FWC of 103,448 electrons and MTF improvement of 300% are achieved with 6.5 µm pixel pitch. Keywords: CMOS image sensors; wide dynamic range; multiple charge transfer; space applications; radiation damage effects 1. Introduction Imaging devices are essential components in the space environment for a range of applications including earth observation, star trackers on satellites, lander and rover cameras [1]. -
Lecture Notes 3 Charge-Coupled Devices (Ccds) – Part II • CCD
Lecture Notes 3 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) { Part II • CCD array architectures and pixel layout ◦ One-dimensional CCD array ◦ Two-dimensional CCD array • Smear • Readout circuits • Anti-blooming, electronic shuttering, charge reset operation • Window of interest, pixel binning • Pinned photodiode EE 392B: CCDs{Part II 3-1 One-Dimensional (Linear) CCD Operation A. Theuwissen, \Solid State Imaging with Charge-Coupled Devices," Kluwer (1995) EE 392B: CCDs{Part II 3-2 • A line of photodiodes or photogates is used for photodetection • After integration, charge from the entire row is transferred in parallel to the horizontal CCD (HCCD) through transfer gates • New integration period begins while charge packets are transferred through the HCCD (serial transfer) to the output readout circuit (to be discussed later) • The scene can be mechanically scanned at a speed commensurate with the pixel size in the vertical direction to obtain 2D imaging • Applications: scanners, scan-and-print photocopiers, fax machines, barcode readers, silver halide film digitization, DNA sequencing • Advantages: low cost (small chip size) EE 392B: CCDs{Part II 3-3 Two-Dimensional (Area) CCD • Frame transfer CCD (FT-CCD) ◦ Full frame CCD • Interline transfer CCD (IL-CCD) • Frame-interline transfer CCD (FIT-CCD) • Time-delay-and-integration CCD (TDI-CCD) EE 392B: CCDs{Part II 3-4 Frame Transfer CCD Light−sensitive CCD array Frame−store CCD array Amplifier Output Horizontal CCD Integration Vertical shift Operation Vertical shift Horizotal shift Time EE 392B: CCDs{Part II 3-5 Pixel Layout { FT-CCD D. N. Nichols, W. Chang, B. C. Burkey, E. G. Stevens, E. A. Trabka, D. -
1/2-Inch Megapixel CMOS Digital Image Sensor
MT9M001: 1/2-Inch Megapixel Digital Image Sensor Features 1/2-Inch Megapixel CMOS Digital Image Sensor MT9M001C12STM (Monochrome) Datasheet, Rev. M For the latest datasheet, please visit www.onsemi.com Features Table 1: Key Performance Parameters Parameter Value • Array Format (5:4): 1,280H x 1,024V (1,310,720 active Optical format 1/2-inch (5:4) pixels). Total (incl. dark pixels): 1,312H x 1,048V Active imager size 6.66 mm (H) x 5.32 mm (V) (1,374,976 pixels) • Frame Rate: 30 fps progressive scan; programmable Active pixels 1,280 H x 1,024 V • Shutter: Electronic Rolling Shutter (ERS) Pixel size 5.2 m x 5.2 m • Window Size: SXGA; programmable to any smaller Shutter type Electronic rolling shutter (ERS) Maximum data rate/ format (VGA, QVGA, CIF, QCIF, etc.) 48 MPS/48 MHz • Programmable Controls: Gain, frame rate, frame size master clock Frame SXGA 30 fps progressive scan; rate (1280 x 1024) programmable Applications ADC resolution 10-bit, on-chip Responsivity 2.1 V/lux-sec • Digital still cameras Dynamic range 68.2 dB • Digital video cameras •PC cameras SNRMAX 45 dB Supply voltage 3.0 V3.6 V, 3.3 V nominal 363 mW at 3.3 V (operating); Power consumption General Description 294 W (standby) Operating temperature 0°C to +70°C The ON Semiconductor MT9M001 is an SXGA-format with a 1/2-inch CMOS active-pixel digital image sen- Packaging 48-pin CLCC sor. The active imaging pixel array of 1,280H x 1,024V. It The sensor can be operated in its default mode or pro- incorporates sophisticated camera functions on-chip grammed by the user for frame size, exposure, gain set- such as windowing, column and row skip mode, and ting, and other parameters. -
More About Digital Cameras Image Characteristics Several Important
More about Digital Cameras Image Characteristics Several important characteristics of digital images include: Physical Size How big is the image that has been captured, as measured in inches or pixels? File Size How large is the computer file that makes up the image, as measured in kilobytes or megabytes? Pixels All digital images taken with a digital camera are made up of pixels (short for picture elements). A pixel is the smallest part (sometimes called a point or a dot) of a digital image and the total number of pixels make up the image and help determine its size and its resolution, or how much information is included in the image when we view it. Generally speaking, the larger the number of pixels an image contains, the sharper it will appear, especially when it is enlarged, which is what happens when we want to print our photographs larger than will fit into small 3 1\2 X 5 inch or 5 X 7 inch frames. You will notice in the first picture below that the Grand Canyon is in sharp focus and there is a large amount of detail in the image. However, when the image is enlarged to an extreme level, the individual pixels that make up the image are visible--and the image is no longer clear and sharp. Megapixels The term megapixels means one million pixels. When we discuss how sharp a digital image is or how much resolution it has, we usually refer to the number of megapixels that make up the image. One of the biggest selling features of digital cameras is the number of megapixels it is capable of producing when a picture is taken. -
CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors for Highly Integrated Imaging Systems
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 32, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 1997 187 CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensors for Highly Integrated Imaging Systems Sunetra K. Mendis, Member, IEEE, Sabrina E. Kemeny, Member, IEEE, Russell C. Gee, Member, IEEE, Bedabrata Pain, Member, IEEE, Craig O. Staller, Quiesup Kim, Member, IEEE, and Eric R. Fossum, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—A family of CMOS-based active pixel image sensors Charge-coupled devices (CCD’s) are currently the dominant (APS’s) that are inherently compatible with the integration of on- technology for image sensors. CCD arrays with high fill-factor, chip signal processing circuitry is reported. The image sensors small pixel sizes, and large formats have been achieved and were fabricated using commercially available 2-"m CMOS pro- cesses and both p-well and n-well implementations were explored. some signal processing operations have been demonstrated The arrays feature random access, 5-V operation and transistor- with charge-domain circuits [1]–[3]. However, CCD’s cannot transistor logic (TTL) compatible control signals. Methods of be easily integrated with CMOS circuits due to additional on-chip suppression of fixed pattern noise to less than 0.1% fabrication complexity and increased cost. Also, CCD’s are saturation are demonstrated. The baseline design achieved a pixel high capacitance devices so that on-chip CMOS drive electron- size of 40 "m 40 "m with 26% fill-factor. Array sizes of 28 28 elements and 128 128 elements have been fabricated and ics would dissipate prohibitively high power levels for large characterized. Typical output conversion gain is 3.7 "V/e for the area arrays (2–3 W). -
Oxnard Course Outline
Course ID: DMS R120B Curriculum Committee Approval Date: 04/25/2018 Catalog Start Date: Fall 2018 COURSE OUTLINE OXNARD COLLEGE I. Course Identification and Justification: A. Proposed course id: DMS R120B Banner title: AdobePhotoShop II Full title: Adobe PhotoShop II B. Reason(s) course is offered: This course provides the development of skills necessary to combine the use of Photoshop digital image editing software with Adobe LightRoom's expanded digital photographic image editing abilities. These skills will enhance a student’s ability to enter into employment positions such as web master, graphics design, and digital image processing. C. C-ID: 1. C-ID Descriptor: 2. C-ID Status: D. Co-listed as: Current: None II. Catalog Information: A. Units: Current: 3.00 B. Course Hours: 1. In-Class Contact Hours: Lecture: 43.75 Activity: 0 Lab: 26.25 2. Total In-Class Contact Hours: 70 3. Total Outside-of-Class Hours: 87.5 4. Total Student Learning Hours: 157.5 C. Prerequisites, Corequisites, Advisories, and Limitations on Enrollment: 1. Prerequisites Current: DMS R120A: Adobe Photoshop I 2. Corequisites Current: 3. Advisories: Current: 4. Limitations on Enrollment: Current: D. Catalog description: Current: This course will continue the development of students’ skills in the use of Adobe Photoshop digital image editing software by integrating the enhanced editing capabilities of Adobe Lightroom into the Adobe Photoshop workflow. Students will learn how to “punch up” colors in specific areas of digital photographs, how to make dull-looking shots vibrant, remove distracting objects, straighten skewed shots and how to use Photoshop and Lightroom to create panoramas, edit Adobe raw DNG photos on mobile device, and apply Boundary Wrap to a merged panorama to prevent loss of detail in the image among other skills. -
A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography Dr. Sten Odenwald NASA Space Science Education Consortium Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Cover designs and editing by Abbey Interrante Cover illustrations Front: Aurora (Elizabeth Macdonald), moon (Spencer Collins), star trails (Donald Noor), Orion nebula (Christian Harris), solar eclipse (Christopher Jones), Milky Way (Shun-Chia Yang), satellite streaks (Stanislav Kaniansky),sunspot (Michael Seeboerger-Weichselbaum),sun dogs (Billy Heather). Back: Milky Way (Gabriel Clark) Two front cover designs are provided with this book. To conserve toner, begin document printing with the second cover. This product is supported by NASA under cooperative agreement number NNH15ZDA004C. [1] Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 5 How to use this book ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.0 Light Pollution ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.0 Cameras ................................................................................................................................................ -
Light Conversion, S/N Characteristics of X-Ray Phosphor Screens
Light conversion, S/N characteristics of x-ray phosphor screens Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Lum, Byron Kwai Chinn Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 05:29:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557456 LIGHT CONVERSION, S/N CHARACTERISTICS OF X-RAY PHOSPHOR SCREENS by Byron Kwai Chinn Lum A Thesis Submitted To the Committee on COMMITTEE ON OPTICAL SCIENCES (GRADUATE) In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 0 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. -
