Trap Crop Approach

Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Stink Bug Management with Trap Cropping

Dr. Russell F. Mizell III, University of Florida

January 31, 2012

http://www.extension.org/organic_production

Russell Mizell, University of Florida

Stink Bug Management Exploiting Habitat Structure & Function, With Trap Cropping “Putting the Ecosystem to Work” • Stink bug biology, ecology and behavior Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III • Monitoring methods and results • temporal Professor of Entomology • spatial • Trap cropping details University of Florida • temporal 155 Research Rd, Quincy, FL 32351 • spatial • Associated factors – multi-functions [email protected] ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu

Webinar‟s Application by Location? Depends! Southeast – Yes! Some Commonalities I will discuss what is known and what one needs to know. Apply it? • Overwinter as adults – most species • Stink bugs and related spp. are ubiquitous • Polyphagous – >1 host plant species • Other species in similar ecological niches • Food suitability is „qualitative‟ • Behaviors somewhat variable – similarities • Move through the landscape to find • Principles are common among species • Respond to vegetation structure • Trap crop plants may need tweaking • Subjected to natural enemies – natives vs invasives?

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 1 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

4 Major Species of Stink & Some Commonalities Leaffooted Bugs In Southeast Euschistus servus • Have common natural enemies Nezara viridula • Highly tolerant to insecticides Chinavia hilaris (was Acrosternum hilare) • Relatively little knowledge for some spp. Leptoglossus phyllopus • Other tools not available – big problem! • Incremental approach required

Other Common Common Stink Bug Phytophagous Stink Bugs Immature Life Stages Euschistus Thyanta Banasa Oebelus Proxys Brochymena *Piezodorus dpughphoto *Halyomorpha *Megacopta

*New invasive species-bad

Stink Bug Morphology Other True Bugs By Sex (Euschistus servus) Largus succinctus L. Acanthocephala femorata Female Male

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 2 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Predacious Stink Bugs & Phytophagous vs Predacious Other Good Bugs

From lower left: Plant feeder Predator Alcaeorrhynchus grandis „phytophagous‟ Podisus maculiventris Euthyrhychus floridanus Apiomerus floridensis

Stink Bug Natural Enemies Current & Future Management Wasp Egg Parasites & Tachinid Flies • Insecticides - problematic - tolerance • No efficient monitoring methods for Nezara, Chinavia or Leptoglossus spp. – perhaps won‟t be anytime soon - semiochemicals? My Goals: • Strategies: scale- & philosophy-neutral – habitat manipulation – landscape level – exploit structure and function • Tactics - multiple – trap crops (functional plants) – augment biological controls – use behavioral tools

Understanding Bug Behavior & Dynamics Monitoring and Detection

14 12 2000 10 8 6 4 Trap Catch Trap • Must have! 2 0 • Phenology 14 12 50 100 150 2001200 250 300 350 10 JD 8 6 4

Trap Catch Trap 2 0 • Efficiency – labor, costs • Food quality 14 12 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2002 10 JD 8 6 4

Trap Catch Trap 2 • Movement 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 • Statistics – accuracy, precision Julian Date • Landscape level processes – structures – corridors, barriers, matrices –„edge effect‟ strong

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 3 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Florida Stink Bug Trap Potential Tops for the Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III, Inventor Florida Stink Bug Trap A. B. C. D. • Captures many Hemiptera species – Both phytophagous and predacious • Visual attraction is primary • Baits can be easy deployed • Materials: 4 right triangles – 1/4” masonite, screen wire, – 1/4” x 4‟ metal rod, twist ties • “Triangle‟s dimensions: – 4‟ high, 11” base, 1” top • Deploy in the open A & B will work, C. & D. will not work.

Commercial Traps Available

url:ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu

Florida Stink Bug Trap: Bare ground with open top. Nothing touching trap. Stink Bug Trap - AgBio, Inc. www.agbio-inc.com/stink-bug-trap.html

Temporal and Spatial Landscape Level Distribution Distributions & Population Dynamics Study • R. Mizell, J. Greene, T. Cottrell, Where are the bugs in • Years 2000-2002 time and space? • Locations -Florida and Georgia (2) • 3 – 1 sq mile plots for 2 years+ • 750‟ grid of stink bug traps w/pheromone for Euschistus spp.

