Alternative Method of RGB Channel Spectroscopy Using a CCD Reader

Artigo Original DOI:10.5902/2179460X25617

Ciência e Natura, Santa Maria v.39 n.2, 2017, Mai - Ago, p. 202 – 210 Revista do Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas - UFSM ISSN impressa: 0100-8307 ISSN on-line: 2179-460X

Alternative method of RGB channel spectroscopy using a CCD reader

Ricardo Gobato1 and Manuel Simões Filho2,

1Laboratório de Biofísica e Modelagem Molecular. Secretaria de Estado da Educação do Paraná. NRE Londrina, PR,Brasil [email protected] 2Departamento de Física. Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Londrina, PR, Brasil [email protected]

Abstract

Spectroscopy is a technique for collecting physicochemical data through the transmission, absorption or reflection of incident radiant energy in a sample. Our work is used in common low cost and easy access devices that have a CCD reader. Our idea is a set of devices, such as a cell phone, which contains an optical CCD reader, where these equipment materials, materials, compounds, simplifying the image obtained by these optical devices. As filming obtained by optical CCD reader theses hardware, form decoded and separated into their quantified RGB color channels. Our initial technique consists of the analysis of the pixels of the images of primary light sources, such as: the sun, incandescent lamps, fire, candle flames, matchestick flame, wood combustion, etc. We conclude that it is possible to do a spectroscopic analysis using our technique.

Keywords: CCD reader; RGB; Spectroscopy

Recebido: 16/01/2017 Aceito: 14/03/2017 Alternative method of RGB channel spectroscopy using a CCD reader

R. Gobato∗ and M. Simões†

Abstract

Spectroscopy is a technique for collecting physicochemical data through the transmission, absorption or reflection of incident radiant energy in a sample. Our work is used in common low cost and easy access devices that have a CCD reader. Our idea is a set of devices, such as a cell phone, which contains an optical CCD reader, where these equipment materials, materials, compounds, simplifying the image obtained by these optical devices. As filming obtained by optical CCD reader theses hardware, form decoded and separated into their quantified RGB color channels. Our initial technique consists of the analysis of the pixels of the images of primary light sources, such as: the sun, incandescent lamps, fire, candle flames, matchestick flame, wood combustion, etc. We conclude that it is possible to do a spectroscopic analysis using our technique. Ciência e Natura v.39 n.2, 2017, p. 459 – 466 460 Keywords: CCD reader, RGB, Spectroscopy.

Introduction 1 Introdução Spectroscopy is a technique for collecting physicochemical data through the transmission, absorption or reflection of incident radiant energy in a sample. It is much employed to be used in their spectra, which is difficult to access equipment because of its high cost, found in research surveys. [1] Our work is used in common low cost and easy access devices that have a CCD reader, which is replaced by these spectrometers. It is possible to determine mathematical parameters that characterize by mapping the images obtained by common cameras such as: cell phones, smartphone, tablet, iphone, ipad, webcam, etc. As filming obtained by optical CCD reader [2, 3, 4] theses hardware, form decoded and separated into their quantified RGB E color channels. Our technique consists of the analysis of the pixels of the images of primary light sources, such as: the sun, incandescent lamps, fire, candle flames [5, 6, 7, 8], matchestick flame, wood combustion, etc. [9, 10] The Figure (1) represents of a black image of 100x100 pixels, that is, 10000 pixels. As an example a file that has 30054 bytes of size, of which 54 bytes are of file identification as the “family" bmp, corresponds to 30000 bytes, dividing by 3, we have 10000 pixels, if it is of quadrangular dimensions, we will have 100x100 pixels, which correspond to 300x100 bytes. [9, 10]

1 History

The RGB color model is based on the Young–Helmholtz theory of trichromatic color vision, developed by Thomas Young and Hermann Helmholtz in the early to mid nineteenth century, and on James Clerk Maxwell’s color triangle that elaborated that theory 1860. [11] One common application of the RGB color model is the display of colors on a cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display, or organic light emitting diode (OLED) display such as a television, a computer’s monitor, or a large scale screen. Each pixel on the screen is built by driving three small and very close but still Ciênciaseparated e Natura RGB light sources. At common viewing distance, the separate sources are indistinguishable, which tricks2 the eye to see a given solid color. All the pixels together arranged in the rectangular screen surface conforms the color image. [11]