(PPS) • CMOS Photodiode Active Pixel Sensor (APS) • Photoga
Lecture Notes 4 CMOS Image Sensors CMOS Passive Pixel Sensor (PPS) • Basic operation ◦ Charge to output voltage transfer function ◦ Readout speed ◦ CMOS Photodiode Active Pixel Sensor (APS) • Basic operation ◦ Charge to output voltage transfer function ◦ Readout speed ◦ Photogate and Pinned Diode APS • Multiplexed APS • EE 392B: CMOS Image Sensors 4-1 Introduction CMOS image sensors are fabricated in \standard" CMOS technologies • Their main advantage over CCDs is the ability to integrate analog and • digital circuits with the sensor Less chips used in imaging system ◦ Lower power dissipation ◦ Faster readout speeds ◦ More programmability ◦ New functionalities (high dynamic range, biometric, etc) ◦ But they generally have lower perofrmance than CCDs: • Standard CMOS technologies are not optimized for imaging ◦ More circuits result in more noise and fixed pattern noise ◦ In this lecture notes we discuss various CMOS imager architectures • In the following lecture notes we discuss fabrication and layout issues • EE 392B: CMOS Image Sensors 4-2 CMOS Image Sensor Architecture Word Pixel: Row Decoder Photodetector & Readout treansistors Bit Column Amplifiers/Caps Output Column Mux Readout performed by transferring one row at a time to the column • storage capacitors, then reading out the row, one (or more) pixel at a time, using the column decoder and multiplexer In many CMOS image sensor architectures, row integration times are • staggerred by the row/column readout time (scrolling shutter) EE 392B: CMOS Image Sensors 4-3 CMOS Image Sensor -
Overview of Camera Systems Used in Beam Instrumentation
Beata Walasek-Höhne verview of Video Cameras used in Beam Instrumentation FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH Outline: Taking an Image . Source of light more details: talk of E. Bravin „Transverse Profile measurements“ . Optics more details: talk of S. Gibson „Introduction to optics“ . Image sensors . Analog i. Video Tube . Solid state sensors i. CCD ii. CMOS iii. CID . Radiation hardness . Digitizer more details: talk of M. Gasior „Analog Digital Conversion“ . Post processing FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH 2 Source of light . light is represented as both a particle (photon) and electromagnetic wave . photons have a defined energy . energy correlates to wavelength 풉풄 푬 = 흀 . wavelength corresponds to color . number of the photons corresponds to intensity . visible light is a very narrow band in the electromagnetic spectrum FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH 3 Source of light 600mbar Kr 600mbar Kr © GSI, www.gsi.de Ruby-Ceramics (Chromox) screen at LHC for injection and first turn, protons at 450 GeV © CERN, www.cern.ch YAG:Ce at FLASH © DESY, www.desy.de FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH 4 Source of light 600mbar Kr 100 mm © GSI, www.gsi.de FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH 5 Analog Video Cameras © Pete Simpkin, Marconi vidicon Camera www.bbceng.info FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH 6 Analog Video Cameras . early 1900s first experiment in image transmission . in 1930s new electronic designs based on a cathode-ray video camera tube, including two versions dissector tube (Philo Farnsworth) and iconoscope (Vladimir Zsworykin) Dissector tube © Television News magazine, 1931 FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH 7 Analog Video Cameras . analog system became the standard in the television industry and remained in wide use until the 1980s Iconoscope © Radio News magazine, 1945 FAIR GmbH | GSI GmbH 8 Analog Video Cameras: Vidicon . -
Micro* Color and Macro* Color RGB Tunable Filters for High-Resolution
PRODUCT NOTE RGB Tunable Filters Micro*Color and Macro*Color RGB Tunable Filters for High- Resolution Color Imaging Figure 1. High-resolution color image of pine cone stem at 10x magnification, taken with a Micro*Color™ slider and monochrome camera on a Zeiss Axioplan™ 2 microscope. Introduction Key Features Micro*Color™ RGB Tunable Filters turn your mono- • Solid-state design for rapid, vibrationless chrome camera into a high-resolution color imaging tuning system. The solid-state liquid crystal design allows • Better spatial resolution than conventional rapid, vibrationless switching between the red, “painted-pixel” CCD or CMOS cameras green, and blue color states, simulating the color- sensitivity curves of the human eye. The closer you • Variety of models for microscope or stand- look, the more you’ll notice that not only are images alone use taken with Micro*Color filter exceptionally accurate • Plug-and-play USB interface with simple in color rendition, but they also contain detail not serial command set reproducible using conventional color cameras. Figure 2. Left to right, Micro*Color sliders for Olympus BX/IX and Zeiss Axioskop™/ Axioplan, and Macro*Color 35 mm optics. True Color When You Need It Why is the Micro*Color Tunable RGB Filter with a The Micro*Color 0.65X coupler is designed for use on micro- Monochrome Camera Better Than a Conventional scopes with an available C-mount camera port. No other Color Camera? adapters are necessary. Micro*Color sliders fit into the analyzer Most digital color cameras utilize a single “painted-pixel” or similar slots on many common research microscope models.