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 4 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

NFREC-Quincy Location Locations with High Populations of Euschistus servus (scale neutral)

Combined Plot Means

35 2001 Mean Trap Catch in Horticultural Plots Summary 30

Adults 25 Nymphs 20 • GIS - provides unique perspectives on

15 Trap Catch Trap •Temporal patterns are not bug distribution/abundance 10 significantly different, 5 P = 0.909; Repeated • Distribution and abundance driven by food

0 Measures Analysis 35 2001 Mean Trap Catch in Agronomic Plots quality and landscape structure 30 • Note: Nymphs are late instars only • Application toward new strategies and tactics 25 Adults Nymphs 20 • Research: exploiting these ideas and other

15 Trap Catch Trap research toward bug management 10

5 • Stink bugs move around – a lot!

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 – Aggregated on food plants Julian Date

Two Important ?? & H0: 1. Where in Space and what are stink bugs Movement Mechanisms? doing over Time at the farmscape level?

2. What biologically-based management H0: Trap crops alone or in strategies could exploit these stink bug conjunction with other tools at the behaviors in farmscapes? interface of two habitats can What is driving the behavior ? prevent dispersal of stink bugs into a target crop. How can we exploit it?

(Slide courtesy of Dr. P. Glynn Tillman)

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 5 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Differential Use of Triticale Growth Stages by Differential Use of Sorghum Growth Stages by E. servus and L. phyllopus E. servus and L. phyllopus

Differential Use of Millet Growth Stages by E. servus, C. hilaris (Es) and L. phyllopus Mechanism

Millet • Food quality very important!!! 0.6 A. hilare – not “preference”*, generalists 0.5 Euschistus servus Leptoglossus phyllopus 0.4 • Life stages and species differ

0.3 somewhat – very close 0.2 • Phenology (timing) related statistic 0.1 • Driving variable!

Mean insects per sample 0.0

Milk Bloom Mature Flagging • Application – tools, trap crops Vegetative Growth stage

Potting et al. 2005. “Insect behavioral ecol. Theory & other factors affecting the control Literature Supports efficacy of agro-ecosystem diversification strategies”. Ecol. Modeling 182:199-216 • Ecology Simulation study comparing pest guild behavior and • Insect population dynamics habitat manipulation strategies/tactics Results: • Agro-ecology • Spatial: colonization pattern, movement speed, sensory modality finding host plant • Insect behavior • Trap crop strength of flight inhibition – post alighting type • Visual and olfaction insects – trap crop attraction and arrestment • Habitat manipulation strategies • For disruption – strength of emigration inducement by vegetation • Trap crops • % cover and pest movement rate • Colonization pattern- spatial arrangement (pattern, size, • Stink bugs placement) related to movement method

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 6 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Summary – So Far Trap Crop Approach

• Behavior – understanding required • Small area w/ highly competitive hosts • Phenology – seasonal abundance • Economical - $$$ • Food quality change – mechanism • Strategic placement (GIS/GPS) • Spatial distribution changes - time – adjacent (?) to cash crops (Potting et al. 2005) • Structure is important – literature – must intercept them!!!!! – affects movement “perceptual range” • Minimize side effects & mgmt difficulties – Edge effect very strong • Combine with other tactics • Exploitation? Habitat manipulation using • For all growing seasons trap crops and other tools.

Cash Crop-Trap Crop Time of Year by Trap Crop Species Coincidence (phenology)

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Cash ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Crop Trap ------crops ------

------

Characters: maturity date, longevity, ratooning, other

What Are the Ideal Features Trap Crop Ideal Features, cont. of Trap Crops? • Maturity time – length, cv range • Attract required pests (multiple species) • Good duration (ratooning) • Seeds available (natives?) • Height – barrier • Economical -$$$ • Multi-functions (beneficials, poll., wildlife) • Culture & management - seasons • Special note*: native vs exotic plant use • Minimal side effects (invasive, other pests) Must have something that works!

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 7 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

What Information Is Required Required Information for Success? for Success, cont.

• Host plant range and phenology • Insecticide susceptibility • Source - inside or outside cash crop • Monitoring methods • Dispersal – movement behavior • Trap crop hosts – C&M, $, physical • Behavioral cues • Other tools to combine • Natural enemies • Methods- removal from trap crop

Trap Crop Specifics Trap Crop Novel Features Fall-Spring: • Ratooning = Mowing • Triticale (crimson clover, h or c vetch (F)- NE) – At strategic time • Sunflower, buckwheat (Sp), barnyard grass – All plant species NOT amenable Spring-Fall – Saves plantings by extending efficacy • Sorghum, millets, sunflower, buckwheat – barnyard grass, field peas, okra (pots?), – Saves $$ - less input time & costs • Maturity times – multiple CVs – Negative: same location – double cropping • Ratoon – after heading • Use multiple tactics

How to Exploit Sorghum Trap Crops Farm Scale and Philosophy Neutral Maturity Range & Ratooning

Functioning Period

Plant Stink------Bugs CV1 CV2 CV3 CV4

Physical attributes - cvs? Ratoon Where do you place them Height, color, etc. relative to the cash crop for interception?