∗Ricardo Gobato, Secretaria de Estado da Educação do Paraná (SEED/PR), CEJC, Laboratório de Biofísica e Modelagem Molecular, Rua Rocha Pombo, 953, Centro, 86130-000, Bela Vista do Paraíso/PR, Brasil. Corresponding author: [email protected] †Manuel Simões Filho, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380, Campus Universitário, Departamento de Física, Cx. Postal 10011, 86057-970, Londrina/PR , Brasil. Corresponding author: [email protected]

Figure 1: Representation of a black image of 100x100 pixels, ie., 10000 pixels. [9, 10]

In color television and video cameras manufactured before the 1990s, the incoming light was separated by prisms and filters into the three RGB primary colors feeding each color into a separate video camera tube (or pickup tube). These tubes are a type of cathode ray tube, not to be confused with that of CRT displays. [11] With the arrival of commercially viable charge-coupled device (CCD) technology in the 1980s, first the pickup tubes were replaced with this kind of sensor. Later, higher scale integration electronics was applied (mainly by Sony), simplifying and even removing the intermediate optics, thereby reducing the size of home video cameras and eventually leading to the development of full camcorders. Current webcams and mobile phones with cameras are the most miniaturized commercial forms of such technology. [11] Photographic digital cameras that use a CMOS or CCD image sensor often operate with some variation of the RGB model. In a Bayer filter arrangement, green is given twice as many detectors as red and blue (ratio 1:2:1) in order to achieve higher luminance resolution than chrominance resolution. The sensor has a grid of red, green and blue detectors arranged so that the first row is RGRGRGRG, the next is GBGBGBGB, and that sequence is repeated in subsequent rows. For every channel, missing pixels are obtained by interpolation in the demosaicing process to build up the complete image. Also, other processes used to be applied in order to map the camera RGB measurements into a standard RGB color space as sRGB. [11]

2 Pixels and the .bmp image

Pixel (the agglutination of Picture and Element). [11] Every three bytes equals one pixel in a bmp ﬁle. Therefore each color is deﬁned by a set of three bytes, one pixel. On a color monitor each pixel is composed of a set of 3 bytes (3 colors): red (R), green (G), and blue (B), the RGB standard used here. RGB is the abbreviation for the additive color system consisting of Red (Red), Green (Green) and Blue (Blue). In the best monitors each of these points is capable of displaying 256 different shades (equivalent to 8 bits) and combining shades of three dots (256x256x256) it is then possible to display just over 16.7 million different colors (exactly 16,777,216) . At 640 x 480 resolution we have 307,200 Ciência e Natura 2

461 Figure 1: Representation of a black image of 100x100Gobato pixels, and ie., Simões 10000 pixels. : Alternative [9, 10] method of RGB...

2 Pixels and the .bmp image

Table 1. Decimal and Hexadecimal representation of some colors, in combination of three pixels. [9, 10] TableTable 1 1.. Decimal Decimal and and Hexadecimal Hexadecimal representation representation of of some some colors, colors, in in combination combination of of three three pixels. pixels. [9, [9, 10] 10] Color Decimal Hexadecimal ColorColor Red DecimalDecimalGreen Blue HexadecimalHexadecimal White Red255Red GreenGreen255 BlueBlue255 FFFFFF WhiteWhiteBlack 2552550 2552550 2552550 FFFFFF000000FFFFFF BlackRed(R)Black 00255 00 00 000000FF0000000000 Red(R)Green(G)Red(R) 2550255 00255 00 FF000000FF00FF0000 Green(G)Blue(B)Green(G) 00 2552550 00255 00FF000000FF00FF00 Blue(B)YellowBlue(B) 00255 00255 2552550 0000FFFFFF000000FF YellowYellowMagenta 255255 2552550 00255 FFFF00FF00FFFFFF00 MagentaVioletMagenta 255255238 01300 255255238 FF00FFEE82EEFF00FF VioletVioletPlum 238238221 130130160 238238221 EE82EEDDA0DDEE82EE PlumPlum 221221 160160 221221 DDA0DDDDA0DD

pixels, approximately 0.31 megapixel, at 800 x 600 we have 480,000 pixels, at 1024 x 768 we have 786,432 pixels and pixels,pixels,so on. approximately In approximately a bmp file the 0.31 0.31 image megapixel, megapixel, is determined at at 800 800 x from x 600 600 webyte we have have number 480,000 480,000 54. pixels,From pixels, byte at at 1024 1024 0 to x 53 x 768 768 is machine we we have have identification786,432 786,432 pixels pixels of and and the sobmpso on. on. file, In In a a such bmp bmp as file file size, the the image image isquality, is determined determined etc. The from from image byte byte in number number Figure 54. (1), 54. From theFrom sequence byte byte 0 0 to to of 53 53 bytes is is machine machine 54, 55, identification andidentification 56, matches of of the the on bmpyourbmp file, screenfile, such such as as the as size, size, lower image image left corner. quality, quality, The etc. etc. location The The image image of each in in Figure Figurepixel is (1), (1), from the the left sequence sequence to right of toof bytes thebytes end 54, 54, of 55, 55, the and and screen, 56, 56, matches matches sequencing on on youryouron a screen linescreen just as as above,the the lower lower from left left left corner. corner. to right, The The and location location so on, of of fromeach each pixel left pixel to is is right from from and left left tofrom to right right bottom to to the the to end end top of of respectively. the the screen, screen, sequencing sequencing [5, 8, 9, 10] onon a aTable line line just (1)just showsabove, above, a from from sample left left of to to the right, right, three and and RGB so so on, on,channels, from from left left at totheir to right right intensities and and from from for bottom bottom some colors to to top top in respectively. respectively. decimal e hexadecimal. [5, [5, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10] 10] Table (1) shows a sample of the three RGB channels, at their intensities for some colors in decimal e hexadecimal. OneTable can notice (1) shows an RGB a sample matrix, of the Aij=A three3x3=255.[I] RGB channels,3x3. at their intensities for some colors in decimal e hexadecimal. One can notice an RGB matrix, A =A =255.[I] . One can notice an RGB matrix, Aijij=A33xx33=255.[I]33xx33. 3 Materials and Methods 33 MaterialsMaterials and and Methods Methods Candle. The candle is commonly found in supermarkets basically presents paraffin in its chemical composition. CandleCandle.. The The candle candle is is commonly commonly found found in in supermarkets supermarkets basically basically presents presents paraffin paraffin in in its its chemical chemical composition. composition. Paraffin has been employed for the manufacture of candles since the middle of the 19th century. A mixture of saturatedParaffinParaffin hydrocarbons, has has been been employed employed it is now for for obtained the the manufacture manufacture almost exclusively of of candles candles from since since petroleum. the the middle middle The of of the melting the 19th 19th pointcentury. century. of paraffin A A mixture mixture varies of of saturatedwithsaturated the chainhydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, lengths of it it its is is now constituents. now obtained obtained Pure almost almost paraffins exclusively exclusively are colorless from from petroleum. petroleum. and transparent, The The melting melting and pointdisplay point of of a paraffin paraffin wide range varies varies of withwithsoftening the the chain chain points. lengths lengths Candles of of its its made constituents. constituents. from paraffin Pure Pure paraffins occupy paraffins a are market are colorless colorless share and and today transparent, transparent, of over 95%, and and with display display the remaindera a wide wide range range being of of softeningbasedsoftening largely points. points. on Candles either Candles stearin made made (ca. from from 3%) paraffin paraffin or beeswax occupy occupy (ca. a a market 2%). market [5, share 6]share today today of of over over 95%, 95%, with with the the remainder remainder being being basedbased largely largely on on either either stearin stearin (ca. (ca. 3%) 3%) or or beeswax beeswax (ca. (ca. 2%). 2%). [5, [5, 6] 6] A burning candle seems far removed from the suspenseful world of chemistry, since it would appear to amount toA nothingA burning burning more candle candle than seems seems combustion far far removed removed of an organicfrom from the the compound: suspenseful suspenseful world world of of chemistry, chemistry, since since it it would would appear appear to to amount amount toto nothing nothing more more than than combustion combustion of of an an organic organic compound: compound: 3 m Cn H2nOm +(3 n m )O2 = nCO2 + nH2O (1) C H O +( 23n − m2)O = ⇒nCO + nH O (1) Cnn H2n2nOmm +(2 n− 2 )O22 =⇒ nCO22 + nH22O (1) Tablet. [12, 13] 2 − 2 ⇒ TabletTabletDisplay:.. [12, [12, Capacitive 13] 13] touch multitouch 7 inch touchscreen LCD, 1024 x 600 pixel resolution, 16: 9 aspect ratio. Display:OperatingDisplay: Capacitive Capacitive system: Androidtouch touch multitouch multitouch 4.0, English. 7 7 inch inch touchscreen touchscreen LCD, LCD, 1024 1024 x x 600 600 pixel pixel resolution, resolution, 16: 16: 9 9 aspect aspect ratio. ratio. OperatingProcessor:Operating system: system:1GHz. Android Android 4.0, 4.0, English. English. Processor:Storage:Processor: 16GB 1GHz. 1GHz. (with possibility to expand up to 32GB with Micro SD Card). Storage:Connectivity:Storage: 16GB 16GB (with IEEE (with 802.11b/g/npossibility possibility to to wireless expand expand up network up to to 32GB 32GB and with with Bluetooth Micro Micro SD 2.1 SD Card).+ Card). EDR. Connectivity:Cameras:Connectivity: Front IEEE IEEE 2.0MP 802.11b/g/n 802.11b/g/n VGA and wireless wireless rear. network network and and Bluetooth Bluetooth 2.1 2.1 + + EDR. EDR. Cameras:Measurements:Cameras: Front Front 2.0MP 1962.0MP x 120 VGA VGA x 11.4mm and and rear. rear. (WxHxD). Measurements:Weight:Measurements: 398g (without 196 196 x x 120 120 the x x rubberised11.4mm 11.4mm (WxHxD). (WxHxD). cap) Weight:Weight: 398g 398g (without (without the the rubberised rubberised cap) cap) Incandescent light bulb and Match. [11] WeIncandescentIncandescent present the data light light of bulb bulb this and andspectroscopy Match Match.. [11] [11] didactic technique for: flame of a common candle; Combustion of the WeWematches present present head the the as data data soon of of as this thisit is spectroscopy set spectroscopy on fire; Star didactic didactic sun at 13:00 technique technique UTC at for: for: given flame flame location of of a a common [ common14]; and a candle; candle; standard Combustion Combustion 40W incandescent of of the the matchesbulbmatches in headdark head asroom. as soon soon as as it it is is set set on on fire; fire; Star Star sun sun at at 13:00 13:00 UTC UTC at at given given location location [14 [14];]; and and a a standard standard 40W 40W incandescent incandescent bulbbulbOnly in in dark dark one room. room. single image of each event of all images is shown. The best images were separated, which presented minorOnlyOnly imperfections one one single single image image of manipulation of of each each event event of of of a all common all images images user. is is shown. shown. A fact The The that best best is the images images goal ofwere were the separated, separated,technique, which which that an presented presented ordinary minorminor imperfections imperfections of of manipulation manipulation of of a a common common user. user. A A fact fact that that is is the the goal goal of of the the technique, technique, that that an an ordinary ordinary 3 R. Gobato and M. Simões: Alternative method... using a CCD reader