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 8 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Trap Cropping 2006-2007 NFREC Triticale for Spring Beneficial Augmentation as Side Benefit •Fall, early spring planting •Range in hgt, phenology -cvs •Beneficials •All 4 bug species + •Ratoons •Hairy/common vetch + crimson clover = beneficials **Beneficials= natural enemies, pollinators

Buckwheat Sorghum •Cheap, easy •Fast maturing – 4-5 wks •Maturity- 70-90 days •Ratoon, easy plant •Soil temp & frost -kills •Soil temp, frost – good •Ratoons well •All 4 species + •Germplasm – variable •Organic crop •All 4 species + •“RELAY” crop •Beneficials •Beneficials!! •Pots •Organic

Pearl Millet Sunflower •Cheap, easy •Cheap, easy •Low soil temp & frost - bad •Low soil temp & frost - good •Ratoons •Beneficials!!!!! •70-90 days to maturity •Containers •Beneficials •Germplasm- variable •Pots •Organic crop, biodiesel •Germplasm- variable •Ratoon- no •Organic crop •All 4 species +

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 9 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Japanese Millet: ‟Barnyardgrass‟ Other Species w/Potential? Echinochloa crus-galli Field Peas & Okra

Field Peas Okra: (containers) • Cheap - easy •Cheap, must manage! •Cheap, easy • Extrafloral nectaries •Beneficials, EFN • Maturity 6-7 weeks • Previous work+ •Rootknot nematodes neg. •Beneficials • Height-short; trellis? •Ratoons •Containers • Cultivars •Germplasm •All 4 species + •Short attraction time •3-4‟ in height •Can be invasive - aquatic

Other Species w/Potential? Other Species w/Potential? Hemp Sesbania (Y/N?), Browntop Millet – No; Wildlife Hairy Indigo, Crotolaria – (N) • Cheap, easy Japanese Showy Crotalaria- • Doesn‟t last long Hairy indigo – weedy, poisonous to cattle Hemp Sesbania: ?? nematode suppressor+ • 5-6 weeks •Height – tall - barrier • Height - short •Not all SB species •Oebalus spp. • Attracts beneficials, pollinators •Invasive •+Oebalus spp. •Weedy - invasive

Containers for Portability, Trap Crop Summary Visual/chemical Cues Enhance Fall-Spring: • Triticale (crimson clover, hairy vetch) (F) • Sunflower, buckwheat (Sp) Spring-Fall • Sorghum, millet, sunflower, buckwheat – okra, field peas, others • Multiple species and cultivars • Ratoon – after heading • Portable containers, greenhouse starts • Remove pests: by hand, vacuum or spray Yellow trap –Attraction - 4X increase in H. axyridis • Add in other tools: traps, pheromones, BC, etc.

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 10 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Some Other Ideas Brown Marmarated Stink Bug Physical properties, barriers: • Height -trap crop via cultivar selection • Invasive pest, like few others! • Configuration of plants • Double whammy – plants and buildings – short to tall toward cash crop • Major research efforts underway in – density of trap crop plants conventional and organic • Trellis of vines like field peas - height • Trap crops: are being developed and • Exploit visual components tested. Look to have promise. – Use of visual repellent – UV mulch • Various cucurbits and others? TBD – Use best colored cultivar • Artificial materials – netting, etc.

Trap Crop Spatial Orientation Spatial Configurations Interplanting- NO!!! Aerial Plats Edge Interception – Yes! Unknowns With Knowledge: Default – Ring It Source- Sink Approach Source

Trap Crop Open fields Open Open fields Cash Cash Crop

Crop Open fields Open

Open fields Crop

Trap Crop Efficacy, Edge of Organic Soybean Management in the Trap Crop Mean Total Stink and Leaffooted Bugs 5 • Insecticides ? Organic Soybean 4 Trap crops • Mechanical – by hand 3 – sweep net 2 • Vacuum device

1 • Blower – catcher 4‟ x 7‟ 0 PVC frame with netting +

Mean per sweep of and Stink Leaffooted Bugs 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 blower Day of the Year

[email protected]; ufinsect.ifas.ufl.edu 11 Dr. Russell F. Mizell, III; University of 2/21/2012 Florida

Research: Multifunctional Plots This entomology adds 150 miles per hour to the pursuit Augment Ecological Services of happiness!

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