Table 1. Decimal and Hexadecimal representation of some colors, in combination of three pixels. [9, 10]

Color Decimal Hexadecimal Red Green Blue White 255 255 255 FFFFFF Black 0 0 0 000000 Red(R) 255 0 0 FF0000 Green(G) 0 255 0 00FF00 Blue(B) 0 0 255 0000FF Yellow 255 255 0 FFFF00 Magenta 255 0 255 FF00FF Violet 238 130 238 EE82EE Plum 221 160 221 DDA0DD

pixels, approximately 0.31 megapixel, at 800 x 600 we have 480,000 pixels, at 1024 x 768 we have 786,432 pixels and so on. In a bmp file the image is determined from byte number 54. From byte 0 to 53 is machine identification of the bmp file, such as size, image quality, etc. The image in Figure (1), the sequence of bytes 54, 55, and 56, matches on your screen as the lower left corner. The location of each pixel is from left to right to the end of the screen, sequencing on a line just above, from left to right, and so on, from left to right and from bottom to top respectively. [5, 8, 9, 10] Ciência e Natura v.39 n.2, 2017, p. 459 – 466 462 Table (1) shows a sample of the three RGB channels, at their intensities for some colors in decimal e hexadecimal. One can notice an RGB matrix, Aij=A3x3=255.[I]3x3.

23 MaterialsMaterials and andmethods Methods

Candle. The candle is commonly found in supermarkets basically presents parafﬁn in its chemical composition.

Paraffin has been employed for the manufacture of candles since the middle of the 19th century. A mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, it is now obtained almost exclusively from petroleum. The melting point of paraffin varies with the chain lengths of its constituents. Pure paraffins are colorless and transparent, and display a wide range of softening points. Candles made from paraffin occupy a market share today of over 95%, with the remainder being based largely on either stearin (ca. 3%) or beeswax (ca. 2%). [5, 6]

A burning candle seems far removed from the suspenseful world of chemistry, since it would appear to amount to nothing more than combustion of an organic compound:

3 m C H O +( n )O = nCO + nH O (1) n 2n m 2 − 2 2 ⇒ 2 2 Tablet. [12, 13] Display: Capacitive touch multitouch 7 inch touchscreen LCD, 1024 x 600 pixel resolution, 16: 9 aspect ratio. Operating system: Android 4.0, English. Processor: 1GHz. Storage: 16GB (with possibility to expand up to 32GB with Micro SD Card). Connectivity: IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless network and Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR. Cameras: Front 2.0MP VGA and rear. Measurements: 196 x 120 x 11.4mm (WxHxD). Weight: 398g (without the rubberised cap)

Incandescent light bulb and Match. [11] We present the data of this spectroscopy didactic technique for: flame of a common candle; Combustion of the matches head as soon as it is set on fire; Star sun at 13:00 UTC at given location [14]; and a standard 40W incandescent Ciênciabulb in dark e Natura room. 4 Only one single image of each event of all images is shown. The best images were separated, which presented minor imperfections of manipulation of a common user. A fact that is the goal of the technique, that an ordinary user takes a single photograph, or make the filming and this device can determine what this image is about. The decoding of each image was obtained through the program ImageJ, [15] a software available for free access on the internet. In our experiment several events were filmed, and so we developed a software for the decoding of each image, as well as the final result of the quantity of each color of the RGB channels, from 0 to 255. The images were obtained through a common device, a camera of a tablet of the brand Positivo Ypy. [12, 13] This device outputs a .3gp file. Of these films were separated their due frames with output of image of .jpg and converted to the format of work .bmp., Standard RGB. The software was developed in Delphi language, [16] where source algorithms for converting .jpg images to .bmp and separation of RGB color channels were also obtained from free access on the internet.

Flame of a candle

For the candle flame the displayed graph represents the normalized average of 242 selected images, of the 256 bytes of each RGB color channel. The film obtained through the camera of a tablet, with 350 frames of a .3gp file, converted to .jpg and .bmp, with dimensions of 640x480 pixels, that is, 307,200 pixels.

Matchstick

For the burning of the matchestick containing potassium chlorate, [11] the graph represents the normalized average, for the 256 bytes, of each RGB color channel, of 57 selected frames, 640x480 pixels, of the 139 images produced.

Sun Light

The image was taken by the same device as the tablet. On Tuesday, August 19, 2014, 13: 00UTC, Latitude: 22o 59 ’48 "S Longitude: 51o 11’ 26" W, altitude of 590 m, under atmospheric pressure conditions of 954hPa, 45% humidity, unlimited visibility, 14C dew point, [14] with 2,000 frames for each color channel. The graphic was built for each RGB color channel separately, through the normalized average of 2000 frames of 751x556 image ﬁles in .bmp format.

Incandescent lamp

For the standard 40W incandescent lamp [11] under similar conditions and using the same tablet. The images were obtained in the same place, under conditions of atmospheric pressure of 950hPa, ambient temperature of 27C, 45% humidity, zero visibility in dark room, 14C dew point, same day, Tuesday, August 19, 2014 , 20:00 UTC, [14] with 2001 frames for each separate RGB color channel. The graphic was built for each RGB color channel separately, for the normalized average of 2001 frames of 750x1000 in .bmp, after the previous image conversion.

4 Results and Conclusions

The Figures (2-5) represent a ternary graph in percent for the intensity of each RGB color (Red, Green and Blue) and each has its own characteristic. Fig. (6) Sample ﬁgures used: Candle Flame, Flame Match Sticks, Sun Light and Incandescent Light Bulb. Figures 7-10 represent a graph for the intensity of each RGB color (Red, Green and Blue), from left to right, respectively. Each graph is normalized to the intensity of each RGB color channel from 0 to 255. Fig. (7) the candle ﬂame; Fig. (8) Burning the head of the match matches; Fig. (9) sunlight; And Fig. (10) light from an incandescent lamp. These graphics also feature the characteristic trend line of Candle Flame, Flame Match Sticks, Sun Light and Incandescent Light Bulb. Is represented by polynomial equation of order 6, for the intensity each of the RGB colors, from 0 to 255. By doing a more detailed study one can obtain characteristic mathematical parameters and graphs that can identify things, materials, compounds, in others, using this technique of spectroscopic analysis by separating RGB color channels from .bmp images. Ciência e Natura 4

user takes a single photograph, or make the filming and this device can determine what this image is about. The decoding of each image was obtained through the program ImageJ, [15] a software available for free access on the internet. In our experiment several events were filmed, and so we developed a software for the decoding of each image, as well as the final result of the quantity of each color of the RGB channels, from 0 to 255. The images were obtained through a common device, a camera of a tablet of the brand Positivo Ypy. [12, 13] This device outputs a .3gp file. Of these films were separated their due frames with output of image of .jpg and converted to the format of work .bmp., Standard RGB. The software was developed in Delphi language, [16] where source algorithms for converting .jpg images to .bmp and separation of RGB color channels were also obtained from free access on the internet.

Flame of a candle

Matchstick

463For the burning of the matchestick containing potassium chlorate,Gobato [and11] Simões the graph : Alternative represents method the normalized of RGB... average, for the 256 bytes, of each RGB color channel, of 57 selected frames, 640x480 pixels, of the 139 images produced.

Sun Light

Incandescent lamp

34 ResultsResults and and conclusions Conclusions

The Figures (2-5) represent aCiência ternary e graph Natura in percent for the intensity of each RGB color (Red, Green and Blue) and 6 each has its own characteristic. Ciência e Natura 6 Fig. (6)Ciência Sample e ﬁgures Natura used: Candle Flame, Flame Match Sticks, Sun Light and Incandescent Light Bulb. Figures 6 7-10 represent a graph for the intensity of each RGB color (Red, Green and Blue), from left to right, respectively. Each graph is normalized to the intensity of each RGB color channel from 0 to 255. Fig. (7) the candle ﬂame; Fig. (8) Burning the head of the match matches; Fig. (9) sunlight; And Fig. (10) light from an incandescent lamp. These graphics also feature the characteristic trend line of Candle Flame, Flame Match Sticks, Sun Light and Incandescent Light Bulb. Is represented by polynomial equation of order 6, for the intensity each of the RGB colors, from 0 to 255. By doing a more detailed study one can obtain characteristic mathematical parameters and graphs that can identify things, materials, compounds, in others, using this technique of spectroscopic analysis by separating RGB color channels from .bmp images.

Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the flame of a candle Ciência e Natura Figure6 2: Ternary graphic for the flame of a candle Ciência e Natura 6 Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the flame of a candle

Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the flame of a candleFigure 3: Ternary graphic for the flame of the initial burning of a matchstick Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the flame of a candle Figure 3: Ternary graphic for the flame of the initial burning of a matchstick Figure 3: Ternary graphic for the flame of the initial burning of a matchstick

Figure 3: Ternary graphic for the ﬂame of the initial burning of a matchstick Figure 3: Ternary graphic for the ﬂame of the initial burning ofFigure a matchstick 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sun star. Figure 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sun star. Figure 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sun star.

Figure 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sunFigure star. 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Figure 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sun star. Figure 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Figure 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb.

Figure 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Figure 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Ciência e Natura 6 Ciência e Natura 6

Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the ﬂame of a candle Ciência e Natura Figure 2: Ternary graphic6 for the ﬂame of a candle Ciência e Natura 6 Ciência e Natura 6

Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the flame of a candleFigure 3: Ternary graphic for the flame of the initial burning of a matchstick Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the flameFigure of a 3: candleTernary graphic for the flame of the initial burning of a matchstick Figure 2: Ternary graphic for the flame of a candle

Ciência e Natura v.39 n.2, 2017, p. 459 – 466 464 Figure 3: Ternary graphic for the flame of the initial burningFigure of a matchstick 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sun star. Figure 3: Ternary graphic for the flame of the initialFigure burning 4: Ternary of a matchstick graphic for an image of the light produced by the sun star. Figure 3: Ternary graphic for the flame of the initial burning of a matchstick

Figure 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sunFigure star. 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Figure 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light producedFigure by the 5: sunTernary star. graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Figure 4: Ternary graphic for an image of the light produced by the sun star. 7 R. Gobato and M. Simões: Alternative method... using a CCD reader

Figure 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Figure 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb. Figure 6: Samples used photographics: Candle Flame, Match Sticks Flame, Sun Light and Incandescent Light Bulb. Figure 5: Ternary graphic for the incandescent light bulb.

Figure 7: Representation of the channel RGB of ﬂame of a candle.

Figure 8: Representation of the channel RGB of match sticks ﬂame.

Figure 9: Representation of the channel RGB of Sun light.

Figure 10: Representation of the channel RGB of incandescent light bulb. 7 R. Gobato and M. Simões: Alternative method... using a CCD reader

Figure 6: Samples used photographics: Candle Flame, Match Sticks Flame, Sun Light and Incandescent Light Bulb.

Figure 7: Representation of the channel RGB of ﬂame of a candle.

465 Gobato and Simões : Alternative method of RGB...

Figure 8: Representation of the channel RGB of match sticks ﬂame.

Figure 9: Representation of the channel RGB of Sun light.

Figure 10: Representation of the channel RGB of incandescent light bulb.

5 R. Gobato and M. Simões: Alternative method... using a CCD reader

ReferencesReferências [1] R. E. Newnham. Properties of materials. Anisotropy, Simmetry, Structure. Oxford University press, New York, 2005.

[2] T. T. Grove and M. F. Masters. A student assembled spectrograph with ccd detector to assist with student understanding of spectrometry. Physics Department, Indiana University.

[3] C. de Izara and O. Vallee. On the use of linear ccd image sensors in optics experiments. Am. J. Phys., 62:357–361, 1994.

[4] M. Vannoni and G. Molesini. Speckle interferometry experiments with a digital photo camera. Am. J. Phys., 72:906–09, 2004.

[5] K. Roth. Chem. Unserer Zeit.., 37:424–429, 2003.

[6] K. Roth. Chemie in unserer zeit/wiley-vch. Freie Universität Berlin, 2011.

[7] J. Walker. Sci. Amer, (238):154, 1978.

[8] M. Faraday. The Chemical History of a Candle. Dover, Mineola, USA, Dover, Mineola, USA, 2002.

[9] M. Sim oes F. and R. Gobato. Espectroscopia por Mapeamento RGB de Fontes Primárias de Luz. In XIX Semana da Física. Simpósio Comemorativo dos 40 Anos do Curso de Física da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Sep 15-19 2014.

[10] M. Sim oes F. and R. Gobato. Espectroscopia por Mapeamento RGB de Fontes Primárias de Luz. viXra.org. Condensed Matter, page 366, Jan. 06 2017. viXra:1701.0306.

[11] CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Creative commons. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, May 2016. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.

[12] FNDE Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educaç ao. FNDE, 2012.

[13] R. Ghedin. Estes são os tablets (sim, no plural) da Positivo que o MEC distribuirá aos professores do ensino público, Fev. 01 2013.

[14] P. Repkin and Y. G. Elshin. Yowindow, Jan. 2009-2016.

[15] W. Rasband. ImageJ 1.51i.

[16] Planeta Delphi - Tudo sobre programação Delphi, Jan 12 2017.

Figures 5 R. Gobato and M. Simões: Alternative method... using a CCD reader

References

[1] R. E. Newnham. Properties of materials. Anisotropy, Simmetry, Structure. Oxford University press, New York, 2005.